Publications by Colleges and Departments (MSU - Bozeman)
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Item Cool semi-arid cropping treatments alter Avena fatua's performance and competitive intensity(Wiley, 2024-03) Larson, Christian D.; Wong, Mei Long; Carr, Patrick M.; Seipel, TimothyIntroduction. Multiple herbicide-resistant Avena fatua L. is common in the Northern Great Plains, USA. This prevalence and the ecological impacts of tillage in this semi-arid agricultural region have created a need for integrated weed management, with a specific knowledge gap in using annual forage crops and targeted grazing for A. fatua suppression. Materials and Methods. A 2-year study in central Montana, USA, assessed A. fatua performance (aboveground biomass, stem density and seed production) in response to seven cropping treatments: (1–4) tall and short spring wheat cultivars crossed with high and low seeding rates, (5–6) annual forage mixture terminated using sheep grazing and simulated haying and (7) tilled fallow. Avena fatua's competitive intensity in wheat and the annual forage mixture was determined using a relative competition intensity index. Results. Avena fatua performance was lowest in tilled fallow, although stem density and seed production did not differ from the grazed annual forage treatment. Response variables were lower in the forage treatments compared with the wheat treatments, and there were no differences among the four fully crossed wheat treatments. Separate analysis of the wheat treatments indicated lower A. fatua biomass and stem density when wheat was sown at a higher rate with no impact of wheat height. Avena fatua competition impacted wheat and forage crops but was more intense for wheat. Conclusion. Tillage was the most effective treatment at reducing A. fatua performance, but annual forage mixtures can be used to resist A. fatua invasion (reduced A. fatua competitive intensity) and limit its performance after invasion. We conclude that crop sequences that combine higher cash crop (wheat) seeding rates and competitive annual forage mixtures may be utilized to manage A. fatua invaded systems, thereby reducing heavy reliance on tillage in the US Northern Great Plains and similar semi-arid regions.Item Tillage and crop sequences for organic Cirsium arvense management in the Northern Great Plains(Wiley, 2024-06) Larson, Christian D.; Hettinger, Kara; Carr, Patrick M.; Miller, Perry R.; Volkman, McKenna; Chichinsky, Daniel; Seipel, TimThe perennial rhizomatous weed Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. is difficult to manage on semiarid organic farms. Our objective was to quantify the impact of eight 4-year crop sequences crossed with standard- and reduced-tillage on C. arvense occurrence (presence/absence), stem density, and aboveground biomass at two semiarid sites in Montana. The sequences represented a range of crop competition from high (multiple years of perennial forage [alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.]) to low (2 years of continuous fallow), with intermediate sequences consisting of different annual species. Final-year spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) was planted in all sequences to determine impacts on subsequent cash crop production. Through time, alfalfa and double fallow sequences reduced C. arvense density and biomass where it was established, although its invasion into new areas increased in the double fallow. Final-year C. arvense occurrence and stem density were lower in the alfalfa sequence compared with six and four annual crop sequences, respectively (p < 0.05). Final year C. arvense biomass was higher at one site than the other, although not in the double fallow sequence. Wheat grain yields differed in response to crop sequences at the two sites: at one site, grain yield was lowest in the alfalfa sequence, especially when standard-tillage was used, while yields were highest in the alfalfa and double fallow sequences at the other site. Using perennial forages in semiarid organic systems can be effective for managing C. arvense, but subsequent cash crop yield may be depressed.Item Restoration intensity shapes floristic recovery after forest road decommissioning(Elsevier BV, 2022-10) Larson, Christian D.; Rew, Lisa J.Forest roads fragment and degrade ecosystems and many have fallen into disrepair and are underutilized, to address these issues the United States Forest Service is restoring, or “decommissioning,” thousands of kilometers of forest roads each year. Despite the prevalence of decommissioning and the importance of vegetation to restoration success, relatively little is known about floristic responses to different forest road decommissioning treatments or subsequent recovery to reference conditions. Over a ten year period, this study assessed floristic cover, diversity, and composition responses to and recovery on forest roads decommissioned using three treatments varying in intensity (abandonment, ripping, recontouring), in Montana, USA. Initially, floristic cover groups were lowest on the recontoured roads, however, they demonstrated the fastest temporal response (e.g. increased litter and vegetative cover). The floristic communities of both active treatments (ripped and recontoured) had more species and were more diverse than the communities of the abandoned (control) treatment. Among the three on-road plant communities, the recontoured treatment was most associated with desirable species, including the native shrubs Rosa woodsii and Spirea betulifolia, while the abandoned treatment was most associated with two non-native species, Taraxacum officinale and Trifolium repens. Assessed using a restoration index, recovery to reference conditions was limited in all treatments, however, the recontoured treatment had a positive restoration trajectory in seven of eight metrics and was the best recovered treatment. Community composition on the recontoured treatment had more native species than the other treatments, and was moving toward, though still substantially different from, reference communities. These findings demonstrate that restoration of forest roads benefit from active restoration methods and, while forest road recontouring facilitates floristic recovery in the first decade after decommissioning, full recovery will likely take years to decades longer.Item Plant community responses to integrating livestock into a reduced‐till organic