. .nrarw, tsozerna Montana State university i K i V P378 .M7465 h- WHITE ASPEN A SPIRITUAL NATURE RETREAT MONTAfi", STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY White Aspen A Spiritual Nature Retreat for Southwestern Montana by Nancy L.Monforton MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana June 10, 1989 A thesis paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture APPROVED: Ralph Johnson, Advisor r P37* •|\/\7M£5 STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY in presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professors, or, in their absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any copying or publication or this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permi ssion. Signatur Table of Contents Introduction Goals I Man Nature Man/Nature II Spir i tual History Design Site Conclusion III Case Studies Program Site Analysis Proposal Endnotes Bibliography Appendix INTRODUCTION Clearly the problem of man and nature is not one of providing a decorative backdrop for the human play, it is the necessity of sustaining nature as a source of life, milieu, teacher, sanctum, challenge and most of all rediscovering natures corollary of the unknown in the self, the source of meaning.! After living in Baltimore for 6 months, I have come to appreciate the mountains, fresh air and seclusion. Until then I didn't realize how fortunate I was to live and experience such a beautiful region. Montana was the essence of my life. This sense of relaxation and peace seemed to have never been experienced by any of my co-workers at RTKL. Immediately, I wanted to share the opportunities Montana had to offer. Thus, it was clear that I was to prepare a Montana retreat for everyone's enjoyment and education. While contemplating the idea of a retreat for my thesis project; I realized that Southwestern Montana didn't contain the facilities I had envisioned. Dude ranches were seasonal. Church retreats exist for a specific organization. This escape was to be for anyone needing a sense of peace no matter the religion, race, sex or nationality. Yet, all of these facilities were poorly designed in relation to their site. These buildings were situated in wonderful sceneries and not one accommodated a clear relationship with the site. Most of the structures were used as the objects for playing spin the bottle or jacks. Wherever the toy settled was the position of the building. The implications of this event became disruption. The constructions were not signifying relaxation, peace or finding the inner self. it was blasphemyl I wanted a controlled built environment for human use which related to nature and its forces. As a result of inner joy and a sense of meaning would occur. Therefore, analyzing the relationship of man and nature became the main concern for White Aspen of Southwestern Montana. To analyze the relationship of man to Produce an architecture that reflects contemplation and spirit. To establish better communication skills in order express my ideas for other people's understanding the project. To design a unique, yet functional facility for everyone's enjoyment. To fashion Thesis into a non-stressful situation. To learn and understand the implications a buildi has on a site. nature. community, What is man's relationship with nature? The following is an analysis of man and nature and how they function and respond to their inner selves and to external forces. Striving for dominance over the other is the cause of some of the problems but can be resolved by communication, knowledge and cooperation. Man and nature are a distinct entity, but can not exist separately. MAN sifflfitii •*?<&$&$*> lixii »inr •» •••••• • • m i i a i i > • -JUJUXN The nature of the human being is to love and desire beauty and to live in it.2 Frank Lloyd Wright Man is distinguishable from other animals by the notable development of the brain, articulation of speech and abstract reasoning.3 Through abstract reasoning a human can interpret or produce a mental image of the environment to fit his own context. This perception of the external world can cause many different sensations within that specific mental picture. Although everyone's image of reality and fantasy is somewhat different there is a basic similarity in man's visual world. Man is a visual animal. This dominant sense works in conjunction with touch, sound and smell. As a human we can take an object from the environment, examine it by our sensory modes and return it to the original place in its surroundings.4 we as reasonable beings know the implications of improperly placed objects. Visually and instinctively, a person can observe this disharmony. Thus, man desires order to be able to control what might occur in his life. In order to control these results people have become knowledgeable about the structure of the environment in terms of both pattern and composition.5 This sense of knowledge seems to be synonymous with security. Man needs both physical and psychological security in order to protect himself from the outside pressures of society. A society is established through common associations of individuals with an organized pattern. For example, values and aspirations are the common goal for most groups. Yet, a person's expectations of the goals may not be achieved. As a result disruption both mentally and physically will occur. Thus, each of us as an individual needs the security of the community for hope so that our aspirations can be filled. On the other hand, security is freedom. The individual enjoys being confronted with choices. As a result, each person requires a time for contemplation to understand his inner self and surroundings. Time spent