L A W and J U S T I C E C E N T E R for Kalispell Mt STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY In presenting this paper in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Architecture degree at Montana State University, I agree that the library shall make it freely available for inspection and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of the paper for scholary purposes may be granted by my Major Professor or in his/her absence, by the Head of the Library. It is understood that any copying of this paper for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Martin Noyd A LAW AND JUSTICE CENTER by Martin Noyd A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture Advisor Chairman thesis committee Director school of architecture Montana State University Bozeman, Montana 1986 MZ775 The purpose of thesis is to explore symbolic, aesthetic and functional elements of courthouse architecture. The application of this research into the design process and ultimately the final design will complete the thesis. CONTENTS: Introduction 1 Symbolic Expression 3 Case Studies 5 Functional case studies (listing) 17 Kalispell 18 Existing Conditions 19 Proximity 21 The Site 22 Site Analysis 25 Programing 27 Lighting requirements 27 Public use graph 28 Building zones 29 Program 31 County commissioners 31 Superintendent of schools 32 Areawide planning office 33 Parks and recreation 34 County extension office 35 Health dept. 36 Welfare 37 Mental health 38 Agency on aging 39 Council on aging 40 Election office 41 Clerk and recorder 42 Plat room 43 County surveyor 44 Data processing 45 Auditor 46 Appraiser 47 Assessor 48 Dept. of Motor Vehicles 49 Treasurer 50 District court 51 Justice of peace court 54 County attorney 55 Clerk of court 56 Probation 58 Family Support 59 Family court services 61 Sheriffs dept. and county jail -- 62 Bibliography 66 The 'Courthouse in the town square' is a traditional American archetype. This strong architectural presence becomes the cornerstone of our towns and small cities, a storage vault for valuable records, and the built expression of a town's vitality. Historically, the courthouse was the most prominent feature of a town. The highest hill or public square became the site. The building represented the county's stature, prosperity, and confidence in the future. The large mass of the courtbuilding defined the town as an urban network. It was a combination of proven form, decoration, ornamentation and siting that gave cohesiveness to this building type. Many modern court complexes lack these traditional qualities. The design emphasis is on function and economics, which is the way it should be in a public building, but the architecture should also project an identifiable image to the public. In most communities the courthouse complex is the nucleus for law and justice, an ideal that welds public with government. In a larger city this may not be so evident because the scale of the urban structure overrides this factor. "Symbolism is the art or practice of using visible representation to invest meaning or express the invisible or intangible." Symbolism, as referred to here, is the practice of attaching meaning to Architecture. The meaning is communicated to humans through a process of cognition. Recognizing the meaning is based on prior experience, memory and learned response. Expression in built form should reflect ideals that a culture finds significant. Symbolism cannot be applied by itself but must be incorporated within the other aspects of design. To define the concept of building type, the Architecture should project a recognizable image to the public. This is where symbolism plays an important role. It should communicate what the building is all about, what it represents and who uses it. There are many ways to apply this concept. Ideals can be expressed through the use of sculpture, decoration, ornamentation, manipulation of form, and the implementation or abstraction of building type. This is done in the case, by analyzing case studies and determining the qualities and elements that a user recognizes and perceives as belonging to a specific building type. These are analyzed for form, scale, symbolic representation and successfulness in projecting an image. Courthouses of the Colonial Period in the United States were generally one room structures. Offices for the clerk and judge were in nearby buildings. Stylistically they were the same as the houses of the period, differing only in the interior, which contained a large overscaled judge's chair. Siting was usually in the town square. Thomas Jefferson's Virginia State Capitol building was one of the first symbolic government structures in the United States. Even before the United States was a country. Architects in other nations were using Greek and Roman temple forms to express the structure of government. It seems appropriate that our early