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Item Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Genes Upregulated by cis-Dichloroethene in Polaromonas sp. Strain JS666(American Society for Microbiology, 2009-06) Jennings, Laura K.; Chartrand, Michelle M. G.; Lacrampe-Couloume, Georges; Sherwood Lollar, Barbara; Spain, Jim C.; Gossett, James M.Polaromonas sp. strain JS666 is the only bacterial isolate capable of using cis-dichloroethene (cDCE) as a sole carbon and energy source. Studies of cDCE degradation in this novel organism are of interest because of potential bioremediation and biocatalysis applications. The primary cellular responses of JS666 to growth on cDCE were explored using proteomics and transcriptomics to identify the genes upregulated by cDCE. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed upregulation of genes annotated as encoding glutathione S-transferase, cyclohexanone monooxygenase, and haloacid dehalogenase. DNA microarray experiments confirmed the proteomics findings that the genes indicated above were among the most highly upregulated by cDCE. The upregulation of genes with antioxidant functions and the inhibition of cDCE degradation by elevated oxygen levels suggest that cDCE induces an oxidative stress response. Furthermore, the upregulation of a predicted ABC transporter and two sodium/solute symporters suggests that transport is important in cDCE degradation. The omics data were integrated with data from compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and biochemical experiments to develop a hypothesis for cDCE degradation pathways in JS666. The CSIA results indicate that the measured isotope enrichment factors for aerobic cDCE degradation ranged from −17.4 to −22.4‰. Evidence suggests that cDCE degradation via monooxygenase-catalyzed epoxidation (C═C cleavage) may be only a minor degradation pathway under the conditions of these experiments and that the major degradation pathway involves carbon-chloride cleavage as the initial step, a novel mechanism. The results provide a significant step toward elucidation of cDCE degradation pathways and enhanced understanding of cDCE degradation in JS666.Item Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Genes Upregulated by cis-Dichloroethene in Polaromonas sp. Strain JS666(American Society for Microbiology, 2009-06) Jennings, Laura; Chartrand, Michelle; Lacrampe-Couloume, Georges; Sherwood Lollar, Barbara; Spain, Jim C.; Gossett, James M.Polaromonas sp. strain JS666 is the only bacterial isolate capable of using cis-dichloroethene (cDCE) as a sole carbon and energy source. Studies of cDCE degradation in this novel organism are of interest because of potential bioremediation and biocatalysis applications. The primary cellular responses of JS666 to growth on cDCE were explored using proteomics and transcriptomics to identify the genes upregulated by cDCE. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed upregulation of genes annotated as encoding glutathione S-transferase, cyclohexanone monooxygenase, and haloacid dehalogenase. DNA microarray experiments confirmed the proteomics findings that the genes indicated above were among the most highly upregulated by cDCE. The upregulation of genes with antioxidant functions and the inhibition of cDCE degradation by elevated oxygen levels suggest that cDCE induces an oxidative stress response. Furthermore, the upregulation of a predicted ABC transporter and two sodium/solute symporters suggests that transport is important in cDCE degradation. The omics data were integrated with data from compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and biochemical experiments to develop a hypothesis for cDCE degradation pathways in JS666. The CSIA results indicate that the measured isotope enrichment factors for aerobic cDCE degradation ranged from −17.4 to −22.4‰. Evidence suggests that cDCE degradation via monooxygenase-catalyzed epoxidation (C═C cleavage) may be only a minor degradation pathway under the conditions of these experiments and that the major degradation pathway involves carbon-chloride cleavage as the initial step, a novel mechanism. The results provide a significant step toward elucidation of cDCE degradation pathways and enhanced understanding of cDCE degradation in JS666.Item The Making of a Schedule of Duties and Cleaning Directions for the Janitresses of Herrick Hall(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health, & Human Development., 1932) Lammers, Eunice Henrietta CampbellHerrick Hall, commonly known as the Women's Building, at Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana was built in 1926. This is a class room building which houses the Applied Art and Home Economics Departments, also the Home Economics Experiment Station, and the office of the Dean of Women. The Fireplace Room in the Home Economics Department is used for many general campus social functions since there is no place provided on this campus for social life. Designed primarily for women, painted woodwork was used and this together with