cropping system(Wiley, 2021-03) Larson, Christian D.; Menalled, Fabian D.; Lehnhoff, Erik A.; Seipel, TimThe problems with herbicide- and tillage-based weed management in agriculture are well doc-umented and have precipitated research intofinding alternatives. Integrating livestock grazing intoorganic agroecosystems has benefits and is a viable method for terminating cover crops, yet its impacts onweed communities are largely unknown. This lack of knowledge is particularly true in semi-arid environ-ments, including the Northern Great Plains, where we conducted our research. We compared weed com-munity responses (biomass, species richness, Simpson’s diversity, composition) of a sheep-grazed organiccropping system with those of two contrasting cropping systems (high input conventional no-till, tilledorganic) across afive-year crop rotation (safflower, sweet clover, winter wheat, lentils, winter wheat). Wefound that the conventional no-till and tilled organic systems suppressed weed biomass and reduced spe-cies richness and diversity, while the grazed organic resulted in higher weed biomass, species richness, anddiversity. During thefirst two years of the study, the composition of the two organic communities were dis-tinct from the conventional no-till communities but were indistinguishable from one another. Over thefinalthree years of the study, grazed organic communities were tightly grouped and became distinct from boththe tilled and conventional communities. We found that weed biomass and diversity were highest in thesweet clover and lowest in the winter wheat. The spring annual crops, safflower and lentil, demonstratedsimilar weed biomass, species richness, and composition. Ourfindings indicate that integrating livestockinto cropping systems alters plant communities and increases the agroecosystem plant biodiversity ofsemi-arid organic farming and that specific crops interact with cropping systems to alter agroecosystemplant communities. However, the increase in weed biomass associated with our grazing treatment makesthis approach impractical as the sole weed management strategy and necessitates that integrating livestockinto semi-arid organic cropping systems must be part of a larger integrated weed management program.Item Climate change and micro-topography are facilitating the mountain invasion by a non-native perennial plant species(Pensoft Publishers, 2021-05) Larson, Christian D.; Pollnac, Fredric W.; Schmitz, Kaylee; Rew, Lisa J.Mountainous areas and their endemic plant diversity are threatened by global climate change and invasive species. Mountain plant invasions have historically been minimal, however, climate change and increased anthropogenic activity (e.g. roads and vehicles) are amplifying invasion pressure. We assessed plant performance (stem density and fruit production) of the invasive non-native forb Linaria dalmatica along three mountain roads, over an eight-year period (2008–2015) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), USA. We evaluated how L. dalmatica performed in response to elevation, changed over time, responded to climate and how the climate of our sites has changed, and compared elevation, climate, micro-topography (slope aspect and angle), and fruit production among sites with differing temporal trends. Linaria dalmatica stem density and fruit production increased with elevation and demonstrated two temporal groups, those populations where stem densities shrank and those that remained stable or grew over time. Stem density demonstrated a hump-shaped response to summer mean temperature, while fruit production decreased with summer mean maximum temperature and showed a hump-shaped response to winter precipitation. Analysis of both short and long-term climate data from our sites, demonstrated that summer temperatures have been increasing and winters getting wetter. The shrinking population group had a lower mean elevation, hotter summer temperatures, drier winters, had plots that differed in slope aspect and angle from the stable/growing group, and produced less fruit. Regional climate projections predict that the observed climate trends will continue, which will likely benefit L. dalmatica populations at higher elevations. We conclude that L. dalmatica may persist at lower elevations where it poses little invasive threat, and its invasion into the mountains will continue along roadways, expanding into higher elevations of the GYEItem Competition between cheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass is altered by temperature, resource availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration(2017-12) Larson, Christian D.; Lehnhoff, Erik A.; Noffsinger, Chance; Rew, Lisa J.Global change drivers (elevated atmospheric CO2, rising surface temperatures, and changes in resource availability) have significant consequences for global plant communities. In the northern sagebrush steppe of North America, the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is expected to benefit from projected warmer and drier conditions, as well as increased CO2 and nutrient availability. In growth chambers, we addressed this expectation using two replacement series experiments designed to test competition between B. tectorum and the native perennial bunchgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of elevated temperature, decreased water and increased nutrient availability, on competition between the two species. In the second, we tested the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and decreased water availability on the competitive dynamic. In both experiments, under all conditions, P. spicata suppressed B. tectorum, though, in experiment one, warmer and drier conditions and elevated nutrient availability increased B. tectorum’s competitiveness. In experiment two, when grown in monoculture, both species responded positively to elevated CO2. However, when grown in competition, elevated CO2 increased P. spicata’s suppressive effect, and the combination of dry soil conditions and elevated CO2 enhanced this effect. Our findings demonstrate that B. tectorum competitiveness with P. spicata responds differently to global change drivers; thus, future conditions are unlikely to facilitate B. tectorum invasion into established P. spicata communities of the northern sagebrush steppe. However, disturbance (e.g., fire) to these communities, and the associated increase in soil nutrients, elevates