government Architecture was modeled on the ancient civilizations that gave us ideas of Democracy and rule of law. Jefferson based his Capitol design on that of a Roman Temple. His idea was to express the classical ideas of democracy and law founded in the Roman Empire. The building was sighted in a landscaped sguare in Richmond and elevated on a podium to signify its unigue importance as the center of the state's legal, judicial and executive activities. The organization of the plan also has symbolic significance. The legislative chamber and the Supreme Courtroom were expressed as co- egual branches of the government. This gave the building its symmetrical form. In analyzing case studies of building types it is found that styles change through time, but that basic elements remain constant. Orange County Courthouse, built in 1817 refers to a temple for its form. A cupola and exterior symmetrical stairway have been added as functional elements. They reinforce the central focus on the entry and create a vertical axis. The cupola made the building visible from a distance and reinforced the idea of it being the center for the towns activity. This 1850 Orange County Court house resumes some of the same components as the afore mentioned 1817 building it replaced. An abstraction of the same basic temple form is noticed as well as the cupola and symmetrical shape. The entrance may symbolize the columns and arcade found in the earlier work. This structure is not so monumental and relates to a more human scale in entry and window elements. The county courthouse for Dayton Ohio, built in 1847 also makes a classical reference. Monumentality and symmetry seems to be a major focus. i l l Racine County Courthouse projects an image appropriate for a government building. It doesn't make direct reference to a temple from, but by stressing the verticality and rhythm in the facade, a formal feeling is evoked. This perhaps symbolizes the formal workings of a law and order system. The Amite Courthouse and Florida District Court of Appeals are similar in several respects. The verticality of the facade is stressed by square columns in the Florida example while oversize mullions express this in the Louisiana structure. The size and overall scale gives them a monumental quality, at the same time horizontal elements strengthen the connection to human scale. The Manchester Courtbuilding is an interesting example because it proves that by applying selected elements a specific image can be created. The building was redesigned into a courthouse from a supermarket. The Architect, Allan Greenburg, created Monumentality by vertically emphasizing the entrance and using a pediment form at the center above the entrance. The way this was done does not conflict with the human scale horizontal banding, windows and entry. Micheal Graves' public service building for Portland contains many of the elements discussed in earlier case studies. A central entrance and symmetrical facade lend itself to the classical elements that were used. The implied columns and keystone also symbolize the government offices below supporting the commercial above them. Graves imagery reflects his architectural philosophy as well as emblematizing government. The stepped base of the structure alludes to the base of a mountain and the small 'hut' centered at the top of the building reflects the 'Temple on the Height' and the relationship between man, nature and Architecture. r SYMMETRY EQUAL IMPORTANCE CENTER OF TOWN ORDER FORMALITY IMAGE Symbolism can be expressed on a humanistic level to help the user identify the architecture as public or having a special purpose. Using decoration and ornamentation to communicate cultural identity is common in public buildings. This can happen on a local, regional, nationwide or world wide scale. References to meaning in a society are usually historic in nature and displayed in a chronological order. Courthouses and Government Law buildings regularly display the initiation of our country's law system. The Nebraska State Capitol is rich in cultural meaning. Panels on the exterior of the building recount the history of the law up to Nebraska Statehood. Three additional panels depict the Magna Carta, Declaration of Independence and Constitution. Local and regional emblems of Nebraska history embellish the interior of the Capitol. Column Capitals, balustrades and the S with corn husks, wheat sheaves and Symbolism may be used to express relationships inherent in a culture. In court buildings it may connect our form of government or law to the of ideals its predecessors. Cultural ideals such as the history of a state may be associated with the inhabitants of Meaning as such, can be an area. identified with the internal workings of the court system as well Our society is based on a democratic system and the ideals of law and order. Planning the setting for a justice system