(£3^HhJUk4U[ m, m tmu V _ Swml3 marni lEUnETx .onr/# JE3PB ]•• uscst* USKgg ^mh raEjra yyg P378 .B4136 of Great Falls ••• • •••• ••• ••n ••• /Mmmmmmmmmnu-i 4mMmwMMMtamEi& f tEmvm&mmmmnm&nnn •BHHHIBIIHGMIinnDan nMMHMiwwHKfiaBfflraHnnan mmmmmmwmmmffln ••• ^HiB^D^CDnann iaiai^Hii^smnon HiiraBaiaEinDE^ EJOOLIJLXJ. ••••• •Laj£ •• •• •• •I •• •• OB jimvm ••••&» tmmManwmmnBni ftmmmiunn !••["!• .!•••• jeo ••• JLT.lL/i XIJ lLjLjr OUULE ••••••••••. •••••••••• ••n ••••• nnnnr ••••• ••• ••n ••••• ••• [••• ••• ["]•• •nu un una l:J[ in nan i •• Li x. •i •L JL ~ir •• i •••••: ••••• ••nm •n lucid •••••: •ami •••n J •ni.JL.ll 1! OIL XI.]! ••nnnno j[ jfjr ••nk ;••• mnn inrjcju \rv inr J: uun[ rn ••cxii nr pun nLJnnni •[ If I J! nizil J .i! t -irn'r L ••• a_ n i—i rn tzn j_j La 100000 ^ n . ^ LU •I • LIBRAfW Montana State U«tiwtfsftb< 'Bwsmmm "i —'inn ftrta -iiftyrf/ A YffCA for Great Falls: In the Spirit of Social and Urban Design Theories by Linda S. Bell A professional paper submitted in partial fullfillment the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE Advisor Chairman. Thesis Committee Director ofTthe School of Architecture Montana State University Bozeman, Montana Date pCi /Q- In present ing th i s thes i s in part ia l fu l l f i l lment of the requirements for an advanced degree a t Montana S tate Univers i ty , I agree that the l ibrary sha l l make i t free ly ava i lab le for inspect ion . I fur ther agree that permiss ion for extens ive copying o f th i s thes i s for scho lar ly purposes may be granted by my major professor or the d irec tor o f l ibrar ies . I t i s unders tood that any copying o f th i s thes i s for f inanc ia l ga in i s not a l lowed wi thout my wr i t ten permiss ion . Linda S . Be l l This thesis is dedicated to Wes, whose never ending encouragement made this all possible, to my father who helped me in times of need, and to my mother for her love and moral support. Table of Contents I . I n t r o d u c t i o n 2 II. Social Design Theories 3 III. Historical Development of the YMCA 5 IV. Introduction to Great Falls 8 Climatological Data Economic Trends Census Data V. Development of a Need 12 VI. Analysis of the Site 12 Macro-analysis Micro-analysis Summary VII. Assumptions 27 VIII. Facility Considerations 27 IX. Site Considerations 27 X. General YMCA Design Criteria 28 XI. Diagramatic Analysis 30 Adjacency Requirements Peak Load Analysis XII. The Program 38 XIII. Summary of the Square Footages 53 XIV. Design Development 55 XV. Appendix 59 Maps of Montana XVI. Bibliography 61 I . I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e i n t e n t o f t h i s t h e s i s i s t o d e s i g n a Y M C A f o r G r e a t F a l l s , M o n t a n a t h a t r e s p o n d s t o t h e s o c i a l a n d u r b a n n e e d s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e c o l l e c t i v e u s e r s . I t i s a d e s i g n p r o m o t i n g a n d f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e p h i l o s o p h i e s o f t h e Y M C A i n t h e s p i r i t o f s o c i a l d e s i g n t h e o r i e s . I t i s t h r o u g h a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e t h e o r i e s t h a t I h o p e t o c r e a t e a n a r c h i t e c t u r e t h a t i s c o h e s i v e t o t h e s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e s i t e . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h r o u g h t h e c o h e s i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t e l e v a t e s i t s e l f a s a r c h i t e c t u r e , f r o m t h a t o f j u s t b u i l d i n g s o r a r t o b j e c t s . T o c r e a t e a c o m p a t a b l e b u i l t c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e e x i s t i n g s y s t e m o f f o r c e s , o r s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l p a t t e r n s o f t h e s i t e w i l l b e e x p l o r e d . T h r o u g h t h i s a n a l y s i s p a t t e r n s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d h u m a n e v e n t s c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d . C e r t a i n a p p r o p r i a t e p a t t e r n s a n d f e a t u r e s f r o m t h e c o n t e x t m a y b e a b s t r a c t e d f o r u s e w i t h i n t h e n e w c o n f i g u r a t i o n ' s o w n s y s t e m o f f o r c e s . T h e n e w c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e Y M C A , h a s a s y s t e m o f f o r c e s t h a t p e r t a i n t o i t s f u n c t i o n s . T h e b u i l d i n g ' s f u n c t i o n s w i l l b e a t h l e t i c p r o g r a m s , i n s t r u c t i o n a l c l a s s e s , a n d c o m m u n i t y m e e t i n g s . T h e f o c u s o f t h e p r o j e c t w i l l b e t o a n a l y z e t h e s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l n e e d s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l Y M C A u s e r s a n d o f t h e c o l l e c t i v e u s e r s , t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c o f G r e a t F a l l s . T h e s e n e e d s w i l l b e i d e n t i f i e d b y a n a l y z i n g : - w h o t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e u s e r s a r e a n d w h a t t h e i r n e e d s a r e . - h o w t h e d i f f e r e n t u s e r g r o u p s i n t e r a c t . - h o w t h e p h y s i c a l c o m p o n e n t s o f G r e a t F a l l s c o e x i s t ( t h e u r b a n c o r e , t h e p a r k s , a n d t h e c l i m a t e ) . T h e c l i e n t s o f t h e Y M C A a r e m a n y . T h e Y M C A a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e p r i m a r y s u r r o g a t e c l i e n t , d i c t a t e s c e r t a i n c o n t r o l c o n s t r a i n t s w i t h a m i n i m u m n u m b e r o f p e o p l e . T h e s e c o n d a r y c l i e n t s , t h e u s e r s , h a v e a v a r i e t y o f i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e n e e d s t h a t m u s t b e m e t . T h e f a c i l i t y a l s o s h o u l d h a v e a n i n t e r i o r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e e x t e r i o r s o c i a l p a t t e r n s o f t h e c i t y o f G r e a t F a l l s . B y d e f i n i n g t h e u s e r s , d i f f e r e n t h u m a n s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l n e e d s c a n b e m e t : - o r i e n t i n g t h e e n t r i e s a n d c h i l d r e n ' s p l a y a r e a f o r b e s t s o l a r a c c e s s . - p r o t e c t i n g a r r i v i n g p e d e s t r i a n s f r o m t h e p r e v a i l i n g w i n d s a n d a n d t r a f f i c . - a n a l y z i n g t h e t y p e s o f p e o p l e g a t h e r i n g s p a c e s n e e d e d : 1 . a c t i v e s o c i a l : s o c i o - p e t a l o r i e n t a t i o n , i n a s u n n y a r e a i f e x t e r i o r , n e a r m a i n c i r c u l a t i o n b u t n o t b l o c k i n g t r a f f i c . 2 . a c t i v e s o c i a l m e e t i n g : s o c i o - p e t a l o r i e n t a t i o n o f s p a c e u n i n t e r r u p t e d b y c i r c u l a t i o n , i n f o r m a l . 3. quiet reclusive: different types of seating within small seating areas that do not look into each other, -development of the entry of people from the public to semi- public, to semi-private, to private realms, to promote supervision that protects the user and prevents vandilism. -prevent institutionalism through smaller scaled spaces and elements. -identify to the community: 1. reinforce axes of movement that exist. 2. use the architectural vocabulary used in Great Falls, (i.e. public buildings built of sandstone, commercial uses red brick.) 3. relate to the massing of the residential area to the north: classical period revivals, gabled queen anne cottages, and craftsman bungalows. -orientation through the the complex through isolated views of the funtions, and an easily understood circulation path. II. Social Design Theories. The social design hypothesis employs user input through the participatory design methods early in the conceptual stage of a design. The process employs concepts from behavioral sciences, such as anthropology, psychology, sociology, and human geography. These social science concepts are employed to access user's needs during project consultations, post-occupancy evaluations, and design research. The early theoreticians of social design theories are Lewis Mumford, Richard Neutra, Jane Jacobs, Percival and Paul Goodman. The criterion of the social design movement was to analize a building by its occupant satisfaction rather than physical form itself. Anthropologist, Amos Rapoport, believes that social architecture can be described by the percentage of describing' characteristics it has. Landscape designer, Mark Francis, articulates these characteristics and contrasts them to Formalistic Design:1 Social Design -small scale -local -appropriate technology -human oriented -concerned with meaning and context -'bottoms up* design approach -inclusive -democratic Formalistic Design -large scale -national/international -high technology -corporate/institution oriented -concerned with style and ornament - 'top down' design approach - exclusive -authoritarian The objective of Social Design is to work with the people, as well as for them, in organizing their environments. The result is a built environment that is in harmony with the social, physical, and natural environment. Oswald Ungers speaks of this process of design as^the "theme of assimilation" or the adaption to the "genius loci". "Freedom of creation exists only in the continual dialogue between the individual, reality, and in recognition of personal inward resposibi1ity towards place, time, and 3 man. His premise is that there is no such thing as a virgin site and that the memory bears cultural and historical values. Unlike functionalist architecture, (form results from function,) form shold be the expression of spiritual context. It is the multiple layers, generated historically that give an environment its precise character. Christopher Alexander, in the Time less Way to Bui Id, views the specific character of a built environment as a morphogenesis that allows a city to become alive. He believes that the degree to which a building or town is alive is its "timeless" quality. This quality of life, within a "pattern language," is indicated by reoccurring pattern of events which coincide with geometric patterns. The effects of a 'dead' pattern are inner conflict and kaos. The 'alive' pattern sustains and perpetuates life like a part of nature governed by repetition and variety.4 Within our time these pattern languages have broken down and to reestablich the quality we must rediscover the individual patterns and how they effect us. Recognizing the individual life- generating patterns will provide the power to create a vocabulary of unique and new buildings and spaces, just as individual words have the power to create an infinite variety of sentences.^ The degree to which a built environment °lives' determines the structure of the individual patterns to interconnect to form a whole. For example, like nature, this language would evolve into a network of a larger structure, forming a common language for a community, town or city. It is through the process of building a framework of a common language that a life-giving guality evolves to individual preformed parts that create the living whole. Just as a genetic system gives life through mitosis^ it is this process, that gives and sustains life to a community. Life giving patterns that exist can be identified through different analysis. Patterns that need to exist can be implimented to resolve areas that are undefined or kaotic: Identifying the pattern language through analysis: -arrival of people into urban area. -types of access, (i.e. vehicular, pedestrian, or bicycle.) -seasonal patterns, (i.e. use of the parks.) -scale of the built environment and the land use. (see Macro-analysis.) 1. Socia1 Design: Creating Bui Idings With People In M ind, Robert Sommer, (New Jersey:Prentice-Hal1, Inc.,) pg. 7. 2. Architecture a s Theme, Oswald Mathias Ungers, (N.Y.:Electra/Rizzoli, 1982,) pg. 75. 3. Ibid., pg. 75. 4. The Time less Way of Building, Christopher Alexander, (N.Y.:Oxford University Press, 1979.) 5. Ibid., pg. xi. 6. Ibid., pg. xv. III. Historical Development of the YMCA Philosophies. To promote the functions of the YMCA within these existing patterns, the development of its philosophies must be explored. The Young Men's Christian Association was first founded in London in 1844 by a draper, George Williams. The Association was a lay-person's Christian organization committed initially to spiritual and intellectual improvement. The great strength of this organization was its intent and ability to combine the secular and the sacred in an appealing way that single purpose religious institutes of that time did not. B y 1 8 5 1 t h e Y M C A h a d d e v e l o p e d i n 1 6 c i t i e s o f E n g l a n d , S c o t l a n d , a n d I r e l a n d . T h o m a s V . S u l l i v a n , a r e t i r e d s e a c a p t a i n , h a d s e e n t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e L o n d o n g r o u p a n d f o u n d e d a Y M C A i n B o s t o n . B e c a u s e t h e Y M C A h a d a m u c h b r o a d e r b a s e o r g a n i z a t i o n i t w a s m o r e s u c c e s s f u l t h a n t h e a l r e a d y f o u n d e d y o u n g m e n ' s a s s o c i a t i o n s . B y 1 8 5 3 , t h e r e w e r e 1 3 Y M C A s c o a s t t o c o a s t , a n d b y 1 8 6 0 t h e r e w e r e 2 0 5 w i t h a t o t a l o f 2 5 , 0 0 0 m e m b e r s . T h e Y M C A , a s a l a y o r g a n i z a t i o n , b e c a m e i n a s e n s e t h e " i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o m m o n m a n ' s r e j e c t i o n o f e c c l a s i a s t i c i s m , " a t a t i m e w h e n t h e n a t i o n w a s l a r g e l y i m m i g r a n t s . D u r i n g t h e p o s t C i v i l W a r y e a r s , t h e n a t i o n s g r o w t h a c c e l e r a t e d a n d y o u n g m e n a n d b o y s f l o c k e d t o t h e c i t i e s t o f i n d j o b s . T h e Y M C A p r o v i d e d h o u s i n g , m e a l p r o g r a m s , s c h o o l s a n d v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g f o r t h e i n f l u x o f w o r k e r s t o t h e c i t i e s . I n 1 8 8 1 , w h i l e E l l e n B r o w n w a s t h e Y M C A B o y ' s W o r k S e c r e t a r y o f B u f f a l o , w o m e n a n d g i r l s b e g a n t o b e a d m i t t e d a s m e m b e r s . B y 1 9 7 7 , f e m a l e s c o m p r i s e d o f 3 7 % o f t h e m e m b e r s a n d 4 2 % o f t h e p r o g r a m p a r t i c i p a n t s . D u r i n g t h e 1 9 t h C . , t h e Y M C A d e v e l o p e d i n t h e c l i m a t e o f t h e A m e r i c a n P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h w i t h s i m u l a r o p i n i o n s o f t h e o l o g y , e t h i c s , a n d s o c i a l t h o u g h t . O f t e n c h a l l e n g e d t o d e c l a r e i t s e l f i n i t ' s t h e o l o g i c a l a n d e c c l e s i a s t i c i n t e n t i o n s t h e Y M C A d e v e l o p e d a u n i g u e d i p l o m a t i c i d e n t i t y b y n o t b e i n g i d e n t i f i e d w i t h s e c t a r i a n i s m n o r s e c u l a r i s m . B y t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s , t h e Y M C A h a d g r o w n i n d e p e n d a n t o f t h e c h u r c h e s a n d a s s u m e d a m o r e c o l l a b o r a t i v e s u p p o r t i v e r o l e . T h r o u g h a l i b e r a l t h e o l o g y , t h e Y M C A a l l o w e d A m e r i c a n s t o a p p l y t h e i r r e l i g i o u s c o n c e p t s i n t o e v e r y d a y a c t i v i t i e s . I t w a s d u r i n g t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c c h u r c h d i s c o u r a g e d i t s m e m b e r s f r o m b e i n g a c t i v e i n t h e Y M C A . B u t , w i t h t h e g r o w i n g e c u m e n i c a l m o v e m e n t o f t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s a n d t h e l i b e r a l p o l i c i e s o f P o p e J o h n , C a t h o l i c r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s b e g a n t o e n d o r s e p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T o d a y t h e Y M C A f i n d s i t s g r e a t e s t s t r e n g t h i n i t s i n s i s t e n c e t o r e m a i n a l a y - C h r i s t i a n s ' m o v e m e n t w i t h o u t a d v o c a t i n g a t h e o l o g y , l i t u r g y o f d o c t o r i n e . I t i s f r o m t h i s p o s i t i o n t h e Y M C A f i n d s i t c a n m o s t e f f e c t i v e l y b e a " b r i d g i n g " f o r c e b e t w e e n e x t r e m e s f o u n d i n a n y s o c i e t y . Y M C A s h a v e p i o n e e r e d s u c h u n i g u e p r o g r a m s a s a v e r s i o n o f t h e " P e a c e C o r p s , " 7 5 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e U . S . G o v e r n m e n t . I n 1 8 9 1 , J a m e s N a i s m u t h i n v e n t e d b a s k e t b a l l a s a p r o g r a m f o r t h e Y M C A a n d i n 1 8 9 5 , W i l l i a m M o r g a n , a Y M C A d i r e c t o r , i n v e n t e d v o l l e y b a l l . T h e B o y S c o u t s a n d t h e C a m p f i r e G i r l s w e r e a i d e d b y t h e Y M C A i n t h e i r f o r m a t i v e y e a r s . T h e Y M C A h a s p r o v i d e d f o r s e r v i c e m e n s i n c e t h e c i v i l w a r a n d w a s a c o - f o u n d e r o f t h e U . S . O . T h e " Y " h a s b e e n a l e a d e r i n s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t s s u c h a s e d u c a t i o n i n s e x u a l i t y f o r f a t h e r a n d s o n s , m o t h e r s a n d d a u g h t e r s , a n d b y h o u s i n g r u n - a w a y s , c o u n s e l i n g , " h o t l i n e " e m e r g e n c y s e r v i c e s , g r o u p h o m e s f o r j u v e n i l e s , f a m i l y c o m m u n i c a t i o n s k i l l s p r o g r a m s , a n d b y a d v o c a t i n g c h a n g e s i