curtains and other furnishings used throughout, give quite a different atmosphere and effect from the ordinary class room building.Item Comparison of Enrichment and Plating Media for Recovery of Virulent Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica from Inoculated Beef Stew(Elsevier BV, 1983-11) Schiemann, D.A.Five plating agar media were evaluated for their ability to recover pure cultures of virulent strains of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O:3, O:8 and O:5,27. Cellobiose-arginine-lysine and bismuth sulfite agars were unproductive at 32°C but gave quantitative recovery with 48 h of incubation at 22°C. Adjustment of the pH of bismuth sulfite agar to 7.4 made the medium inhibitory. MacConkey, DHL and cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agars gave quantitative recovery with 24 h of incubation at 32°C. Four preenrichment media incubated at four different temperatures, three selective enrichment media incubated at 22°C, and the five plating media were evaluated for their ability to recovery Y. enterocolitica from beef stew seeded with a background of ten other gram-negative bacteria. None of the plating media was superior for recovery; however, cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar showed the highest confirmation rate for presumptive colonies. Buffered-sorbitol-bile broth was inferior to richer media such as trypticase soy broth for preenrichment. Of the three selective enrichment media examined, only bile-oxalate-sorbose broth was found useful, especially for strains of serotype O:8 which could be recovered after 1 d of preenrichment and 3 d of selective enrichment at 22°C. Strains of serotypes O:8 and O:3 were recovered when two cells with 107 cells of ten other gram-negative bacteria were added to 10 g of beef stew following preenrichment in trypticase soy broth at 2°C for 7 d and selective enrichment in bile oxalate-sorbose broth at 22°C for 3 to 5 d. Strains of serotype O:5,27 were more difficult to recover even with longer enrichment times. These studies indicated that the most comprehensive enrichment system for recovery of Y. enterocolitica from foods is preenrichment in trypticase soy broth at 22°C for 1 d and 2 to 4°C for 4 to 7 d followed by selective enrichment in bile-oxalate-sorbose broth at 22°C for 3 to 5 d and isolation on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar.Item Vegetation Distribution and Production in Rocky Mountain Climates—with Emphasis on Whitebark Pine(International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and Their Environment: the Status of Our Knowledge, 1992) Weaver, T.The distribution and production of vegetation on the altitudinal J gradient (grassland-forest-alpine) was plotted against climatic parameters to evaluate hypothetical controlling factors. (1) Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is likely excluded from higher zones by a cool growing season or wind-induced drought. It is probably not excluded by low temperatures occurring during its hardening, hard, or dehardening seasons. (2) While the lower physiological limit of whitebark pine is probably set by drought its lower realized limit is directly set by subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) competitors and indirectly set by factors that control their distribution. (3) The upper limits for most other dominant species are probably set by growing season temperature. The lower limits are likely set by competition down to the cedar-hemlock (Thuja plicata/Tsuga heterophylla) zone and by drought in drier areas. (4) Production is strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.86) with growing season length (soil thawed season minus dry soil days). Multiplying season length by average temperature did not improve the growing season predictor, perhaps because vegetation at each altitude is especially adapted to temperatures in its zone.Item Climates Where Stone Pines Grow, A Comparison(International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and Their Environment: the Status of Our Knowledge, 1992) Weaver, T.------ Abstract-While stone pine climates are similar adapted to relatively moderate climates may be excluded from, species the ranges of congeners by more severe climates, and species with longer warm-moiBt growing seasons are probably more productive than congeners. Absolute low/summer average/absolute high temperatures for stone pines listed in order of increasing absolute low temperature are Pinus sibirica (-65/13/37 °C), P. pumila (-52.19/36 °C), P. koraiensis (-42/1s1/36 °C), P. albicaulis (-3419/29 °C), and P. cembra (-23/8/27 °C). The Walter drought index shows little stress in stone pine forests despite large differences in summer/winter precipitation: in order of increasing summer rainfall, precipitation is P. albicaulis (102.I 829mm), P. pumila (1421.264mm), P. sibirica (1871245=), P. cembra (3231616mm), P. koraieT18is (3941242mm). Estimated thawed-soil growing season increases from P. albicaulis (4.5mo), throughsP. pumila (4.6mo), P. sibirica (5.5mo), and