and court procedure is important in establishing the correct atmosphere for the system to function efficiently and justly. Court proceedings and procedures are highly formalized to apply justice the correct in This should operation manner. uphold and emblematize the tradition and development of our justice system. The architectural forms should be designed to be used and perceived by the public as a signs system through which society tries to communicate the ideals model of the relationship between the elements of the judicial system. In a courtroom, the hierarchical relationship between the judge, jury, attorneys, witness and public are expressed by their position and height. The judge is the symbol of justice and thus occupies a place of prominence, above eye level of the other participants. The attorneys represent equal adversaries and thus take positions of equal importance in elevation, work area and distance from the judge. This idea is perhaps the basis for the symmetrical arrangement for the courtroom. The witness occupies a position next to the judge but below his eye level and should face the complaining and responding parties. The jury should occupy a position so they can hear and see everything. This may be elevated but below eye level of the judge depending on the organization of the courtroom. The public observers should have a position of lesser importance and be treated so as not to interfere with the proceedings of the court. REPRESENTS HIERARCHY OF IMPORTANCE JUDGE SYMBOL OF JUSTICE PLACE OF IMPORTANCE ELEVATION -CASE STUDIES- 1. Gloucester County Justice Center, N.J. area/bldg. = 105,000 sq. feet 4 courts 84 jail cells 2. Collin County Gov. Center, Texas area/bldg. = 122,105 sq. feet 4 courts 3. Frederick County Multi-service Center, MD. area/bldg. = 152,825 4. Prince William/Manassas Courthouse, VA. area/bldg. = 125,000 sq. feet 10 courtrooms Kalispell History and Economics The first settlement in what now is Flathead Valley was established in 1857 by Joe Ashley at the north end of Flathead lake. In 1864, Montana Territory was created and Northwest Montana became Missoula County. Until 1893, when Flathead County was formed. In 1892, the Great Northern Railroad reached the Flathead Valley and Kalispell became an official town and later the County seat. Agriculture was one of the earliest industries in the Region and is still a large factor in the economy. The largest Employers are the forest industry, Arco Aluminum Company, and tourism. Major attractions of the area include Glacier Park, Hungry Horse Dam, Flathead Lake and Big Mountain Ski Area. Kalispell has a population of approximately 15,000 with 15,000 more people in rural areas and adjacent towns like Columbia Falls, Whitefish and Bigfork. The existing Flathead County Courthouse is a fairly elegant and expressive structure. The building is too small to house the expanding need of the county and too outdated to accommodate the functional requirements a of modern Courtbuilding and jail. It is currently in good structural condition but does not meet any fire or handicap codes. Kalispells answer to these problems has been to add on to the courthouse and move the remaining departments to any available city owned building. The sheriffs department is located behind the courthouse and is outdated and in substandard condition. The city is concerned about lawsuits from prisoners arising from poor conditions. Many of the social service departments are in the old hospital, which is now called Courthouse East. It is in poor condition and is located over a mile from other county services. The building is poorly organized and, like the courthouse, doesn't meet any codes. The Blue Annex is a sheet metal building housing the Motor Vehicle Department. It is located about 200 yards from the courthouse and was intended only as a temporary structure. The County Commissioners offices are tacked onto the west side of the courthouse. They are only a few years old and already more space is needed. Separation of these departments has caused duplication of work, unneeded travel between related departments and general inefficiency. They are also a very poor image to project of the county Government. It has been decided by the City of Kalispell that the existing Courthouse will be preserved as a museum. Selecting the site for the new Law and Justice complex was one of the most important decisions in the design process. The factors used in determining the site were: - proximity to other county departments - relation to the business district - access for sheriff's vehicles - public visibility and image projected by the site - relation to the existing courthouse-the most visible sign of county government PROXIMITY MAP Distance to local civic areas and nearby cities in highway miles. LOCAL CIVIC AREAS Courthouse 7/8 mi. Courthouse East 1 mi. City Hall 3/4 mi. New Hospital 3/4 mi. Main