n j u v e n i l e j u s t i c e s y s t e m s . T o d e a l w i t h y o u t h u n r e s t , t h e " Y " d e v e l o p e d t h e f i r s t s c h o o l o f u r b a n o u t r e a c h w o r k e r . T h e o u t r e a c h t e a m s h a v e w o r k e d a s e f f e c t i v e t h i r d p a r t y f o r c e s d u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 2 M i a m i p o l i t i c a l c o n v e n t i o n s a n d d u r i n g E x p o ' 7 4 i n S p o k a n e . I n 1 9 7 6 t h e " Y " b e g a n t h e u n i g u e c a r d i o - v a s c u l a r h e a l t h p r o g r a m t h a t n o w i s i n t h e f o r e f r o n t o f t h i s f i e l d . I n t h e U . S . , t h e Y M C A i s n o w c o m p r i s e d o f o v e r 1 8 0 0 i n d e ­ p e n d e n t l y g o v e r n e d o p e r a t i n g u n i t s t h a t a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d u n d e r t h e l a w s o f e a c h s t a t e . T h e N a t i n a l B o a r d , c o m p r i s e d o f r e g i o n a l d e l e g a t e s , d r e w u p t h e f i r s t c o n s t i t u t i o n o f p u r p o s e , i n 1 9 7 3 , i n t h e f o r m o f s e v e n p r o g r a m g u i d e l i n e s : 1 . D e v e l o p s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e a n d s e l f - r e s p e c t a n d a n a p p r e c i a t i o n o f o n e s o w n w o r t h a s a n i n d i v i d u a l . 2 . D e v e l o p a f a i t h f o r d a i l y l i v i n g b a s e d u p o n t h e t e a c h i n g s o f C h r i s t , t h a t t h e y m a y t h e r e b y b e h e l p e d i n a c h e i v i n g t h e i r h i g h e s t p o t e n t i a l a s c h i l d r e n o f G o d . 3 . G r o w a s r e s p o n s i b l e m e m b e r s o f t h e i r f a m i l i e s a n d c i t i z e n s o f t h e i r c o m m m u n i t i e s . 4 . A p p r e c i a t e t h a t h e a l t h o f m i n d a n d b o d y i s a s a c r e d g i f t a n d t h a t p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s a n d m e n t a l w e l l - b e i n g a r e c o n d i t i o n s t o b e a c h i e v e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d . 5 . R e c o g n i z e t h e w o r t h o f a l l p e r s o n s , a n d w o r k f o r i n t e r r a c i a l a n d i n t e r g r o u p u n d e r s t a n d i n g . 6 . D e v e l o p a s e n s e o f w o r l d m i n d e d n e s s , a n d w o r k f o r w o r l d w i d e u n d e r s t a n d i n g . 7 . D e v e l o p o n e s o w n c a p a c i t i e s f o r l e a d e r s h i p a n d u s e t h e m r e s p o n s i b l y i n g r o u p a n d i n c o m m u n i t y l i f e . Y M C A s a r e l o c a t e d i n 8 0 c o u n t r i e s w i t h a t o t a l m e m b e r s h i p o f o v e r 4 m i l l i o n . T h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f Y M C A s a r e a r e a c t i o n t o t h e c h a n g e s o f t h e b a s i c n e e d s i n a c o m p l e x i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y . T h e y a r e a p o s i t i v e f o r c e i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p o p u l a t i o n e x p l o s i o n , t h e g r o w t h o f u r b a n i z a t i o n , t h e d r i v e f o r e g u a l i t y o f r i g h t s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a l l , t h e d e m a n d f o r e c o n o m i c i m p r o v e m e n t , t h e i n c r e a s e d c o m p l e x i t y o f a t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o c i e t y , a n d t h e c h a n g i n g n e e d s o f t h e y o u t h i n s o c i e t y . T h e Y M C A o p e r a t i n g g o a l s o f 1 9 7 9 h a v e e x p a n d e d t o i m p r o v e h u m a n c o n d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e U . S . a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y . T h e g o a l s w o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y d e v e l o p i n g a n e t w o r k o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s t o i n i t i a t e a n d m a i n t a i n h i g h g u a l i t y p r o g r a m d i r e c t i v e s . T h e g o a l s t o b e o b t a i n e d a r e : 4 1 • V a 1 u e s : E x p r e s s i n g p u r p o s e t h r o u g h p r o g r a m s a n d a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h r e a f f i r m a n d d e m o n s t r a t e t h e w o r l d w i d e m o v e m e n t ' s b a s i c C h r i s t i a n c o m m i t m e n t . 2 . I n t e r n a t i o n a 1 : J o i n i n g w i t h p e o p l e i n o u r i n t e r d e p e n d e n t w o r l d i n w o r k i n g f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d w o r l d p e a c e . 3 . H u m a n R i g h t s : P r o v i d i n g l e a d e r s h i p t o w a r d s u n i v e r s a l h u m a n r i g h t s w i t h e m p h a s i s o n e l i m i n a t i o n o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d p e r s o n a l r a c i s m . 4 . M e n t a l a n d P h y s i c a l H e a 1 t h : P r o v i d i n g m o t i v a t i o n a n d o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e p u r s u i t o f p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l h e a l t h f o r a l l p o p u l a t i o n s . 5 . F a m i 1 y L i f e : I m p r o v i n g t h e g u a l i t y o f f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g d e v e l o p m e n t o f f a m i l y m e m b e r s . 6 . Y o u t h D e v e l o p m e n t : T a k i n g l e a d e r s h i p i n p l a n n i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t i n g c o m m u n i t y e f f o r t s o n b e h a l f o f y o u t h t h a t p r o m o t e p o s i t i v e s e l f - i m a g e s , i n c r e a s e a c c e s s t o m e a n i n g f u l s o c i a l r o l e s , a n d c h a n g e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t f o s t e r a l i e n a t i o n a n d a n t - s o c i a l b e h a v i o r . 7 . V o l u n t a r i s m : P r o v i d i n g i n c r e a s e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l v o l u n t a r y s e r v i c e a n d c i t i z e n s ' p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a l l e v i a t i n g h u m a n n e e d s a n d e x p a n d i n g s p i r i t u a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l , c u l t u r a l a n d p h y s i c a l e n r i c h m e n t o f p e o p l e w i t h i n t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s . 1 . A f t e r 1 2 D e c a d e s ; A B r i e f H i s t o r y o f t h e Y M C A o f U S A , 2 n d p r i n t i n g , ( N . Y . : Y M C A P r o g r a m M a t e r i a l s , ) p g . 9 - 1 0 . 2 . I b i d . , p g . 9 . 3 . O n e H u n d r e d Y e a r s a n d H e r e W e A r e , J a m e s E l l e n w o o d , ( N . Y . : A s s o c i a t e d P r e s s , 1 9 4 4 . ) 4 . A f t e r 1 2 D e c a d e , p g . 1 0 . I V . I n t r o d u c t i o n t o G r e a t F a l l s . A n a r e a a l o n g t h e M i s s o u r i w a s e x p l o r e d b y L e w i s a n d C l a r k i n 1 8 0 5 , a n d w a s n o t e d i n t h e i r j o u r n a l s t h e " G r e a t F a l l s o f t h e M i s s o u r i " . B y 1 8 8 2 , P a r i s G i b s o n , a t e x t i l e e n t e p r e n e u r f r o m M i n n e s o t a , s u r v e y e d t h e a r e a i n h o p e s o f f i n d i n g g r e a t e r p a s t u r e s f o r p r o d u c i n g w o o l . J a m e s J . H i l l , t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e G r e a t N o r t h e r n R . R . , a c c o m p a n i e d h i m . B y 1 8 8 4 t h e t o w n s i t e w a s p l a t t e d a n d s i x y e a r s l a t e r G r e a t F a l l s b o a s t e d a s m e l t e r , a h o t e l , a s c h o o l , a n e w s p a p e r a n d a c h u r c h . T o d a y G r e a t F a l l s ' e c o n o m i c b a c k b o n e i s a g r i c u l t u r e a n d l i v e s t o c k . T h e p u b l i c a n d p a r o c h i a l s c h o o l s y s t e m i s c o m p r i s e d o f 1 6 g r a d e s c h o o l s , f o u r j u n i o r h i g h s , a n d t w o h i g h s c h o o l s . M a l m s t r o m A i r F o r c e B a s e e m p l o y e s 4 , 7 5 0 p e o p l e . I f a 3 5 0 M W c o a l f i r e d e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t i s a p p r o v e d , i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n n o r t h o f G r e a t F a l l s w o u l d c o n t r i b u t e $ 2 1 0 m i l l i o n i n t o t h e G r e a t F a l l s e c o n o m y . A l s o p l a n n e d i s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e w 1 0 0 M W h y d r o e l e c t r i c d a m , a n d t h e u p g r a d i n g o f t w o o f t h e f i v e d a m s n o r t h o f G r e a t F a l l s . T h e c o l l e g e o f G r e a t F a l l s o f f e r s B . A . a n d B . S . d e g r e e s i n L i b e r a l A r t s a n d h a s a n e n r o l l m e n t o f 1 2 0 0 . T h e r e i s a l s o a S c h o o l o f M e d i c a l T e c h n o l o g y , a V o c a t i o n a l S c h o o l , t w o B e a u t y C o l l e g e s , t h r e e B a r b e r S c h o o l s , a n d t h e U . o f M o n t a n a o p e r a t e s a g r a d u a t e s c h o o l f o r a M . B . A . o n M a l m s t r u m A . F . B . The city maintains 56 parks totaling at 1486 acres, and plans to incorporate more land area along the riverfront. There are four swimming pools, three tennis courts, one Olympic pool, one indoor ice rink, (Gibson Park,) one YMCA, one YWCA. 31 baseba11-fieIds fourteen supervised playgrounds, and two Memorial Youth centers.1 At an elevation of 3,333 feet, Great Falls has an average July temperature of 6 9F and with the aid of temperate "Chinook winds has an average January temperature of 20.5F. The average growing season is 140 days, and the average annual precipitation is 15.0 inches with the majority falling on January through February, (see Table 1.) Great Falls is recognized as one of the windiest cities in the U.S. The winds average yearly at 14 mph, but 50% of the its average is 25mph predominately out of the southwest. There is an average of only 15 days a year without wind.