away from the pressures of the group is appropriate occasionally. A group of people can establish a mental confusion or sense of crowding to the point of distrust, insecurity and eventually a lack of communication. Communication is the essence of human nature. Man communicates through the use of symbols(visual) and verbalization(reasoning). Through the built environment man communicates visually. Rationalizing the symbolic imagery depends on man's knowledge of himself and his surroundings. Each person's perception of the environment is unique. Yet, every image must contain harmony, order and security. In reality an individual's life is more complicated with the incorporation of the value system and economy resulting in turmoil. Therefore, humans need time for learning, a sense of belonging, contemplation, relaxation and play. NATURE Fire, water and wind work to quiet all traces of violence until unison is again bathed in the atmosphere.6 Nature is a single process that interacts and responds to laws which were established for the regulation of universe. Each unit of the process, whether it is as small as an atom or as large as the Pacific Ocean, is created for a unique and specific role for a greater entity. Yet, any complications to the system can result in irreversible damage. Nature is observable. On the whole the world is based on a set of repetitions and rhythm that one can perceive everywhere.7 Yet, there is a variation produced in the individual organism for specific functions tov/ard the whole system. Each organism has matter that is unique from other creatures. This matter is adaptive to the entire system. This adaptation produces an ultimate characteristic.8 Regulation of the environment occurs through this evolution. An organism does not exist independently. It contains distinct parts whose relation to others is determined by their function to the whole.9 Thus, every organism has a specific role in the ecosystem in which each cooperates with the other organisms in order to sustain the biosphere.10 changes to any part of this system will affect the efficient operation of the whole process. Introduction of a foreign body or change of sequence could result in the breakdown of the system. One defect will affect the entire ecosystem, not just the specific organism. The whole relies on each part. MAN/NATURE &.-i33iry r(iFi(fffifiifiif; Man is no less a feature of the landscape than the rocks, trees, and bears.H The relationship between man and nature i s contingent upon man's attitude toward h i s environment. Although there i s an e m bedded bon b etween man and n ature; man's image of h is surroundings i s based o n his values. Basic values rest u pon s p iritual need, nourishment, play and m oney. Each play a significant role in which man perceives his environment. A s a r e sult man h as used nature for his benefit and s urvival. Therefore, what i s the place of nature in m a n's world and the place of m a n in nature? Nature in Man's World. Man u ses nature for his comfort, pleasure and a sense of m eaning. in the beginning m an has adapted t o the environment for s u rvival. Now, man adapts the environment to fit h is needs. Seeking the meaning of h is existence, security and survival are examples of m an's needs. This adaptation of h is surroundings was accomplished by extracting natures elements from the world such a s materials, sun and w ind. Buildings resulted and became a symbol of a n orderly world. Although man can c o ntrol his immediate surroundings through this built e nvironment; he c an not completely conquer natural forces. Therefore, nature should be u sed t o its fullest potential without pushing t he environment past i ts limitations. The Place of Man in Nature. Man t akes a hand in creation whenever he puts a building upon the earth beneath the s u n . 1 2 As a result, buildings become a circumstance humans share with animal, birds, fish and the insects.13 Each feed or rely upon the other in order to fulfill nature's processes. Thus, man fills a specific role in the ecosystem. Without this unison, the process becomes incoherent. Yet, man can mistreat the system by imposing extreme limitations on nature. The world, similar to the human body, continually rejects any foreign intrusion. Thus, man is a part of nature and should establish harmony with the elements of the earth. Humans are in unity with the environment when they look upon the world, cooperate, listen and learn.14 Life is dependent on nature and its system. Solitude, communication and sense of community are literally the foundation of man and nature. Nature establishes a sense of community through its processes. Everything works together in unity. Man needs to be participating for survival and well being. This desire to share is accomplished by communication between humans and their environment. Communication is the basic link for any good relationship and occurs by working with and understanding nature's process. Yet, man can still achieve a sense of solitude. In other words, nature produces individuality within the community. Exploring the history of man's relationship to his environment through the built form, rituals, or surroundings can create a knowledge for future implications. In the past, man worshipped nature and lived in accordance with its laws. Yet, people proceeded to use nature for his own gains. Therefore, through the built environment designers can incorporate these aspects in order to fulfill man's desires and establish a harmonic relationship with nature's processes. SPIRITUAL RMfMl amHi ms§s&m$$m ^wPl i # % f t y ^ i f r u i ' I i i ^ l i )"' '« ? f 4 8^ ??' .