P. cembra (6.3mo) to P. koraiensis (7.8mo); growing seasons of the first three trees could be shortened by drought.Item Distribution of Exotic Plants in the N. Rocky Mountains by Environmental Type and Disturbance Condition(Montana State Univeristy, 1989-06) Weaver, T.; Gustafson, D.; Lichthardt, J.; Woods, B.This report lists seventy-three exotic species found in a systematic sampling of major environmental zones of the Rocky Mountains between the Canadian border and central Wyoming. For each exotic it states the regional distribution, the environmental types (HTs) it occupies (% constancy), the disturbance conditions (DCs) it occupies (% constancy), and its dominance (in terms of% frequency and% cover) in each cell of the HT x DC matrix. Park managers need to develop policy with respect to legally noxious weeds, forage grasses (eg Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Bromus inermis, and Dactylis glomerata), and forage legumes (eg Melilotus and Trifolium spp).Item PLANTS ESTABLISHING IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENTS-- a manual for choosing native species for revegetation(Montana State University, 1995) Weaver, T.; Gustafson, D; Lichthardt, JSpecies which have established naturally on a disturbed site in a given environment-- climate and disturbance level (defined below)-- are good candidates for revegetation plantings in that environment. On this basis we recommend native plants (grasses, forbs, and shrubs) for revegetation plantings, if they occur on at least half of the sites sampled in the environmental type and cover at least 1% of the ground there. We also list exotic plants establishing on once disturbed roadside sites; if these plants do not invade native vegetation they might, under some circumstances, be used for revegetation The environmental types considered include dry grasslands (BOGR/STCO and AGSP/BOGR), moist grasslands (FESC/FEID and FEID/AGCA) sagebrush (ARAR/FEID and ARTRVAS/FEID) , warm dry forests (PSME/ SYAL and PSME/PHMA), warm moist forests (POTR/CARU, THPL/OPHO, TSHE/CLUN, ABLA/CLUN), cool forests (ABLA/XETE, ABLA/ARCO, and ABLA/VACC), mountain meadows (FEID/AGCA, listed above) and alpine (DESC/CARX) . In each environment plant performance is contrasted across five disturbance types: continually disturbed types (roadshoulders and the adjacent ditch slope), once disturbed sites (roadcuts with organic matter removed and cleared right-of-way without organic matter removal), and undisturbed late seral sites.Item Changes in soils along a vegetational (altitudinal) gradient of the northern Rocky Mountains(Soil Science Society of America, 1979) Weaver, T.As one moves from the warm dry plains of eastern Montana to the cool moist peaks of the northern Rocky Mountains he might pass through a series of native vegetation types: Bouteloua gracilis, Agropyron spicatum, Featuca idahoensis, and Festuca scabrella grasslands; Pinua ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Abies lasiocarpa forests; and alpine tundra (Kuchler 1964, Muggler and Handl 1974, Pfister et al. 1977). It is commonly observed that when one moves up a vegetational gradient he moves up a soils gradient (e.g. Eyre 1963, Whittaker et al. 1968, Hanawalt and Whittaker 1976 and 1977). In the northern Rocky Mountains, Thorp (1931, N Wyoming) observed that organic matter increased, that pH decreased, that the depth to free lime increased and that the thickness of A- and B-horizons increased as he moved up a vegetational gradient similar to that described above. The same trends, as well as a tendency for nutrients to become most available at the grassland-forest boundary, were observed along a similar vegetation gradient in British Columbia (Spilsbury and Tisdale 1944). Such trends correlate well with broad groups in the 1938 Soil Taxonomy (Agricultural Experiment Station 1964 and Nimlos 1963) as well as in the 1977 Soil Taxonomy (Weaver 1978). The objects of this paper are I) to describe the change in soils observed along this gradient in more detail, 2) to consider their genesis briefly, and 3) to consider their importance to plants.Item Root distribution and soil water regimes in nine habitat types of the northern Rocky Mountains(Colorado State University, 1977) Weaver, T.Root distribution and the annual cycle of' soil water availability were measured in nine habitat types of the northern Rocky Mountains. Water stress periods became progressively longer under Abies lasiooarpa forests, Populus trerrruloides groves, Pseudotsuga menziesii forests, Festuoa idahoensis grasslands, Artemisia tridentata shrublands, and Agropyron spioatum grasslands. Water stress periods were longer under Pseudotsuga forests than under adjacent logged areas. Live feeder root biomass (1) was similar under grassland, shrubland, and forest types, (2) increased within a vegetation type with altitude, and (3) decreased at a site with depth. Seral grasslands had less live feeder root biomass than forests in the same habitat type, but climax grasslands and forests were similar in root biomass.