^ The following sun angles were calculated at 48 N. Latitude, but in reality Great Falls lies directly between the 47th and the 48th parallel, (see Figure 2.) MONTH PRECIPITATION SNOWFALL TEMPERATURE January 6 9.5 20 February 5 10.5 18 March 8 10.0 30 April 1.0 4.5 44 May 2.1 2.0 57 June 3.1 .8 60 July 1.4 - 69 August 1.2 - 66 September 1.3 1.8 58 October 8 2.8 49 November 7 7.0 36 December 6 6.8 27 Table 1. TIME JUNE 21 MAY - SEPT. 21 DEC. 21 Noon 65 47 18 11 am/1 pm. . . 61 43 15 10 am/2 pm. . . 55 38 11 9 am/3 pm. . . 48 30 8 8 am/4 pm. . . 39 22 4 Figure 2. The Great Falls area is surrounded by rolling treeless plains consisting of a thin layer of topsoil and a variable layer of clay overlaying bedrock. The bedrock consists of shales and sandstones of the cretaceous age. The gentle gradient of the Missouri River valley consists of deposits of gravel, sand, and clay.^ (See Appendix A.) Grea t Fa l l s was e f f ec t ed more ex t r eme ly du r ing the r ecen t r eces s ion wi th t he c lo su re o f t he Anaconda Company ' s coppe r r e f ine ry . A l though , s i nce the mid -1982 , t he unemploymen t r a t e has dec l ined s l i gh t ly and t he nonfa rm l abo r income has s t ab i l i zed . I t has been conc luded , t he re fo re , t ha t Grea t Fa l l s has wea the red t he r eces s ion and t he mos t r ecen t economic t r end sugges t s t ha t t h e e c o n o m y h a s b e e n a b l e t o h o l d i t s o w n . ( s e e F i g . 3 . ) 4 Unemployment Rate Cascade County 1st Quarter 1979 to 4th Quarter 1983 Seasonally Adjusted at Annual Rates Parcanlag* 10 T (87| (87) 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Sourca Montana Dapartmant ot Labor and Induatry. Employment Security Oiviaion rufJUiailUll Selected Montana Counttee 1970*1982 Itro 1IT2 It» 1(7* lira imo imi Sou =^ 5 Log cnoi !•••••••; L^ cgg: IGGGGGGLlltdGQ <•—ii— .U' ip-1—in^rr-rr^ —< u, . - ^ nnn G nq GGGGG r—i Gr • na G sr. r -ll—» n MM luLj E 9 •• \c "inn JL_ Analysis 2: Community Recreation. Analysis 3: Prominent Images of the Downtown Area. innnrr"! StenT 'r- <' •— *r~*p *r"I""* r"]pn—• — r y—»• KiH^^hV" <• o o o 1 1 o o G J? ll J . J 1 III 1 **" IIS HUN us wignoj ~0 0 us a i i H i OO Q O Q >[ IIS QNOD3S '< 3aiiq xnvd O O O n O p U Q O O ^ o n n o n Analysis 9: Pedestrian Access. in iv i 5 U $ u a II* lis CI'*. r. L IIS 0NC3IS \ Ved ^uojjjoA Analysis 10: Urban Fabric, Figure 11 illustrates the diffuculty of pedestrians arriving from the S.W. corner. Figure 12- 13 illustrate the arrival seguence of vehicles from the west. Figure 11 Viewing west of the site towards the underpass. F i g u r e 1 2 S e q u e n c e 1 : A r r i v i n g o v e r t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r B r i d g e , a p p r o a c h i n g t h e u n d e r p a s s w e s t o f t h e s i t e . F i g u r e 1 3 S e q u e n c e 2 : A t o p t h e o v e r p a s s v i e w i n g a r r i v a l a r e a o f t h e s i t e ( D o t t e d 1 i n e s i n d i c a t e p o s s i b l e b u i l d i n g 1 o c a t i o n o n t h e s i t e . ) VII. Assumptions to be made. The following assumptions will be made in order to define the problem clearly and allow for an explicit pattern of analysis solutions. -The existing YMCA building in Great Falls can in no manner be revitalized and that a new building is needed. -The existing YMCA site is considered appropriate, because it is presently owned by the YMCA, and because the adjacent lots can be easily obtained. -The urban revitalization programs continue to enhance and recreate a viable downtown urban district. -The four-story office building planned for Blue Cross-Blue Shield will be built as planned south of the site, along with its proposed parking structure to be built on the southeast corner of First Avenue N. and Second Street. -the Montana State Liquor store can not be physically revitalized. VIII. Facility Considerations. -The facility will provide for 4500 members. -The site will provide for 100 parking spaces. -The total site should be approximately 5 acres. -The facility should have one double sized gymnasium to accomodate for organized games and walk-in members. -There should be a minimum of 4 racquet ball courts. -The pool should not include a diving area and will be a °learners'pool. -The facility should provide offices for the YMCA Administration and compatable United Way Agencies. -The facility will include a small nursery area to provide for children of parents taking classes. -The site will provide for a Daycare and small outdoor play area. (Interview with Great Falls YMCA Director, David Snow, February 1985.) IX. Site Considerations. The site is block 311 within the B-3 zoning where there should be 1 parking stall per 5 fixed seats for public assembly. For public assembly with no fixed seats, there need only be 1 stall per 50 square feet of assemblage area. The following city landscape ordinance dictates the height of trees to be planted in the right-of-way and the percentage of green areas reguired per sguare-footages of parking pavement. ZONE OF UNOBSTRUCTED VISION 4' wall between vehicle area and residence 1 tree 135 lineal feet 3' wide buffer canopy trees at50' PERIMETER LANDSCAPING City Landscape Ordinances X. General Design Criteria for YMCA Buildings. There are several distict functions that effect the building design of YMCAs. Basically the "Y" is a guidance for youth character formation, applied in an indirect way rather than by a°preachment' or by a prohibitory mandate. The guidance seeks to lead youths to positive habits of conduct. These habits will then develop into latent spiritual gualities that enhance their lives, and social relationships. The result will be healthy bodies s t r o n g m i n d s t h a t a r e c a p a b l e o f r e a c t i n g p o s i t i v e l y i n a l l circumstances of life. The building itself should be attractive and non-monumental with an informal home-like interior atmosphere that will attract youths from competing commercial attractions. Special attension must be given to prevent a institutional-like atmosphere. The building will have a timeless esthetic that will stand the test of years, facilitating many generations into the future. The exterior of the building should promote the identity of a YMCA and orient the user to the appropriate entrance. It should include a corner stone, an illuminated sign, and presenta­ tion ofthe buildings formal name. The building's exteriormust re f l ec t the re la t ionsh ip be tween the ex te r io r s i t e cons idera t ions and the f ac i l i ty ' s in te r io r o rgan iza t ion . I t i s o f p r ime impor tance tha t the bu i ld ing i s eas i ly unders tandab le by the use r . Users mus t be ab le to o r ien t themse lves wi th in the complex o rgan ia t ions o f th i s f ac i l i ty . Because the f ac i l i ty i s l imi ted to a min imal s t a f f , the cen t ra l o rgan iza t ion of the s t a f f mus t be ab le to maximize access d i f fe ren t a reas fo r superv i s ion and vanda l i sm preven t ion , ( see fo l lowing d iagram. ) Superv i s ion Cen te r s Spec ia l cons idera t ions fo r the hand icapped : -The en t rance shou ld be p rov ided tha t has a ramp wi th a max . s lope of 1 :12 , min imum wid th o f 4 f ee t , and l and ings a t in te rva l s of 20 f ee t o f run tha t a re a min . o f 5 f ee t long . -Park ing spaces p rov ided shou ld be 12 f ee t wide and access ib le to a walk wi thou t go ing over a curb . -P roper s ignage and g raph ics shou ld o r ien ta te the hand i ­ capped to the en t rance tha t accomoda tes them. -The f ac i l i ty shou ld p rov ide a t l eas t one to i l e t and shower s t a l l tha t accomoda tes a whee l cha i r . Fenes t ra t ion Cons idera t ions -Al l g lass a t the l eve l of human bod ies shou ld be t empered g lass wi th hor izon ta l mul l ions . -Out - swing casement windows mus t be p ro tec ted f rom wind damage . -Windowsi l i s shou ld be mois tu re res i s t an t such as guar ry t i l e , s l a te , o r marb le . - I f day l igh t i s incorpora ted in to the gymnas ium i t shou ld be a t 14 f ee t in he igh t to p reven t g