•; :•$*•)&• |#s It is on tops of mountains that man contemplates the face of nature with real delight. There it is that in conference with the fruitful parent of all things he receives from her those all powerful inspirations, which lift the mind above the sphere of error and prejudice. 1 5 Rousseau To be spiritual is to have a relationship with something based on the feelings of the soul. Since ancient times man desired knowledge and control over his environment and self. The use of rituals bridged the gap of the known to the unknown. Thus, worship of nature and seeking a purpose for life resulted in order to fulfill aspirations. Man's mythology has contained many references to the forests and mountains. In China the spirits lived only in the forests. Nature was not disturbed in order to keep harmony with these g o d s .Also, Biblical characters wandered in the wilderness in order to understand their spiritual purpose. During the Hellenistic period temples were built in the mountains to house their gods. In ancient times the mountains themselves were worshipped. The Tower of Babel was constructed to reflect the image of a mountain in order to coexist with God. Spiritual i n f l u e n c e h a s e n c o u r a g e d m a n t o e x e r c i s e h i s s k i l l s i n construction. Thus, reassuring his own spiritual survival. In modern times city dwellers want to escape the stress of success and the smell of hate, poverty and urine. As a result of these human predicaments, people need to recover values that were lost. Solitude, self reliance, challenge and friendship need to be rediscovered. Therefore, the role of the landscape has become a source of cleansing and spiritual recharging for humans. It is as if we escape from our present lives to the restoring haven of the earth. Thus, the human world is a world of expanded space and time.1*7 For instance the tea ceremony in japan is a s p i r i t u a l p r o c e s s i n o r d e r t o b e c o m e o n e w i t h n a t u r e . T h r o u g h meditation a sense of purity and silence is obtained for the inner self. Although relating to nature is a highly personal experience; there is no doubt about the religious feeling of the mountains. The smells, sounds and visual harmony of the area causes relaxation, inner joy and contemplation towards the purpose of life. This elevated feeling gives a desire to listen and learn from the world. HISTORY The interpretive process relies heavily on the past upon information gathered at previous times.18 Previous treatments of buildings in nature are important to understand the purpose of later designs. in the early 18th century man was supreme. He began to take control of his world and develop the environment to benefit his purposes. Nature was only used to extract materials for human consumption, not to live in it. The city symbolized this advancement of technology causing the elite to dwell only in the city. Thus, the iron forge which symbolized man's dominance was the only association to be made in relation to nature and water.19 The Marriage of Isaac & Rebekah by Claude Lorraine Toward the end of the 18th century the elite began to retreat away from the rat race and into the country. Yet, an intermediary zone of culture was established between building and nature. This zone was a man controlled garden and was used to soften the wildness of the environment. Man needed this gradual transition to keep his world orderly. People of wealth in the 19th century in Europe elevated their houses on a hill or summit. The view and symbolism of position was the prominent image of the time. it was believed the low-lying structures enclosed by vegetation was unhealthy and full of disease. 2 0 These quiet buildings were viewed from the prestigious homes. Yet, fifty years later these cottages became a retreat for the nobility. Cottages blend into the surroundings and nature became to romantic image of era. Although the structures were usually made of undressed stones with creepers and a thatched roof; the interior was a metropolitan and high society style.21 Douglas in Hadingtonshire Richard Mique Hameau, Versaille Meanwhile, in the Catskill Mountains of the United States camps were established to commune with nature. These camps were permanent and did not alter the landscape. The planning and position of the buildings had to be dominated by nature and its processes. Thus, verandas and rockers were placed in order to enjoy the tree tops and water. Trees grew through the veranda to minimize disturbance. Another scheme to minimize the impact of man's influences was to institute each unit separately by a covered way. Catskill Mountain Camp Past buildings interpret man's values of the era. The forms communicate financial and spiritual images. In most examples, man takes into account nature in order to express these views. The surroundings becomes an important element in the design process both in previous and present times. As a result, what has happened in the past can be evaluated and changes can occur in order to better man's environment. DESIGN v ft i • ,>?* &&£tt2HBDtN8l«££h3S OTII o$$S$h i^ JS&#s»s^ p^ •'., ,VI , . ^ V ***%•'" jF Xys*' r>iiiir»- "h ijn'ji^ mm i* ;>*#"?»