Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/733
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Item High versus low carbohydrate in Skimo race performance: a randomized controlled trial(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2024) Topf, Rachel Marie; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mary P. Miles; This is a manuscript style paper that includes co-authored chapters.Ski mountaineering (skimo) is a high-intensity sport with several race disciplines of varying lengths in which competitors face many challenges that can make consuming food and fluids difficult. There is currently a scarcity of literature on skimo, particularly on nutrition in individual-format races. Exercise >1.5 h, as in an individual skimo race, may benefit from high carbohydrate consumption of > or = 90 g/h compared to lower recommendations of 60 g/h. However, gastrointestinal upset is worsened with increasing amounts of carbohydrate consumption, especially during high-intensity exercise. Highly-branched cyclic dextrin is a glucose polymer with a low osmolality allowing it to have a fast gastric emptying rate which can decrease gastrointestinal upset during exercise. The first purpose of this study was to survey skimo athletes about their nutrition knowledge and practices. With this new information combined with recommendations on carbohydrate and fluid intake, the second purpose of this study was to test an 18% solution of highly-branched cyclic dextrin + fructose (3:1) in a skimo race. It was hypothesized that an 18% solution (90G) would improve performance in an individual race compared to a 6% solution (30G) without contributing to gastrointestinal upset. Fifteen participants completed the randomized controlled crossover trials. Average carbohydrate consumed was 27 and 85 g/h and race time 105 and 107 min in 30G and 90G, respectively. Overall race times were not significantly different. Gastrointestinal upset trended higher in 90G (p=0.07). When the four participants with high gastrointestinal upset (rating >4/10) were removed from analysis, there was a main effect for drink on percent lap time change (p<0.001), with 30G having a greater percent increase in lap time throughout the trial. In conclusion, a high-carbohydrate drink was created to address the needs of skimo athletes. It was found that an 18% carbohydrate solution had significantly higher gastrointestinal upset ratings and did not confer additional performance benefit compared to a 6% solution. Additionally, high gastrointestinal upset with the 18% solution appears to have contributed to slower time; however, those without high gastrointestinal upset with the 18% solution had a lesser percentage change in lap time throughout the trial compared to 6%.Item The synthesis and characterization of fluorescently labeled, lactose-functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2024) Frometa, Magalee Rose; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mary J. CloningerCellular uptake of lactose-functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) has yet to be fully understood and deeply studied. Before sufficient cellular uptake studies can be made, optimization of the synthesis of the lactoside, and the coupling and purification of dye-tagged lactose-functionalized PAMAM had to be completed, as reported here. The synthesis of the requisite lactoside derivative for dendrimer functionalization was optimized. The coupling of the dye, Alexa Fluor 647, to the lactoside-functionalized PAMAM was performed in the presence of a sodium acetate buffer and utilized size separation methods to ensure purity. The structures of the lactoside derivatives and of lactose functionalized PAMAMs were confirmed via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The purity and degree of labeling (DOL) of the dye labeled, lactose-functionalized PAMAMs were determined with UV-vis. Results show high success of yield and purity resulting from the optimized procedure described in this study.