la re . (Glass b lock o r non- operab le sash a re common in mechan ica l ly ven t i l a ted gymnas iums . - Fenes t ra t ion in the Mul t i -purpose room shou ld be equ ipped wi th b l inds / shades fo r v i sua l p resen ta t ions . General Construction Criteria -Exposed steel framing or bar joist construction should not be above the pool area, shower rooms, steam or sauna rooms because of eccess moisture that may cause deterioration. Instead substitute a structural concrete slab, for these critical areas, and provide an extra 2.5-3 inches protective concrete slab on the surface area involved. -Bar joist construction should also be avoided where sound transmission to adjacent spaces would be a problem. General Materia Is Criteria -Materials should be accepted because of low ma intenance qualities, and durability: Floors: Ceramic or quarry tile is recommended in areas of heavy traffic, places subject to moisture or extraordinary wear and tear. Carpeting may be used in the office areas. Walls: The area at hand level should be durable and easily cleaned. Chair rails are necessary in active areas, and stainless steel guards must protect corners on corridors that have service deliveries. Avoid painted woodwork, but instead a stain is preferred. Durable wall fabrics and papers may be used with wooden corner molding. Sound Insulation: A low noise level should be maintained. The gymnasium and the gameroom should have finishes and insulations that are impact resistant. Areas of high moisture should have moisture proof insulation. XI. Diagramatic Analysis for the Program. UcbK) 6] xrc*.YQorr\ WAifirv^ A)rx. OocstMiirwr. VJeeX.//Fccrn A-W^ v^x-Hyy, Otfiao fc-Ulvrv Vcc\ Gffets K|-a.-tTV|-ofUVrr> tow 1 »v*4>H ••I 111 *1 •'••AM »» ^ KVIKJil . | Adjacency requirements: The program was derived from this ma tr ixthatdis ti ngu ishesbetweenad jacency/segregation needs. A e © 0 0 0 • 0® 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 £ £ S s h © *0 *0 0 • 0® •0 0 •c • •O mo 0® © •0 0 •c •G 0 # 0 •o 0 •O mo mo 0® in © mc 0 o 0 •C 0® •o 0 mo 0 •O mo •0 0® 0 0 T 0 0 o • 0O 0® •o 0 0 •o 0 • 0 mo 0 • 0 0 10 0 • 0 o 0® • 0 mo ® • •0 0® 0 0 c 0 • 0 •o 0® 0 • 0 •0 • •o • 0® 0 31 '$ — 0 •0 0 •0 0 • 0^ 0® •O 0 •0 • 0 •o •0 0 0 z 0 0 •0 • 0® # 0«> 0® •o 0 •0 •0 0 •o mo 0 0 $ 0 •O 0 •0 0 • 0® 0* # 0 mo • 0 •o mo 0 0 i O 0 •o 0 •o 0® 0 • 0 0 m 0 m mo • ©® 0 0 r 0 mo 0 •0 0® • 0 • m mo mo 0 0 r $ 0 m 0 o 0 0 • 0£ •0 0S #0 0 •o mo mo mo 0 0 0 . k i-0 • 0® •0 0 •o m mo • 0 0 0 0 •o 0 0" 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 < | l r^ .i 1 c i 3 4= 2 ! 2^ l I &-n c £ -y- \

5"S"S I $ Si r it s u. o 2 r 1 5 II 1 Diagram C: Athletic Area Circulation. u Diagram D: Childcare Area Access. XII.The Program The following program requirements will be describedby: a description of the users, a description of the activities it supports, analysis of its proximaty requirements, furnishing and equipment, and special considerations. Main Entrance Lobby 1440 s.f. Seating and circulation- 1200 s.f. Lavatories (120 s.f. ea.)- 240 s.f. User: Program and athletic members, attendees of general assemblies. Description of Activities: Provide transition from public realm to semi-public, provide room for small gatherings, and circulation to other areas. Proximity requirements: Needs to be adjacent to receptionists desk, have adjacent entrance foyer, storage closet for service, and may double as an egress for the multi-purpose room for public assemblies. Should have adjacent phone booths, drinking fountain, lavatories, and vending machines. Furnishings and Equipment: -hard floor surfaces to accomodate high circulations areas with mats to catch dirt at enty. -2 hour fire resistant and accoustical control materials, -double lock entrance foyer -orientation graphics, signage and advertising space, -security night lighting. Other Requirements: -views to outdoors for orientation and aesthetics. -well lit. Considerations: A. Approach to the Entry Foyer and Lobby: -promote orientation of entry through repition of elements, (processional,) and hierarchy of forms. -street funiture, benches, bike racks, litter containers, lighting. -solar orientation to promote social interaction. -protectin from the S.W. winds and traffic noise, -transition from public to semi-public realm, (change in materials, elevation, and pattern.) B. Entrance Foyer -processional elements turn in. -human scaled elements: handrails, seating to view outside. -double lock entry for energy conservation. -view to outside for orientation, safety, and convenience. -mud and snow removing grates or mats. -heating elements. -sense of portal between semi-public to semi-private. -small area to stand out of high circulation path. C. Fore Lobby -high circulation area, active, brightly lit, colorful. -area of orientation through views, graphics, signage, color, floor patterns, placement of lighting. -bulletin board for advertising and promotion. -limited seating/standing area with litter can and ash tray. D.Interior Lobby -informal "living-room" atmosphere. -seating in a variety of configurations to promote socio- petal or reclusive seating. -softer flooring, natural light, isolated lighting, subdued colors. -adjacent restrooms, drinking fountain. -magazine newspaper stand. Relationship of the Four Entrance Areas. • Waiting/reading area. 300 s.f. Users; public wainting to see administration, and people who have checked out books and pamphlets to read. Proximaties; adjacent to receptionist, and administration. Furnishings: accoustica1 ly treated room with some carpeting, newspaper/magazine stand. other regu irements: all areas visibly accessible by receptionist, lower light level with some task lighting, segregated from noisy parts of lobby and adjacent spaces. Considerations; -promote quiet area through reclusive seating configuration, -lowered ceiling, accoustically treated room. -informal and relaxing: carpeting, overstuffed chairs, subdued colors. -magazine and books available. Entrance Foyer 200 s.f. User: see lobby. Description of Activities: Present orientation and image to public, transition from public to semi-public, and high circulation. Proximity requirements: Adjacent to extertior public realm and the main entrance lobby. Furnishings and Eguipment: Public furniture: litter container, bicyle rack, planters, landscaping, seating. Other requirements: space for gathering adjacent but out of was of high traffic circulation. Considerations: Solar orientation on seating areas, protection from wind and noise of traffic. Game room 450 s.f. Users: General public, program and athletic club members. Activities: Video/electronic games, table tennis, board games. Proximities: Main entrance lobby, receptionists desk. Furnishings and Equipment: Accoustically treated walls and ceiling, well lit, (20 Fc,). Other requirements: -visual access to all areas from receptionist's area. Consideration: -promote social interaction for people within and passing by: places to stand or sit to watch, brightly lit with natural and artificial light, bright colors. -informal atmosphere. Childcare Areas: General Program Needs 1,210 s.f. Users: Nursury: children of parents taking classes. Daycare: children enrolled. Activities: Acitivity-indoor play area, reading story area, quiet naptime area, eating area. Proximities: Adjacent outdoor play area, indoor craft and recreation area, small kitchen. Nursery: Short-time care children's nursery: 1,050 s.f. Users: Children who are being cared for while their parents are attending a class or program. Acti v it ies: Playing, story telling, gameplaying, eating , and sleeping. Proximities: -adjacent to children's lobby, and accessible from main entrance lobby. -access to meal area, outdoor play area, indoor recreational facilities, and lavatories. Furnishings and Equipment: protected light switches, radiators, plug-ins, and thermostats. Lowered drinking fountains, handrails, stairs, and handicapped ramp. Other requirements: -Active play area -Reading area -Quiet nap area Considerations: -segregation from daycare is supervised visually and with directional and graphic signage. -the space maybe somewhat multi-use as its hours are limited. -infants are segregated from pre-schoolers. Playground Area (75 s.f./child x 30) 2,250 s.f. -implied segregation from public. -optimize maximum solar exposure. -hard area for jumping rope, rollerskating, etc. -sandy area that's contained with small seating area for swing sets, slides, play gyms, etc. -trees for shading and climbing. -grassy areas with small mounds for play, landscaping with lillacs and other flowering shrubs. -protected from traffic and streets, semi-private with small wall, retaining wall, or gate. -must be able to visually supervise all areas. -picnic benches and fixed seating. General Administrative Program: The administrative spaces should be located so that it is accessible by the public