! * r.v A vt, . u^-7? aSh •^V'S*"* Nf I is Nothing is complete merged physically into in itself but only complete the larger expression.24 as the part Visual order symbolism and harmony are the central purposes for design. An appropriate designed structure can enhance lives and nature. A good building can make the landscape more beautiful than it was before it was built. Solutions were selected from organic, geomorphic and Japanese architecture because they most effectively achieve a good relationship with man and nature. Organic architecture develops from the interior and moves outward to establish harmony with exterior conditions. As a result the space outside becomes a natural part of space within. Interior space is planned for efficiency and flexibility as in corresponding with nature's procedures. As a result of this theory glass is used due to its transparency, reflection and sense of spaciousness. All of these entities enhance the view of the landscape and the s k y .25 when organic architecture is p r o p e r l y c a r r i e d o u t n o l a n d s c a p e i s e v e r o v e r p o w e r e d b u t developed by it.26 Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright According to Japanese motifs, space is shaped by light, shadow and construction. The construction becomes a wood skeleton frame in order to obtain a flexible plan. The plan is designed by 6'x 31 increments which is the size of a tatami mat.27 Structural elements are exposed to keep the building honest, pure and in unison with nature. Historically, Japanese seek to become one with the natural environment and the human- soul. The exterior forms of the buildings are simple and inconspicuous along with the interior. Each room is kept unadorned. Objects of any type do not exist in the space; although the presence man acts as a piece of art.28 Therefore, in essence man is a feature of nature; living in harmony with his surrounding and inner self. Katsura ' t','•»**&• f^ iKi i;C '?>< *' Wl#r£ Katsura llifet® Tea House The building should capture the essence of the environment by using imagery from nature. This imagery is taken from the form of some natural feature or a basic geometry which underlies all nature.29 Also, the structure should fit into the natural contours of the land to form a single entity. Yet, natural forms for the built environment should be interpreted into another medium without being imitated. Therefore, the building should represent a definite man made form in perfect harmony with its surroundings. p i . MfPsSS#©!® 5;; Wk r-(;vfe' •»te- Hi. Itmm. iJUrivi V -i y ' Hilltop House by William Morgan Through the built environment solitude, communication and a sense of community must be emphasized. Thus, form becomes communication or a presentation of meaning. As a result the structure will signify the harmony and cooperation of man and nature. Man is united with nature and not a separate entity paying alimony for past actions. SITE XsS^&tc®wjb mm mmm SkW$' P l a n i n f u l l a w a r e n e s s o f n a t u r e s f o r c e s , f o r m s a n d f e a t u r e s : t h e s w e e p o f t h e s u n , t h e a i r c u r r e n t s , t h e p e a k s a n d h o l l o w s o f t h e e a r t h , r o c k , a n d s o i l s t r a t a , v e g e t a t i o n , l a k e s a n d s t r e a m s , d r a i n a g e w a y s a n d t h i s a w a r e n e s s s h o u l d e n t a i l p l a n n i n g i n h a r m o n y w i t h t h e e l e m e n t n a t u r e . i f w e d i s r e g a r d t h e m w e w i l l e n g e n d e r c o u n t l e s s , u n n e c e s s a r y f r i c t i o n s a n d pr e c l u d e t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s o f f i t n e s s a n d c o m p a t i b i l i t y t h a t c a n b r i n g s o m u c h p l e a s u r e a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n t o o u r l i v e s . 3 0 The instrument is only an extension of the limb.31 j.-- -itrw iv'#v- Harmony with nature results form neither to few or to many parts, ideas or m a t e r i a l s .32 The site is a combination of features that make a piece of land as distinctive as a human face.33 Features should be utilized in order to produce harmony, protection and visual beauty. Thus, the total design should be an expression of the site, climate, form and materials. Due to the contrasting form and line man-made objects become the focal point. Misorienting this focal point on a site can cause disharmony and uncontrollable consequences. Problems occur w h e n n a t u r e ' s s y s t e m r e a c t s i n a n e g a t i v e w a y t o m a n ' s environment. As a result, animal habitats could be endangered and weather and time will finally soften the interruption. The material gives a sense of man's presence yet, is accepted by nature. |f§ m.i - • >$$* • ^ » • ? « • , ;•::.'•:%> '.: ?.•• vH^ $'•<>?>vr>^ v?**;t>-VH^-r v u >> >v " 4',^',?-r-v l-*>k-.iv»*;*:-x«. H i;-?$>./ &!Vf i>•«.!;>•/*.: [. ' ' ;. ^ .; ;v^ £_i, 2-v '•~SvV.>rr;..-i':*i;'' The building creates a focal point in an otherwise plain envir ionment. r HBSSSBsi SvV xlhsiMm Wb'/y::^- stmihrn vimmk $mtM ;Sr"t^ 'L-bX «r •&&$&: 4 vV • -\ ,Vy • S^ w^ IWBTO :m;<* :• (i'f>» '*!? ^ £8e«« S i•'*•• -' fc*-> $& ft •i-A'iVSi«-.«^ ?*5l Man s environment unites with nature. The building creates interest. li mW ® S*' *v.- l^wl# fe*S m Mmmm The modern building doesn't compete or overpower the existing environment. The Louvre by I.M. Pei Minimal disturbance is achieved through designing with the site. Forest House by William Morgan ?' CONCLUSION Case studies, program and site analysis rely on the other to complete the whole design. The final result of a scheme depends on a careful analysis of each entity and incorporating then simultaneously to form a complete and unique solution. Although a retreat is being designed; the relationship of the built environment to nature was the main concern for the case studies. Some examples include works by E. Fay Jones and Michael Graves. The program of White Aspen includes community, private and contemplative units all with a cooperating relationship with the outdoors. Therefore, the site plays a key role in the fulfillment of an adequate facility that promotes harmony. STUDIES Case #1 The Hermitage E. Fay Jones and Associate Architects The Hermitage is a secular Franciscan order which consists of a Library, kitchen, Dining, Chapel and Living Units. The facility is arranged to take advantage of the site and nature's contemplation characteristics. IMPLICATIONS: 1. Each building is in parts to reduce its scale on the site. 2. Use of earth berm and vegetation softens the intrusion of man. 3. Living Units are not rustic but elegant. 