the risk of B. tectorum invasion.Item Competition between cheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass is altered by temperature, resource availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration(2017-12) Larson, Christian D.; Lehnhoff, Erik A.; Noffsinger, Chance; Rew, Lisa J.Global change drivers (elevated atmospheric CO2, rising surface temperatures, and changes in resource availability) have significant consequences for global plant communities. In the northern sagebrush steppe of North America, the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is expected to benefit from projected warmer and drier conditions, as well as increased CO2 and nutrient availability. In growth chambers, we addressed this expectation using two replacement series experiments designed to test competition between B. tectorum and the native perennial bunchgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of elevated temperature, decreased water and increased nutrient availability, on competition between the two species. In the second, we tested the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and decreased water availability on the competitive dynamic. In both experiments, under all conditions, P. spicata suppressed B. tectorum, though, in experiment one, warmer and drier conditions and elevated nutrient availability increased B. tectorum\'s competitiveness. In experiment two, when grown in monoculture, both species responded positively to elevated CO2. However, when grown in competition, elevated CO2 increased P. spicata\'s suppressive effect, and the combination of dry soil conditions and elevated CO2 enhanced this effect. Our findings demonstrate that B. tectorum competitiveness with P. spicata responds differently to global change drivers; thus, future conditions are unlikely to facilitate B. tectorum invasion into established P. spicata communities of the northern sagebrush steppe. However, disturbance (e.g., fire) to these communities, and the associated increase in soil nutrients, elevates the risk of B. tectorum invasion.Item Hitching a ride: Seed accrual rates on different types of vehicles(2017-12) Rew, Lisa J.; Brummer, Tyler J.; Pollnac, Fredric W.; Larson, Christian D.; Taylor, Kimberley T.; Taper, Mark L.; Fleming, Joseph D.; Balbach, Harold E.Human activities, from resource extraction to recreation, are increasing global connectivity, especially to less-disturbed and previously inaccessible places. Such activities necessitate road networks and vehicles. Vehicles can transport reproductive plant propagules long distances, thereby increasing the risk of invasive plant species transport and dispersal. Subsequent invasions by less desirable species have significant implications for the future of threatened species and habitats. The goal of this study was to understand vehicle seed accrual by different vehicle types and under different driving conditions, and to evaluate different mitigation strategies. Using studies and experiments at four sites in the western USA we addressed three questions: How many seeds and species accumulate and are transported on vehicles? Does this differ with vehicle type, driving surface, surface conditions, and season? What is our ability to mitigate seed dispersal risk by cleaning vehicles? Our results demonstrated that vehicles accrue plant propagules, and driving surface, surface conditions, and season affect the rate of accrual: on- and off-trail summer seed accrual on all-terrain vehicles was 13 and 3508 seeds km-1, respectively, and was higher in the fall than in the summer. Early season seed accrual on 4-wheel drive vehicles averaged 7 and 36 seeds km-1 on paved and unpaved roads respectively, under dry conditions. Furthermore, seed accrual on unpaved roads differed by vehicle type, with tracked vehicles accruing more than small and large 4-wheel drives; and small 4-wheel drives more than large. Rates were dramatically increased under wet surface conditions. Vehicles indiscriminately accrue a wide diversity of seeds (different life histories, forms and seed lengths); total richness, richness of annuals, biennials, forbs and shrubs, and seed length didn't differ among vehicle types, or additional seed bank samples. Our evaluation of portable vehicle wash units showed that approximately 80% of soil and seed was removed from dirty vehicles. This suggests that interception programs to reduce vehicular seed transportation risk are feasible and should be developed for areas of high conservation value, or where the spread of invasive species is of special concern.Item A warmer and drier climate in the northern sagebrush biome does not promote cheatgrass invasion or change its response to fire(2017-12) Larson, Christian D.; Lehnhoff, Erik A.; Rew, Lisa J.Dryland shrub communities have been degraded by a range of disturbances and now face additional stress from global climate change. The spring/summer growing season of the North American sagebrush biome is projected to become warmer and drier, which is expected to facilitate the expansion of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and alter its response to fire in the northern extent of the biome. We tested these predictions with a factorial experiment with two levels of burning (spring burn and none) and three climate treatments (warming, warming + drying, and control) that was repeated over 3 years in a Montana sagebrush steppe. We expected the climate treatments to make B. tectorum more competitive with the native perennial grass community, especially Pseudoroegneria spicata, and alter its response to fire. Experimental warming and warming + drying reduced B. tectorum cover, biomass, and fecundity, but there was no response to fire except for fecundity, which increased; the native grass community was the most significant factor that affected B. tectorum metrics. The experimental climate treatments also negatively affected P. spicata, total native grass cover, and community biodiversity, while fire negatively affected total native grass cover, particularly when climate conditions were warmer and drier. Our short-term results indicate that without sufficient antecedent moisture and a significant disruption to the native perennial grass community, a change in climate to a warmer and drier spring/summer growing season in the northern sagebrush biome will not facilitate B. tectorum invasion or alter its response to fire.