Intersection 1/4 mi. NEARBY TOWNS Whitefish, MT 15 mi. Columbia Falls, MT -- 1Q mi. Libby, MT 90 mi. Missoula, MT 125 mi. Kalispell Flathead County M O N T A N A r\ EW HOSPITAL TO WHITE FISH^*, TO LIBBY TO COLUMBIA FALLS PITAL EXISTING COURTHOUSE TO MISSOULA The selected site has obvious advantages over the other sites. The site chosen by the city for the Justice Complex is already owned by Kalispell. This gives this site an economic advantage built fails in many other areas. No functional connection is required between the existing courthouse and the new structure, but this relationship is symbolically important. The existing courtbuilding is in an important location in the town as well as a visible expression of government. It terminates Main street and the business district to the south. A main arterial, Hwy 93, is split and diverted around the site indicating the beginning of the business district going north. The site selected for this project meets most requirements of the site selection process. There is sufficient access to the area from Hwy 93 and a lower volume of traffic than other parts of Kalispell. The major building and zoning types are office and some commercial which makes the site compatible with a government building. The site is within 1/2 mile of the other County facilities and 1/4 mile of the central business district. A visual connection is extended to the existing courthouse and the size and mass of the new structure will cause it to dominate the north end of town. This will allow the building to make its own statement without competing with the image of the existing county courthouse. ji. yi^ ^U KALISPELL CLIMATIC DATA 4a0 N. Latitude AUG/API MAR/: Degree Days 8055 Average Daily Temperature January 25. 4" April-October 49. O* July 73. a* Magnetic Variation 20* East Major Winds: winter-South -West summer-Northeast r SITE ANALYSES RESPONSE TO SITE ANALYSIS ) LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS (minimum) Court Rooms seating/viewing 10 fc. court activities 70 fc. Library study areas 70 fc. card files 100 fc stack areas 30 fc. Interview/Conference 30 fc. Jail Cells reading/writing areas 20 fc. Offices/Clerical/Auditing reading (well printed) 30 fc. (poor reproductions) 150 fc Lounge/Waiting Areas 10 fc. Corridors/Stairway/Elevators 20 fc. PUBLIC USE/ACCESS GRAPH BUILDING ZONE ADMINISTRATION PERSONAL SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES COURT SERVICES LAW SERVICES PUBLIC DAY 120 235 900 280 100 The building zones were developed according to the functional aspects of each space and the relationships of one space to another. Within these zones, private access, restricted public access and public access zones are applied to each space to further organize them within the building zones. To organize them even further, the spaces are segregated in the building horizontally and vertically according to how accessible they must be to the public. This is determined by the number of users per day per building zone. ADMINISTRATION County Commissioners Superintendent of Schools Areawide Planning Office Parks and Recreation Extension Office PERSONAL SERVICES Health Department Welfare Department Mental Health Department Area Agency on Aging Council on Aging PUBLIC SERVICES Election Office Clerk and Recorder Plat Room County Surveyor Data Processing Auditor Appraiser Assessor Motor Vehicle Department Treasurer COURT SERVICES LAW CONTROL SERVICES District Court Justice of the Peace County Attorney Clerk of Court Probation Family Services (fraud) Family Court Services Sheriffs Department County Jail SPACE/ROOM County Commissioners BLDG. ZONE Administration PERSONNEL 3-Commissioners 1-Assistant 1-Secretary/Receptionist PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 20 ADJACENCY All County Offices ACCESS CONTROL Through public desk/secretary ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred in office areas REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Commissioners Offices-30220 Assistants 0ffice-150 Secretary/Reception-200 Conference-1000 Coat Closet-70 2080 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Meet with the public as individuals or as the Board of County Commissioners. Their duties include approving budgets for county offices or schools, plan and establish new county roads, pass on claims for county money, order elections to raise money for public improvements, determine mill levies to be assessed against property in the county, fill vacancies in the county offices, act as the legislative branch of the county government. SPACE/ROOM Superintendent of Schools BLDG. ZONE Administration PERSONNEL 1-Superintendent 3-Deputies 1-Administrative Assistant PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 20 ADJACENCY Clerk and recorder,Assessor Election Office Treasurer ACCESS CONTROL Through reception ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Day lighting