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Item Cultural adaptation and preliminary validation of a measure of grief for American Indian and Alaska Native populations(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2021) Gameon, Julie Ann; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Monica SkewesGrief research among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people has been limited to studies focused on unresolved grief associated with historical trauma or epidemiological studies focused on reporting mortality rates among AI/AN people. Grief measures developed and tested in non-Native populations have not been validated for use with AI/ANs and may not reflect a culturally appropriate Native perspective on grief. Additionally, research on adaptive grieving, or how people grow while healing from grief, has not been studied in this population. The current study aimed to: 1) work with AI/AN community members to culturally adapt the Inventory of Complicated Grief and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, and 2) test the psychometric properties of the resulting culturally adapted Indigenous Grief Inventory. In Study One, interviews were conducted with AI reservation-based community members (N = 12) to gain insight into Native perspectives on grief. Findings suggested unique cultural considerations related to grieving and healing following the loss of a loved one in Native communities. Some items were revised and new items were developed based on participant feedback, and a pool of 60 items was generated for further testing. In Study Two, a sample of AI/AN community members (n =10) and academics (n = 7) was recruited to provide feedback on the measure items adapted or developed in Study One. Based on participants' ratings and feedback, items with low cultural appropriateness and comprehension scores were removed, and other items were revised, leaving 45 items remaining for psychometric testing. In Study Three, a web-based survey including the culturally adapted Indigenous Grief Inventory and mental and behavioral health measures was administered to 600 AI/AN people who reported experiencing a significant loss in their lifetime. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using separate randomly selected samples from the survey data (ns = 300) were conducted to identify the factor structure of the culturally adapted measure. Items were trimmed following these analyses, resulting in a two-factor Indigenous Grief Inventory. Additional analyses were conducted to examine the convergent and discriminant validity and measurement invariance of the revised measure. Findings suggest that the final 26-item Indigenous Grief Inventory developed in this dissertation is valid, reliable, and suitable for use in health research with AI/AN people.Item Divorce, death, and grief(Montana State University - Bozeman, 1979) Macferran, Hervey WalkerItem Death and dying : a process of grief(Montana State University - Bozeman, 1976) Holder, Jefferson CliffordItem The reexperience of grief in parents of disabled children(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 1980) Fraley, Ardella M.Item Problems of the bereaved 13-36 months after death of spouse(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 1989) Woosley, Roxlyn RobinsonItem Experiences of loss and grief among hospital nurses(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 1985) Kelly, Jo ThorsonItem Students and death (SAD) : the role of the educator(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1988) Braden, Majel GlikoItem Needs of grieving spouses in sudden death situations in the hospital setting(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 1988) Berkram, Gelene Marie OsborneItem Otherwise(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Arts & Architecture, 2006) Carpenter, Julia Lauren; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: N. Rick PopeThe nine, largescale paintings of my MFA Thesis show, “Otherwise,” are artifacts from a year long exorcism of grief and anger over my young sister’s terrible, yet merciful death. I painted my sister’s image through the filter of my own emotion exploring scale, color, and the gestural mark. In addition I painted her son, whose image links the past to the future. Each portrait is confrontational, emotionally naked and in some cases, disturbing. With my largest brushes, rags, a broom, and my bare hands, I explored a palette of certain colors to shout out my horror or in some cases sing an ode of idealistic beauty. Dynamic, gestural marks created with charcoal stick or loaded brush communicate rage and instability, a counterpoint to the more restrained brushstrokes or glazing. The mystery and the elegiac quality I have admired in Rembrandt and the Venetian painters influenced my more somber color choices. Yet, my morbid fascination with flesh, bone, and viscera after Amy’s death led to a painterly obsession with the color red. I looked to Francisco Goya as well as contemporary painters Tony Scherman, Marilyn Minter and Francis Bacon each inspiring me with the simultaneous beauty and horror of the human mouth. The paintings are based on photographs, many taken two months before my sister died. Each portrait maintains a certain likeness to her features yet also reflects the process of memory by blurring edges between subject and background or between one feature and another. The details dissolve into rivers of dripping paint, one area running into another, a reference to the decay of the human body as well as the ephemeral nature of certain details of the physical or personal memory. Clarity and certainty are lost while the painter’s psyche is revealed. Throughout this body of work, I attempt to weave the complex psychology of grief into the painted surface. The creation of this body of work allowed me to explore my own loss. Using the template of the human face I discovered within the genre of portraiture the ability to go beyond the traditional to express the unspeakable.