4. Circulation between buildings is natural and not forced. 1qO°% c~> 3» cn co co rn o cr> <75 C= 3o at -o C-> — cn o — £i X & H M £ 7 \ V TO - ti ' K ¥ ? in * r i i. -^ 5> * A. ^ " T\lH. j^fvjg?'.!. ••'.••./ ••-•?• ,V i^ % w*£ ;^;'"v--: *••"''V'.-." « ^o\ •; S ' ^ V Vt. ML vVv 7 \ k vf ir.r.TW •'.: -VII T . L iiytrri & Case #2 The Edmonton Advanced Technology Center Barry Johns Architect Ltd. The spaces are organized along a centrally located circulation path. Twelve inches of soil on the roof cover R20 insulation laid over a layer of waterproof material. comfortable temperatures are maintained through gas heating, people and lights. The building is very energy efficient. IMPLICATIONS: 1. Burming creates sculptural possibilities. 2. The earth sheltering is energy efficient. 3. Skylights create daylighting. Case #3 Haystack Mountain School of Crafts Edward Larrabee Barnes Haystack was developed as a village on the side of a slope on Deer Isle, Maine. The facility is reached by a dirt road through spruce forest causing a sense of distance and isolation. The public spaces are located near the top of the hill for service accessibility and the sleeping units were placed further down for privacy. The shed roofs are at a 45 degree pitch and point either up or down the slope. IMPLICATIONS: 1. Emphasizes the use of the 2. Due to the slope each spac 3. Functional arrangement of privacy. slope to harmonize with nature, e has a view of the sea. spaces create community and -"Sif Case #4 Clos Pegase Winery and Residence Michael Graves The site of the winery was organized along an axis of water a n d e n d s i n t h e n a t u r a l l a n d s c a p e a t t h e p o n d s . T h i s organization creates privacy at one end and public functions at the other. The residence at the summit of the knoll has views of the winery and vineyards. IMPLICATIONS: 1. Organization of the facility incorporates site features. 2. Procession to each space creates a view and symbolic connotations characterize the system of the facility. 3. The structure cooperates with nature. mm -TUM—I Case #5 The Thorncown Chapel E. Fay Jones and Associate Architects The Chapel is a 24'x60' structure situated in the woods of Arkansas. The material is 2x4 pine and could be carried by two workers. As a result the construction did not interrupt the environment and creates views of the woodland . IMPLICATIONS: 1. Adjacent vegetation was not interrupted due to the lack of heavy equipment. 2. Decoration was developed by the type of material. 3. The harmony of the building with nature creates a spiritual feeling. PROGRAM At White Aspen man will commune with nature and not be burdened because of his desires. In other words, people are accommodated with a controlled environment but can be given the opportunity to enjoy their surroundings. A retreat exists to be instructive, inspirational and refreshing. As a result, the facility is obligated to provide a sense of community, recreation and solitude in order to contemplate one's life. The recreation that will be offered will be year round. Cross country skiing, skating, hiking, fishing, swimming and Softball for family reunions are some of the examples. Guidance zones occur in the indoor/outdoor meeting areas and Chapel. Living units will exist in private areas. Nature, winterized single units and the observatory, which will be positioned on top of the Continental Divide, will be used for solitude and contemplation. D*flo < *'>• > - , - ' ' s - ,*Tm j t ' •, ' < J** -i*5 4 -si •' t ilv U •• V' ' If s i- '&i ••"'it •L f /-'i Stuffy- Sc TO* Zone: Community Space: Dining Function: provide an eating area for 150 guests. Area: 3400 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: 150 chairs, 20 6-man tables, 6 4-man tables and storage, access to exterior. Wants: view, optional uses, banners. Soft Requirements: encourage social and community values, uncluttered, sunny, flexible, adaptive decor, reasonably lit, easily maintained. Additional Requirements: Zone: Community Space: Conference Room Function: Space used to exchange ideas and views. Area: 1100 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: 50 chairs, 6 6-man tables, 4 4-man tables, projector with screen, misc storage. Wants: adjustable lighting, view, podium. Soft Requirements: professional, acoustical, conservative, flexible, speaker oriented. Additional Requirements: 0 h. Zone: Community Space: Seminar Room Function: Space used to share experiences in a particular field and to train others of new insights. Area: 600 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: 32 chairs, 8 4-man tables, projector with screen, miscellaneous storage. Wants: adjustable lighting, view, podium. Soft Requirements: personal, professional, acoustical, flexible, conservative. Additional Requirements: Zone: Community Space: Chapel Function: Community worship. Area: 1500 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs • benches, alter, miscellaneous storage, entry. view, controllable lighting, windows Wants: Soft Requirements: Additional Requirements: sunny, spiritual, natural, freedom, simple, sense of community, innovative. wssgBm T_2_ Zone: Community Space: Outdoor Recreation Function: Provides a clearing for team sports. Area: 3600 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: open, flat. Wants: separated from private areas. Soft Requirements: sheltered, competitive, safe. Additional Requirements: Zone: Community Space: Exterior Meeting Space Function: Provide a semi-formal gathering space. Area: 300 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: sheltered, open, campfire. Wants: unique feature of the landscape. Soft Requirements: quiet, relaxed, attention oriented, spiritual. Additional Requirements: 9_. Zone: Semi-Private Space: Observatory Function: Overlook the city lights and act as a shelter on th Continental Divide trail. Area: 200 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: sitting area, windows. Wants: telescope, view, equipment storage. Soft Requirements: Additional Requirements: natural, warm, inviting, unique, easy maintenance. Zone: Semi-Private Space: Manager's Office Function: provides space for scheduling and book keeping. Area: 150 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: desk, 3 chairs, computer, telephon file cabinets. Wants: view, near entry, plants, well lit. Soft Requirements: sunny, organized, uncluttered, efficient. Additional Requirements: 11. Zone: Semi-Private Space: Kitchen Function: Preparation of food by group or hired employee. Area: 1760 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: dry storage, cold storage, misc. storage, 200 sets of dishware, 200 sets of utensils, dishwasher, prep, area, bake/fry/broil. Wants: ventilated, sound barrier, well lit efficient storage. Soft Requirements: easy maintenance, efficient, organized, clean. Additional Requirements: Zone: Semi-Private Space: Central Bath Function: Provide locker rooms for summer units. Area: 800 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: showers, baths, saunas, dressing area, maintenance room. hot air dryers, easy access to livi units, mirrors. easy maintenance, spacious, well lit Additional Requirements: Wants : Soft Requirements: clean, 13. Zone: Semi-Private Space: Toilets Function: provided for the Dining Room. Area: 250 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: toilets(handicap), urinals, sinks, hot air dispensers, soap. Wants: extra counters, mirrors, garbage cans. Soft Requirements: clean, separated, easily maintained, well lit. Additional Requirements: Zone: Private Space: Living Units Function: Provides week long visits in a controlled environment. Area: 7300 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: 10 beds, 10 chairs,10 shower, 30 toilets, 30 sinks. Wants: view, private, well lit, storage. Soft Requirements: warm, comfortable, simple, quiet, uncluttered, natural. Additional Requirements: s fiin' ti --- Zone: Private Space: First Aid Room Function: Service for possible small accidents. Area: 150 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: bed, 2 chairs, desk, sink, shelves, storage, task lighting. Wants: easy access. Soft Requirements: clean, easily maintained. Additional Requirements: 16. Zone: Private Space: Manager's Residence Function: Complimentary living reasons. Area: 1600 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: Wants : Soft Requirements: view, sunny, Additional Requirements: arrangements for security living comfortable, personal. 2 bedrooms, 1 room, laundry, garage, dining, bath, kitchen, storage. extra storage Zone: Support Space: Mechanical/Maintenance Function: Provide space for HVAC systems Area: 1250 Hard Requirements: Needs: water heater, forced air gas furnace. Wants: nondisruptive access Soft Requirements: isolated from private areas Additional Requirements: 18. Zone: Support Space: Parking Function: To accommodate visitor's vehicular traffic. Area: 20,000 s.f. Hard Requirements: flat, open space. Soft Requirements: unobtrusive, safe. Additional Requirements: 19. Zone: Support Space: Service Entry Function: Transport of goods and easy access of maintenance. Area: 500 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: storage, garbage, loading and unloading. Wants: unnoticeable. Soft Requirements: separated, acoustics. Additional Requirements: Zone: Private Space: Contemplative Units Area: 125 s.f. Hard Requirements: Needs: separate entrances, heated. Wants: windows. Soft Requirements: quiet, simple, natural. Additional Requirements: 1. Entry/Reception 2. Lobby 3. Dining 4. Conference 5. Seminar 6. Chapel 7. Ext. Recreation 8. Ext. Meeting 9. Observatory 10. Office, 11. Kitchen 12. Central Bath 13. Toilets 14. Living Units 15. First Aid 16. Residence 17. Mech/Maint. 18. Parking 19. Service Entry 20. Solitude Units & # • Essential A Desirable H Non-desirable Non - essential Spatial Matrix Space Adjacency < CO OJ 7> JJrX> IMpn^/cf |£kle>- IOUSHIP O|> foia&sf -P e>rf£- c^nwt^APi^ Context gMBanBanan / uro Pt of Interest Features/Vehicular IMrU^A-TUDN^-. «Vi£jJs Torne r^tv^xfg- f^oKI I I I I Vegetation/Drainage *£LAVATiohl^ hS Meadow illiili: Shrub Land Forest waammmmmmmm• iijjjijjjji T'J' ixi iI? 6403 \ '6KiV' ^xwoigjS H £l(2>Q / (oZOO (ol&O b\s>i6M A.kJAV f^oM uiKf^t2 e>uiup-ur CJf osl -SU-OOp? o^. pUA"T 4=-A^t^lf4^iSfr^"f' ^oops Contours/Drainage a U t i l i t ies f K-B-Z-f pt2-|VArf^- /X.UJAV ^OM V£H I^U-L-Asfe- Major Features/Size r tggggmmmmmmmmmmmmm m —— IMPH<^Arpc?f45> vifeiJt? ihte? t>H£Vp^ ^OM ^iMr? ^HAC?lki6, &&\/\£.