preferred in office areas REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Superintendents Office-iaO Assistants 0ffice-150 Secretary/Reception-420 Work Room-300 Storage-700 1750 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES General supervision over the schools in the county. This office supervises school budgets and and disburses funds. They keep records of the school expenses and confer with school officials and county officials on school problems. Related to clerk and reorder and election office for the information required to sort out school budgets and elections. Assessor determines property values in school districts. Area wide planning office Public services 1-Planner 1-Assistant 1-Secretary/Reception Office equip., drawing table 5-10 County Commissioner Plat Room Surveyor Through reception Daylighting preferred for office areas Planners 0ffice-220 Assistants 0ffice-200 Secretary/Reception-200 Meeting-250 Drawing Room-200 Storage-100 1170 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Coordinate and carry out changes in zoning requirements,county and city wide. Uses plat room often to refer to maps. Confers with county commissioners on variance matters and zoning changes. CONSIDERATIONS Planners office: daylighting preferred, access through reception area, 1-office desk and chair, one light table. Assistants office; daylighting preferred, 1-desk, 1-office chair. Drawing room: space for two drafting tables, plat storage cabinet. SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PERSONNEL EQUIP. PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA SPACE/ROOM Parks and Recreation Office BLDG. ZONE Administration PERSONNEL 1-Director 1-Assistant Director 4-Assistants 1-Secretary PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 10-50 ADJACENCY Planning Office ACCESS CONTROL Through secretary/reception ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Directors 0ffice-180 Assistants 0ffice-160 Work Area-500 Secretary/Reception-180 Storage-200 1220 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Coordinates and supervises the area and county park system. In charge of creating new parks, cleanup work programs, etc. SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PERSONNEL EQUIP. PUBLIC SERVED/DAY --• ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA County Extension Agent Administration 3-Extension Agents 3-Secretaries Copy machine 15-20 Does not interact with any other county agency. Through reception Private offices for private work. Daylighting preferred in office areas Extension offices-30180 Work Area-450 Bulletin Storage-150 Copy Room-100 Storage-100 Bulletin Display-150 1540 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Advises farmers and interested citizens of agricultural methods, conservation, soil testing. Free information if the form of bulletins and brochures are available. SPACE/ROOM Health Department BLDG. ZONE Personal services PERSONNEL 1-Director (Physician) 1-Nurse Coordinator 1-Dental Hygienist 1-Health Educator 1-Dietician 5-Nurses 6-Secretaries PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 20-50 ADJACENCY Welfare ACCESS CONTROL Through reception/waiting ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred in office areas REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Directors 0ffice-180 Unit Heads Offices-40160 Waiting Area-500 Secretary/Reception-720 Examining-200 Family Planning-250 Women/Infants/Children-200 Teenage Pregnancy-300 Conference/Classroom-500 Copy/Storage-100 Employee Lounge-200 Sick Room-150 4310 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Supervises health conditions in the county and is in charge of immunization programs and advising citizens on family planning, prescribing birth control, etc. SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL - FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Department of Public Welfare Public services 1-Director 8-Eligibility Interviewers 6-Social Workers 6-Clerical 5-Home Attendants 4-Supervisors 100 Health Dept. Treasurer Through waiting/reception Private offices for private conferences and counseling of individuals Daylighting preferred in office areas Directors 0ffice-200 Supervisors Offices-40180 Interns Offices- 80150 Social Workers Offices-60150 Clerical Area-1000 Storage-300 Waiting-450 5220 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Determines eligibility for, and disburses public assistance in the form of welfare, disability, etc. Related to the health department for information on teenage pregnancy, health records, etc. to determine eligibility. Needs information from the treasurer on taxes paid and tax value of property, etc. to determine need for assistance. SPACE/ROOM Mental Health Center BLDG. ZONE Personal services PERSONNEL 1-Director 5-Psychologists 3-Clerical/secretary PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 