only by admitance from the receptionist. Their function dictates a centrally located area to allow for the maximum amount of supervision to all areas with a limited amount of people. This area should have a separate entrance from a parking area with reserved spaces. It will have offices for organizational and administrative duties, interviews, meetings, and operational duties. Reception area: 132 s.f. main desk: 12 s.f. office: 90 s.f. sales and checking: 30 s.f. Users: part-time and fulltime staff. Activ it ies: eguipment check-out, office activities, visual supervision, information dispersment, secretarial, multi­ functional with dual orientation: public and administration. Proximities: adjacent to administration offices and work area, main entrance lobby, waiting area, accessible from game room . Furnishing and Eguipment: -work area with typewriter, phones, task lighting. -storage for eguipment and games to be checked out. -security storage for valuable and money. -front dest area. -storage for promotional materials and information. Other requirements: Public orientation: oriented towards users entering lobby with view corridors ipto game room and waiting/reading area; aesthetically the focal point of the lobby; promote public interaction: socio-centric, lowered ceiling and lighting. Administration orientation: can access all through socio-petal circulation space, promotes efficiency and versatility. Work copy area: (storage 80 s.f.) 600 s.f. User: All of administrative staff. Activities: secretatial, mimeography, copying, collating, multi-purpose. Proximities: adjacent or central to the receptionist-bookkeeper's areas. It should contain or be close to a service closet. Furnishing and Equipment: -ditto, mimeograph, and copier machine. -small single sink and counter with cleaning storage. -accoustically isolated room. -table and chairs to accomodate 4 extra work areas, -brightly lit with task lighting. Other requirements: large amount of air exchange; ability to accoustically contain. Considerations: promote efficiency and versatility, -large working stations, task lighting. Fulltime secretatial/bookeepers office: 400 s.f. Proximities: adjacent to receptionist, work/copy area, and manager's office. Furnishings and Equipment: -3 full desk and work areas, and 2 partial work areas for parttime and volunteers. -file cabi net s, typewriter s computers ,te 1 ep hones ,amd task lighting. -storage for office supplies, ledgers, books, and etc. Considerations: -possible view to exterior for aesthetics, plants, ect. -efficient versatile area that allows for personalizing of each separate work area, with privacy through desk orientation. Manager's office: 200 s.f. Proximities: adjacent to bookkeeper's/secretatia 1 area, and the director's office. Furnishings and equipment: file cabinets,desk, typewriter or computer, telephone,file cabinets, book shelves, and storage. Considerations: natural light as well as artificial, and views outdoors, possibility for privacy. Director's Office: 300 s.f. Activ it ies: Organizational and administrative meetings, and operational duties. Proximaties: adjacent to manager's and bookkeeping office, with possibility for privacy. Fu rn ishings and equ ipment: task and overhead lighting, comfortable seating for 6, desk, typewriter/computer, telephone, files, bookcases, and storage. Other requirements: accoustically treated room. Considerations: views to outside, Break Lounge with kitchen: 200 s.f. Users.; the administrative staff, athletic staff, and janitorial. Proximities: centrally accessible, adjacent to lavatories and an entrance from the exterior employee parking. Furnishings and eguipment: double sink and kitchen area, hot plate, refrigerator, storage, vending machines, bu 1 letin board, and telephone; storage for personal items, moveable chairs and tables, some overstuffed chairs. Other requirements; seating for peak load of employees, and views to outdoors; promote privacy from working areas; accoustica 11 y treated room. Considerations: -accessibility of outside seating area. -informal seating, variety of types of seating for social interaction and some reclusive seating. -contemplative seating with views to outside, option to eat or sit outside in sun. Multi-use conference/class rooms 3,720 s.f. 3 rooms at 1200 s.f. ea.: 3,600 s.f. (with moveable partitions.) table and chair storage: 120 s.f. Activ ities: group assemblies, programs, light excercise, banquets. dancing, conventions, classes, (yoga and lamaze,) movies and Proximities: adjacent to main lobby entrance or other large e g g r e s s , e n t r a n c e s e a s i l y v i e w e d b y s t a f f , a d j a c e n t t o f u l l y equipped kitchen, lavatories, janitorial storage and table and chair storage. Furnishings and equipment: - b l i n d s o r d r a p e s o n e x t e r i o r w i n d o w s f o r v i s u a l presentations. -storage for auxillery teaching equipment. -possible folding partitions between rooms. -small elevated stage at one side. -durable easily cleanable floors, (hard maple.) -outlets for large amounts of power for bands, church services. (Contains its own electrical closet.) Other requirements : large amounts o f a ir exchange for the maximum amount o f people , and f i re rat ing for large assembly ha l l . Conference Meet ing Room: 300 s. f . Audio-Visua l Room: (between conference and mul t i -purpose rooms . ) 150 s.f. Kitchen: 600 s.f. Proximit ies : adjacent to the Mult i -purpose room, access to serv ice on exter ior . Furnish ings and equipment: - fu l ly equipped k i tchen , large s torage for d i shes and suppl ies . -d i shwasher , and e l ec tr ica l k i tchen appl iances . Cons iderat ions so lve problems o f san i ta t ion , adaptat ion to c leaning , no i se reduct ion , and res i s tance to soap , grease , and o ther k i tchen chemica l s . Genera l Heal th Educat ion and Recreat ion Fac i l i t i e s Program Users : genera l publ ic walk- ins , c lub members , c lass and program members , nursery and daycare ch i ldren . Prox imit ies : HPER fac i l i t i e s should be s i tuated so i t may be rented by outs ide groups and locked o f f from other parts o f the bui ld ings . I t i s preferred to have ent ire HPER complex on the main f loor , but i f not poss ib le locker rooms and swimming poo l muis t be on one common l eve l and the gymnas ium, mul t i -purpose , dance and excerc i se s tudios can be located on another . Other requirements : Cross t ra f f i c o f part ic ipants in gymn a t t i re wi th t raf f i c o f the main lobby should be avo ided . The operat ion and maintenance cos t s are der ived from c lasses and renta l s , therefore the des ign must prov ide for maximum ut i l i za t ion of teaching-s ta f f t ime and ease o f maintenance by cus todia l s ta f f . Cons iderat ions : The HPER complex should have an easy comprehendable access from the main lobby , but i t should be comtro l led . Visua l access from the lobby a l lows for or ientat ion and increased part ic ipat ion . Athletic lobby/lounge: 900 s.f. Lounge area- 800 s.f. Vending machine alcove- 100 s.f. Users; People admitted to the HPER facilities by the receptionist. Proximities: Adjacent to the locker/shower rooms, lavatories that are separate from the shower rooms, the receptionist desk entry and the athletic office. Other reguirements: There should be visual control from the athletic office and there may be an area to dispense locker keys, towels, ect. Considerations: This space could be used as a social lounge during recreational and social programs if the entrances to the locker rooms can be closed off. HPER Office: 500 s.f. work stations, 2-3 people- 300 s.f. towel and eguipment storage- 100 first aid area- 100 Users: HPER Manager, Trainer, 1-2 part-time staff. Proximities: Adjacent to Athletic lobby and weight/body improvement areas. Furnishings and Eguipment: -two fully eguipped working areas with desk amd files, -telephones and possibly video surveilance. -athletic eguipment, class and instructional storage. -towel storage. Other reguirements: -full view surveilance into athletic lobby, weight/body improvement area, entrances to gymnasium. Considerations: -easily accessed by administrative offices and pool office, -information/check desk in athletic lobby. -central location to all athletic functions for easy guick access. Locker/shower rooms: Female and Male (100 people ea.)