&'=> Meadow Shrub Land Aspen Lodge Pole Pine Vegetation KJiklD / IMri-|6Af| ^ jsle: ruA^g- ullM-pc7iJ£? -f=>ouMz- AKlp E>A^K- -]& "THB- U4|Mc>. Vl£ki c?Ml> -FtfiJp Po=»rfhVEl-^ V UJoiesT" -Vl£U-l£> £xc-£LUa.MT f^ ^SI&Ufc. f^ D. Sensory SUN ALTITUDE 65' 42- 1 8 ' JUNE MARCH SEPT DEC NOON AZIMUTH JUNE MARCH SEPT AVE. TEMP, 6 0 - 45- 0) o> 0) TJ 30H 1—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—r J F M A M J J A S O N D month PRECIP. i 1—i 1—i—i—i—i—i 1—r J F M A M J J A S O N D month Mountains Foreground Close Wooded Views V &HI ^ u ,/POMP ' fe./j' / -J' nOt Suitability High Medium Low Dine Suitability High Medium Low iwmi iimr—* Chapel U t i l i t i e s rr^r^r^ Suitability High Medium Low Living Units U t i l i t ies foslD Suitability High Medium Low Meeting f - U tilities A—Ibis pEArp iUNT. Gravtl h Zone MANAGEMENT AREA D2 / District acres Deer Lodge - 17,919 Jefferson -103,635 Philipsburg - 16,039 Butte - 43,586 MANAGEMENT AREA D2 TOTAL -159,3 29 This area includes grasslands, meadows, open timber stands and other forage producing areas on slopes generally less than 40 percent. This area is very similar to Management Area Dl. The major difference is that these lands are judged to be more important to big game. GOALS To provide a balanced amount of livestock forage and big game habitat. Designate forage production from range and wildlife improvement investments for both livestock and wildlife. Element Standards Forestwide management direction of Chapter II also applies. Recreation See Figure II-4 for appropriate VQO's. Control motorized vehicle use in accordance with the hunter opportunity objectives to prevent damage to the forage resource and to enhance the useability of the area by wildlife. Establish these controls through the Forest Travel Plan. Restrict snowmobiles on winter ranges to roads where they will not conflict with big game use. Wildlife & Fish Implement joint wildlife-livestock improvement projects to enhance forage production and minimize social and forage conflicts among livestock and wildlife. Range Implement intensive management systems, where cost effective, to develop the range resource and to sustain and increase forage production for both livestock and big game. Livestock grazing levels will be determined by allotment management plans. Conduct forage improvement projects such as prescribed Jaurning for sagebrush and tree encroachment control on a scheduled basis. The schedule will be developed as part of the allotment management plan. Reconstruct and maintain existing improvements. Construct new improvements identified in the approved management plans. 1 D2 Element Standards Timber Minerals Facilities Permit harvest of*firewood, post and poles, and other products that are compatible with wildlife cover requirements of the area. Harvest operations should avoid disturbance of forage areas such as grassland. Classify the timberland as unsuitable. Mineral-related operations will be according to approved operating plans. Conditions and stipulations will maintain forage production to the extent practical. Oil and gas leases will contain stipulations (3109-12) to protect forage production. All access will based on logical need based on existing stage of exploration and development. Access will be coordinated with transportation plans and will be allowed on a case-by-case basis. Final reclamation of all roads not needed for future management will be to near-natural conditions. Saleable mineral permits will allowed if they fit all other management requirements. Allow transmission corridors. Permit road construction needed for surface management purposes and to access other management areas. The season may be restricted to protect wildlife during the winter. Protection "Control" to "confine" is the appropriate suppression response depending upon location, expected fire behavior, and other criteria which will be stated in a Fire Management Action Plan. Use prescribed fire with planned and unplanned ignitions for the enhancement and maintenance of the forage resource. Management Practices See Figure III-2 at the end of this chapter. Monitoring Requirements See Figure III-3 at the end of this chapter. r r r r ROS Activity Characterization* Primitive Semi-Primitive Non-Motorized Semi-Primitive Motorized Roaded Natural Rural Urban Viewing Scenery Hiking and Walking MorseDack Riding Teni Camping Hunting Nature Study Mountain Climbing Water Based: Canoeing Other Watercraft (non-motorized use) Canoeing Land Based: Viewing Scenery Automobile (off-road use) Motorcycle and Scooter Use Specialized Lanacraft Use Aircraft Use Hiking and Walking Horseback Riding Camping Hunting Nature Study Mountain Climbing Water Based: Boating (powered) Swimming Fishing Snow and Ice Based: Snowplay X-Country Sklmg/Snowahoelng Sailing Other Boating Swimming Diving (skin or scuba) Fishing Snow and Ice Based: Ice and Snowcralt Use Skiing, Oownhill Snowplay X-Country Skling/Snowshoeing Land Based: Viewing Scenery Viewing Activities Viewing Works ol Human-Kind Automobile (includes oil-road use) Motorcycle and Scooter Use Specialized Landcraft Use Train and Bus Touring Aircraft Use Aerial Trams and Lifts Use Hiking and Walking Bicycling Horseback Riding Camping Picnicking Resort and Commercial Services Use Resort Lodging Recreation Cabin Use Hunting Nature Studies Mountain Climbing Gathering Forest Products Interpretive Services Water Based: Tour Boat and Ferry Use Boat (Powered) Canoeing Sailing Other Watercraft Use Swimming and Waterplay Diving (skin and scuba) Watersknng and Water-Sports Fishing Snow and Ice Based: ice and Snowcratt Use Ice Skating Sledding and Tobogganing Downhill Skiing Snowplay X Country Skling/Snowshoeing Land Based: Viewing Scenery Viewing Activities Viewing Works ol Human-Kind Automobile (Includes off-road use) Motorcycle and Scooter Use Train and Bus Touring Aircraft Use Aerial Trams and Lifts Use Hiking and Walking Bicycling Horseback Riding Camping Picnicking Resort and Commercial Services Use Resort Lodging Recreation Cabin Use Hunting Nature Studies Gathering Forest Products Interpretive Services Team Sports Participation Individual Sports Participation