Scholarly Work - Health & Human Development
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Item Carbohydrates for physical activity: A strategy to avoid undesirable health consequences(2012-03) Miles, MaryIntake of carbohydrates above the dietary guidelines to support performance of physical activity is common but may be unnecessary and counterproductive. Sports nutrition guidelines have not been designed to incorporate characteristics that may make high carbohydrate consumption a source of metabolic stress that may increase oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipogenesis. This metabolic stress is linked to the physiology underlying the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. This review describes research-based evidence to aid in bridging the gap between dietary guidelines for overall health and those to support physical activity. Characteristics that increase the likelihood of metabolic stress resulting from carbohydrate intake include overweight and obesity, central/visceral adiposity, older age, sedentary lifestyle, and caloric state. Carbohydrate-based foods that provide the most health benefits are whole grains, beans and legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Carbohydrate-based foods that most readily elicit metabolic stress are those with added sugars and refined grains or that have a high glycemic index. A checklist that incorporates both the number of these characteristics and prevailing guidelines for nutrition and physical activity is presented. This may be useful in determining whether additional carbohydrates are needed to support the physical activity level of the individual.Item Basal, diurnal, and acute inflammation in normal versus overweight men.(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012-12) Miles, Mary; Keller, J.M.; Kordick, L.K.; Kidd, J.R.Increased inflammation is present in obese compared with normal weight individuals, but inflammation characteristics of nonobese, overweight individuals are less clear. Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine whether basal, circadian, and posteccentric exercise inflammation levels differ between normal and overweight men. Methods: Men (18–35 yr old) classified as normal weight (body mass index ≤2 5 kg·m-2, n = 20) and overweight (body mass index = 25–30 kg·m-2 conditions in random order. Maximal voluntary effort and eccentric actions (3 X 15) using the elbow flexor muscles of one arm were performed, and blood was collected preexercise and 4, 8, 12, and 24 h postexercise at 7:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 4:00 p.m., 8:00 p.m., and 7:00 a.m. Blood was collected on a time-matched schedule without exercise for CON. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol responses (EX value j time-matched CON value) were measured. Results: Basal CRP was higher in the overweight compared with normal weight group (mean ± SD, 0.542 ± 0.578 vs 1.395 ± 1.041 mg·L-1). Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 increased (P < 0.05) 8 h postexercise in both groups, and the response was greater 12 and 24 h postexercise in the overweight compared with normal weight groups. Interleukin-6 increased (P < 0.05) 8 h postexercise, with a trend (P = 0.09) to be greater in the overweight group. CRP and cortisol responses were not detected. Conclusions: The low-grade inflammation state in overweight compared with normal weight men includes both higher basal CRP concentrations and enhanced acute inflammation, but not in changes to the circadian patterns of cortisol and inflammation variables.Item Dietary, Anthropometric, Blood Lipid, and Performance Patterns of College Football Players During 8 Weeks of Training(Human Kinetics, 2012) Miles, Mary; Kirwan, Rochelle D.; Kordick, L.K.; McFarland, S.; Lancaster, D.; Clark, K.The purpose of this study was to determine the dietary, anthropometric, blood-lipid, and performance patterns of university-level American football players attempting to increase body mass during 8 wk of training. Methods: Three-day diet records, body composition (DEXA scan), blood lipids, and performance measures were collected in redshirt football players (N = 15, age 18.5 ± 0.6 yr) early season and after 8 wk of in-season training. Results: There was an increase (p < .05) from early-season to postseason testing for reported energy (+45%), carbohydrate (+82%), and protein (+29%) intakes and no change in the intake of fat. Fat intake was 41% of energy at the early-season test and 32% of energy at the postseason test. Increases (p < .05 for all) in performance measures, lean mass (70.5 ± 7.7–71.8 ± 7.7 kg), fat mass (15.9 ± 6.2–17.3 ± 6.8 kg), plasma total cholesterol (193.5 ± 32.4–222.6 ± 40.0 mg/dl), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL; 92.7 ± 32.7–124.5 ± 34.7 mg/dl) were measured. No changes were measured in triglycerides, very-low-density lipoproteins, or high-density lipoproteins. Conclusion: Increases in strength, power, speed, total body mass, muscle mass, and fat mass were measured. Cholesterol and LDL levels increased during the study to levels associated with higher risk for cardiovascular disease. It is possible that this is a temporary phenomenon, but it is cause for concern and an indication that dietary education to promote weight gain in a manner less likely to adversely affect the lipid profile is warranted.