- 2,800 s.f. Two saunas- 200 3,000 s.f. Proximities: The showers should be located adjacent to the pool entry at the shallow end of the pool. A small drying area should be between the showers and the locker area to keep dressing area dry. Furnishings and equipment: -Lockers should mostly be long with some smaller onew for children and nonmembers. The should be of cheerful colors and raised on coved bases. -At least on wet toilet should be located off the shower room near the pool entrance,and the dry toilets should be located at the locker room entrance. -Benches should be provided between rows of lockers or cantilevered from the base of the lockers. -The ideal flooring is nonslip ceramic or moisac tile. Unfinished concrete should not be used as it encourages fungus growth. It may be used in the dry areas of the locker room if coverd with a good concrete sealer. All floors should be adequately pitched and drained . -Lockers: 8 s.f./person, 5 ft. high for adults, children 3 ft. high. -Four toilets and four shower stalls each. Other requirements: -separation of wet barefoot traffic and dry traffic. -coed and possibly age group segregation. -10-12 s.f. oer person for dressing and circulation, determined from normal peak load of users. -artificial and natural light. -protection of belongings through check in and/or larger lockers for coats, shoes, etc. -accoustically controlled. -aesthetic colors. -gang showers and dressing area with a couple of private showers and dressing rooms in the women's room. -provisions for handicapped people. -showers should be thermostatically controlled with a timer. Lower showers for children. -a small make-up hair drying area in the women's locker room should be located out of the main traffic flow with one full length mirror. Hair dryers should be adjacent with on lowered for children. -lighting should be evenly distributed throughout in the form of recessed vapor proof fixtures at a recommended 30 footcandles. -locker room HVAC should be separately zoned, with humidity control in the shower room. Temperature should be about 80 degrees F. with a velocity of air at 12 changes/hour. Gymnasium: 7,120 s.f. Two half-court basketball courts - 6,820 s.f. (two at 40 ft. x 94 ft. with 8 ft. run off at ends, and 6 ft. run off at sides.) storage- 300 s.f. Users: walk-in public, classes, programs, daycare, nursery, and public assemblies. Furnishings and equipment: -maple flooring -wall surfaces of structual vitreous brick or clay tile that is glazed to prevent abrasion to players and balls. -ceiling should provide some sort of accoustical treatment that resists impact. -suspended net and canvas partition between two courts, -drinking fountain close by. Other requirements: Basketball court illumination should be at 30 to 40 Fc., and the temperatures are 65 F for normal use and 70 F for social use. The gymnasium storage should open off of the gymn floor with a height of 9'-6" and the doors should open a minimum of 6 feet. Considerations: -promote orientation through graphics and signage. Weight/Body Development Area: 2,550 s.f. Dance and excercise area- 1,250 s.f. Matted area- 1,000 s.f. Weight lifting area- 300 s.f. Furnishings and equipment: -floors may be maple or vinyl asbestos. \ \ -walls may need 8" masonry walls where equipment is attached. -concrete slab floor with a protective wooden covering in the free weight area. -the accoustical ceiling should be at height of 9'-6". Considerations: adjacency to the athletic office for trainer supervision. Racquetball courts: 3,200 s.f. 4 courts at 800 s.f. ea,( 20'x40'x23') - 3,200 s.f. spectators gallery above - 320 s.f. Requirements: -a balcony viewing space may be provided and/or 1-2 of the walls may be glass for tournament viewing. -temperature at 65 F -one court may be made smaller into a squash court: 20'x40' x20'. -active playing walls: front, sides, ceiling and lower 12' of rear wall. The upper part of the rear wall is the only area where ventilation openings, projections or breaks can occur. The access door is located on the the rear wall of the players* corridor. -a drinking fountain should be locatied in the players' corridor. -walls should be of durable finish that resists suction of high velosity balls: 1. "surewall"-combination of fiber, plaster, and cement, recommended to use over 8"-12" concrete block wall construction; needs painting and maintenance. 2. formica- extremely durable finish; expensive. -maple floors. Natatorium: pool deck and pool - 4,000 s.f pool storage area- 500 s.f, filter and heater room- 470 s.f. pool office- 120 s.f. 5,090 s.f. 121 - 10' IsO / €> 4- Furnishinqs and Equipment: -underwater lights should be provided in a dry or wet niche fixture, and provide a light level of 1 watt/s.f. pool area. -pool decks minimum of 5', but wider for instructional side, and 13'-15' at ends; deck material - non-slip cushioned edged ceramic mosiac tile; deck drains away from pool. -deck around pool must be flush to interior walls and door­ ways, with no column projections to block visual supervision throughout pool room. -all materials in natatorium should be moisture and chemical resistant, (stainless steel, tile. -all deck equipment must have corrosion proof anchors and inserts, automated pool bottom cleaners require a power outlet. -pool heater heats initial fill from 40 F to 80 F in 20 hours, for an 8 hour turnover; may reduce capacity up to 50% with sufficient heat exchangers. -acoustical control of a moisture resistan material, -lighting should be a diffuse source at 60 Fc. -spectator seating should be separated from pool deck by a low wall. -storage should be located for instruction and pool equipment separate from the maintainence equipment, -hot and cold recessed hose bibs, a drinking fountain, a clock, and power outlet should be provided. Other requirements: -careful study of soil mechanics is needed to determine best pool shell foundation construction, drainage and hydrostatic relief valves. -standard pool sizes: 60' x 20', 60 'x 30', or 75' x 25', 30', or 35'. -National Swimming Pool Insitute recommends a minimum of 1/2 gal. of water for every s.f. of pool surface to be skimmed continuously from a pool in the overflow perimeter edge, -a storage space for maintenance should be located near the mechanical equipment area and should be large enough to accomodate a workers' office, changing room and facilitate unloading and receiving of supplies. -pool air temperature need not be maintained when not in use if a pool cover is used. -exterior walls and roof should be well insulated to prevent condensation. -extensive glazing on exterior walls should be avoided due to condensation, energy conservation, glare of light off the water, and because natural light promotes algae growth, -ceiling heights should be 12-15' to allow for throwing of life line, and diving of lifequard chair. -controlling humidity is essential, constant removal of moist air and continual provision of heated dry air; heat exchangers should be used when removing warm wet air. Maintenance Office: ^20 s.f. Superintendents office*- 120 s.f. Maintenance shop- 200 s.f. Requirements: —visual supervision from office to exterior service delivery areas. -adjacency to natatorium , filter-heater room, electrical and telephone room, and HVAC area. -easy to access administration, athletic office and pool office. Electrical and Telephone Room: -possibly below grade HVAC Area: -possibly below grade Day camp storage: 2,500 s.f. 300 s.f. General Circulation: 1,000 s.f. Reference: Timesavers Standards for Building Types, 2nd. Ed., Joseph DeChiara and John Ca 1 lender, Editors, (N.Y.:McGraw-Hi 11 Book Co. 1980.) XIII. Summary of the Sguare Footages: Main Lobby: 1,440 s.f. -entry foyer: 200 -2 lavatories at 120 ea.: 240 -lounge area: 1,000 Waiting Reading Area: 3 00 s.f. Game Area: 2,000 s.f. Childcare Areas: 1,210 s.f. -nursery, 30 children: 1,050 1 lavatory each: 160 Reception Desk Area: *32 s.f. -main desk: 12 -office: 90 -checking: 30 Work/Copy Area: ^00 s.f. -work areas : 520 -storage: 80 Bookkeeping Office: (3- 4 people) 400 s.f. Office Supply Storage: 120 s-f- Part-time Workers' Area: 400 s.f. ( 4 at 100 s.f. each) Manager's Office: 200 s.f. Director's Office: 300 s.f. Break Lounge: 200 s.f. Conference Meeting Room: 300 s.f. (12- 13 people.) Audio-Visual Room: 150 s.f. Multi-purpose Room: 3,600 s.f. (3 rooms with moveable partitions to accomodate 300 people.) Kitchen: (adjacent to multi-purpose.) 500 s.f. Table and Chair Storage: 120 s.f. Athletic Lobby Area: 900 s.f. -lounge area: 800 -vending machine alcove: 100 (2 at 50 s.f. each.) Locker/Shower Rooms: 3,000 s.f. -100 men, 100 women: 2,800 (includes 8 s.f./person/locker.) - 2 saunas: 200 HPER Office 500 s-f• -office area, 2-3 people: 300 -towel/eguipment storage: 100 -first aid area: 100 Gymnasium: - 1 basketball court: 6,820 -storage: 300 6,820 s.f Running track above gym: 3,200 s.f. warm-up/stretch area: 200 track, (300 lineal feet x 10' wide.): 3,000 Weight/Body Development Area: 2,550 s.f -resilient floor area for dance and excercise: 1,2 50 -matted area: 1,000 -weight area: 300 Racguetball courts: - 4 courts at 800 s.f. ea.: 3,200 -spectators gallery above : 320 Natatorium: -60' x 30' learner's pool and deck area: 4,000 -pool office: 120 -filter/heater room: 470 -pool and eguip. storage: 500 Maintenance Area: - s u p e rintendant's office: 120 -maintenance shop: 200 3,200 s.f 5,090 s.f 220 s.f Maintenance Storage: (through-out building.) 