Games and Play Participation Water Based: Tour Boat and Ferry Use Boat (Powered) Canoeing Sailing Other Watercraft Use Swimming and Waterplay Diving (skin and scuba) Watorskiing and Watersports Fishing Snow and Ice Based: Ice and Snowcratt Use Ice Skating Sledding and Tobogganing Downhill Skiing Snowplay X-Country Sknng'Snowshoemg Area is characterized by essentially unmodilied natural environment ol •airly large size Interac­ tion between users is very low and evidence of oiner users is mini­ mal The area is man­ aged to be essentially free trom evidence of human-induced restric­ tions and controls Motorized use within the area is not permitted Area is characterized by a predominantly natural or natural-appearing environment ol moderate-to-large size Interaction between users is low. but there is olten evidence ol other users. The area is man­ aged in such a way that minimum on-site con­ trols and restrictions may be present, but are subtle Motorized use is not permitted. Area is characterized by a predominantly natural or natural-appearing environment ol moderate-to-large size. Concentration ol users is low. bul there is often evidence ol other users. The area is managed m such a way that minimum on-site con­ trols and restrictions may bo present, but are subtle Motorized use is permitted Area is characterized by predominantly natural- appearing environ­ ments with moderate evidences of the sights and sounds ol man Such evidences usually harmonize with the natural environment. In­ teraction between users may be low to moder­ ate. but with evidence of other users prevalent. Resource modification and utilization practices are evident, but har­ monize with the natural environment. Conven­ tional motorized use is provided lor in con­ struction standards and design ol facilities. Area is characterized by substantially modified natural environment. Resource modification and utilization practices are to enhance specilic recreation activities and to maintain vegetative cover and soil. Sights and sounds ol humans are readily evident, and the interaction between users is otten moderate to high A considerable number ol lacilities are designed lor use by a large number ol people. Facilities are otten pro­ vided for special ac­ tivities. Moderate den­ sities are provided lar away Irom developed sites. Facilities lor in­ tensified motorized use and parking are available. Area is characterized by a substantially urbanized environ­ ment. although the background may have natural-appearing ele­ ments Renewable re­ source modilication and utilization practices are to enhance specific rec­ reation activities Veg­ etative cover is olten exotic and manicured Sights and sounds ol humans, on-site, are predominant Large numbers of users can be expected, both on-site and in nearby areas. Facilities lor highly intensilied motor use and parking are available wiin forms ol mass iransil often avail­ able to carry people throughout Vie site Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Remoteness Criteria* Primitive Semi-Primitive Non-Motorized Semi-Primitive Motorized Roaded Natural Rural Urban mBm foj&v.WiWr- : y-f^vi An area designated at least 3 miles from all roads, railroads or trails with motorized use An area designated at least V2-mile but not further than 3 miles from all roads, railroads or trails with motorized use; can include the existence of primitive roads and trails if usually closed to motorized use. An area desig­ nated within Vi-mile of primitive roads or trails used by motor vehicles; but not closer than '/z-mile from better than primitive roads. An area desig­ nated within Vi-mile from better than primitive roads, and railroads. No distance criteria. No distance criteria. Evidence of Humans Criteria Primitive Semi-Primitive Non-Motorized Semi-Primitive Motorized Roaded Natural Rural Urban J-*. *J>mT"WW5* 111111111 h l f a r m i f t d i i r v » j i a 6 a B Selling is essentially an unmodified natural envi­ ronment. Evidence ol humans would be un­ noticed by an ooserver wandering mrough the area. Natural' setting may have subtle modifica­ tions that would be noticed but not draw the attention ot an observer wandering through the area. Natural' setting may have moderately dominant alterations but would not draw the attention ol motor­ ized observers on trails and primitive roads within the area. Natural* setting may have modifica­ tions which range from being easily noticed to strongly dominant to ob­ servers within the area. However Irom sensitive" travel routes and use areas these alterations would re­ main unnoticed or visu­ ally subordinate. Natural' setting is culturally modified to the point that it is dominant to the sensitive" travel route observer May include pastoral, agricultural, intensively managed wildland resource landscapes, or utility corridors Pedestrian or other slow moving observers are con­ stantly within view ol culturally changed landscape. Setting is strongly structure domi­ nated Natural or natural-appearing elements may play an important role but be visually sub­ ordinate Pedes­ trian and other slow moving observers are constantly within view ol arti­ ficial enclosure of spaces Evidence ol trails is acceptable. Out should not exceed standard to carry ex­ pected use. Little or no evidence ot primitive roads and the motorized use ol trails and primitive roads. Strong evidence ot primitive roads and the motorized use ol trails and primitive roads. There is strong evi­ dence of designed roads and/or highways. There is strong evi­ dence ol designed roads andd&s&£ WmTm as Views are accentuated through fenestration. Kurhaus by Klaus Humpert Water can be experienced ."Vnnf?rr; at first hand rather than