220 s.f Daycamp Storage: 300 s*f General Circulation: (2%) 1,000 s.f Below Grade: 2,700 s.f. Electrical and Telephone Room: 200 HVAC Room: 2,500 GROSS BUILDING AREA: 33,372 s.f Outdoor children's play area: 3,750 s.f (75 s.f./child x 50.) Reguired parking on site: (65 x 340 s.f.) 22,100 s.f -staff and visitors: 10 spaces -2 handicap : 4 -deliveries: 1 -members: 50 XIV. Design Development The design development begins in recognition of the YMCA's objectives to promote a sense of "community spirit" or social cohesiveness. Alexander describes types of physical organizations of urban areas that promote inter-human contact. There are many different types on interaction spaces. Some spaces are for small groups for conversation, and other small public sguares are for the purpose of promenade. A large gathering area is a nucleus for community decision making. This nucleus should have a arena for public discussion, public services around the arena, and spaces to rent out for ad hoc community projects. Alexander believes that physical environments should create a social mechanism which sustains informal daily contact between people. It should also advocate small work groups that can be directed towards a single concentrated socially valuable objective He believes that lack of these desirable environments may result in social pathologies such as delinguency, mental disorders and social autonomy or withdrawal syndromes. William Whyte, after observing desirable urban spaces in New York has concluded that the preferred spaces have certain characteristics in common. The preferred spaces are sunny, sheltered from the wind, and are withdrawn from t r af f i cnoi se. Favorite seating areas are at areas of high pedestrian use, such as at entrances to buildings, or at corners. Seating used may be ledges, benches, or even steps. The open space is free from trash with trash recepticles. The transition from the street is critical in that it shoud invite you in from the street with subtle changes in texture, level, or shading from trees.^ The design concept began with segregation of two types of basic functions. The administrative offices and the public assembly spaces are a formal anchor to the urban street edge. The athletic functions rotate off of an administrative center and are buffered from the more formal anchor by different types of seating/gathering/observing areas. The old YMCA building, remains as an urban corner stone announcing the intersection as a beginning of an urban district when one arrives from the west by vehicle. Conversely, the southeast corner is eroded to receive pedestrians through a formal space that promotes promenade of entry. The entry penetrates into a public lobby that is an atrium garden space that is formed from surrounding modulars of functinal space. The atrium is buffered by circulation and seating/observation areas around it at different levels. The interior space, according to Leon Krier, should form a describable space that is not coincidental. Krier also believes that it is important to establish a correct relationship with the monuments, or public buildings, and the more anonymous urban fabric.^ The monuments of Great Falls are modest public buildings with common characteristics of a promonence on the site by means of set back and by predominate use of red brick. The adm in i s t r a t i ve o f f i c e s s hou ld r e f l e c t t he bus ine s s d i s t r i c t p r ecedence i n i t s ry thmn o f f ene s t r a t i on a t s t r e e t l eve l and t h rou g h u se o f r ed b r i ck . A c i r cu l a t i on pe rgo l a o f r e d b r i ck w i l l d r aw peop l e f rom t be s t r e e t t o t he i n t e r i o r and w i l l a c t a s a s c r een fo r t he more co lo r fu l a c t i ve func t i ons b e h in d i t . The subdued c o l o r o f t he r e c r ea t i na l f a cad es beh ind w i l l be co lo r ed t i l e s , t e r r a co t t a , and g l a s s b loc k on s and s t one . 1 . ) A P a t t e rn Language , Ch r i s t o p h e r A lexande r , (N .Y . : Ox fo rd U n i v . P r e s s , 1977 , ) p . 2 4 0 . 2 . ) "The C i t y a s a M ech an i sm fo r S us t a in ing Human C on t a c t , " Ch r i s t ophe r A lexande r , 1 9 6 7 . 3 . The S oc i a1 L i f e o f Sma11 Urban Spaces , Wi l l i am H. Why t e , (Wa sh ing t o n D .C . : The Co n se rva t i on Founda t i on , 1980 . ) 4 . Ra t i ona1 A r c h i t e c tu r e , (B ru s se l s : Arch iv e s o f Mode rn A r ch i t e c t u r e , 1981 , ) p . 59 . XV. APPENDIX Falls (^CASCADE r-rv] COUNTY Missoula Butte Billings Bozeman CITY PROPER MALMSTROM A.F.B. 'SMSA '1980 U.S. Census. XVI. BIBLIOGRAPHY Selected Books: Alexander, Christopher. The Time less Way of Bui lding. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1979. Alexander, Christopher. The Oregon Experiment. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1975. Alexander, Christopher. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964. Alexander, Christopher; Ishikawa, Sara; and Silverstein, Murray. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1977. Archives of Modern Architecture. Rationa1 Architecture. Brussels: 1981. B l o o m e r , K e n t C . ; a n d M o o r e , C h a r l e s . B o d y , M e m o r y , a n d Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. Broadbent, Geoffrey. Design In Architecture, Architecture and the Human Sciences. N.Y.:John Wiley and Sons, 1973. Chermayeff, Serge; and Alexander, Christopher. Community and Privacy; Toward a New Architecture of Human ism. N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1965. Ching, Francis. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. N.Y.: Van Nostrand, 1979. DeChiara, Joseph; and Callender, John, eds. Timesavers Standards for Building Types, 2nd ed. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1980. Ellenwood, James. One Hundred Years and Here We Are. N.Y.: Associated Press, 1944. Grabow, Stephen. Christopher Alexander, The Search For a. New Paradigm in Architecture. Boston: Oriel Press, 1983. Great Falls Chamber of Commerce, Discover Great Falls, In The Heart of the Big Sky Country, 1984. Hatch, Richard, ed. The Scope of Social Architecture. N.Y. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1984. Newman, Oscar. Defensible Space; Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. N.Y.: Collier Books, 1972. Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Loci; Towards A Phenomenology Q£ Architecture. London: Academy Editions, 1980. Papadakis, Andreas, ed. Architectural Design Profile; Elements of Architecture, Rob Krier. London: AD Publications Ltd., 1983. Papadakis, Andreas, ed. Architectural Design Profile; Urbanism. Gosling, David, and Maitland, Barry, guest editors. London: Architectural Design AD Publications Ltd., 1984. Rapoport, Amos. Human Aspects of Urban Form; Towards a Man- Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design. N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1977. Sommer, Robert. Social Design: Creating Buildings With People in Mind. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983. Stern, Robert. New Directions in American Architecture; revised edition. N.Y.: George Braziller, Inc., 1982. Tafuri, Manfredo. Architecture and Utopia; Design and Capitalist Development. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1982. Ungers, Oswald Mathias. Architecture as Theme. N.Y.: Electra/ Rizzoli, 1982. Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. N.Y.: The Museum of Modern Art, 1983. Weaver, Robert C. The Urban Complex; Human Values in Urban Life. N.Y.: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1964. Whyte, William H. The Socia1 Life of Sma1 1 Urban Spaces. Washington D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1980. Wolf, Peter. The Future of the City; New Directions in Urban Planning. N.Y.: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1974. YMCA of USA. After 12 Decades: A Brief History of the YMCA; 2nd edition. N.Y.: YMCA Program Materials, 1978. Selected Papers: Alexander, Christopher. "The Atoms of Environmental Structures." Berkley: University of CA., 1966. . "The Coordination of the Urban Rule System." Berkley: University of CA., 1966. "The City as a Mechanism for Sustaining Human Contact, 1967. Selected Documents: U.S. Dept. of Highways. Great Fa 1 Is South Arteria1 Project; E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t . U . S . D e p t . o f Transportation and MT Dept. of Highways, 1978. . Final Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Admin., and MT Dept. of Highways, 1978. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 1980 U.S. Census, Great Falls, MT, Metropolitan Map Series 3040, Map 2. Geography Division, U.S. Census. Selected Periodicals: "Montana Business Quarterly; Economic Outlook Issue." Missoula: University of MT., Spring 1984. -T2U.6 '