30-35 ADJACENCY Health Welfare Sheriff ACCESS CONTROL Semi-private, through reception FLEXIBILITY Private offices Open office plan for clerical ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Offices-windows/daylighting preferred REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Directors office-200 Psychologists offices 50180 Waiting-200 Conference-300 2590 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Observing and examining prisoners to determine their mental health prior to court appearances. Offers low income counseling to families and individuals. Patients referred here by health and welfare offices. SPACE/ROOM Area Agency on Aging BLDG. ZONE Personal services PERSONNEL 1-Director 1-Administration Clerk 1-Nutrition Director 1-Fiscal Coordinator 1-Secretary PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 15 ADJACENCY Health Department Council on Aging ACCESS CONTROL Through reception FLEXIBILITY Closed offices to allow for private work area ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred in offices REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Offices-40150 Secretary/Reception-200 800 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Oversees and coordinates the budget for area council on aging. Helps the needy senior citizens get monetary assistance for heating etc. \ SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Council on Aging Personal services 1-Director 2-Assistants 3-Secretaries 2-Cooks 15 Health Department Welfare Area Agency on Aging Through reception area Open clerical office plan Daylighting preferred in office spaces Directors 0ffice-180 Assistants Offices-20150 Secretary/Reception-350 980 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Coordinate the requirements for nutrition and health of senior citizens, especially low income. Cooks work in the field preparing meals and providing nutritional information. Works closely with the health department to coordinate health related needs of senior citizens such as immunization, works with welfare office to find needy clients. Area Agency on Aging Coordinates and oversees the budget. SPACE/ROOM County Election Office BLDG. ZONE Public services PERSONNEL 1-Director 1-Assistant 7-Part-time Assistants PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 6-300 ADJACENCY Clerk and Recorder Superintendent of Schools Data Processing ACCESS CONTROL Access through clerical FLEXIBILITY Open office plans because amount of work fluctuates during the year ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred in work areas and clerical REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Clerical-900 Work Room-330 Storage-450 1680 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Supervision and coordination of county and city wide elections. In charge of campaigning for voter registration,must have access to clerk and recorder who registers voters. Meetings with school superintendent to discuss mill levy votes. Uses data processing to record voter statistics. Informs the public on voter issues. SPACE/ROOM BLOG. ZONE PERSONNEL PERSONNEL EQUIP. PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL -• FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Clerk and Recorder Public services 1-Director 5-Bookkeepers 10-Clerical Photocopy machine, camera equipment to record special documents 50-200 Election Office Plat Room Through reception/waiting area Open clerical office plan with directors office in a position to ease supervision Daylighting preferred in office and work areas Directors Office-IQO Bookkeeping-900 Clerical/Reception-1700 Camera/Copy Room-200 Storage Vault-400 3500 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Records documents, audits and records claims, issues warrants and keeps financial records, makes monthly reports to the auditor and treasurer, acts as clerk for the county commissioners, registers voters and distributes voter information to election office. Access to plat room for claims relating to property, etc. SPACE/ROOM Plat Room BLDG. ZONE Public services PERSONNEL 6-Clerical Staff PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 20 ADJACENCY Surveyor Clerk and Recorder ACCESS CONTROL Through clerical ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Environmentally controlled space for plat storage REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Clerical-600 Plat Storage-500 Vault-300 Plat Viewing-200 1600 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES In charge of all maps relating to county lands, this includes storage and care of maps. Also in charge of access to all maps and making blueprint copies upon request. SPACE/ROOM County Surveyor BLDG. ZONE Public services PERSONNEL 1-County Surveyor 2-Draftsmen PERSONNEL EQUIP. 2-Drafting tables Cabinets for drawing storage PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 20-25 ADJACENCY Plat Room Clerk and Recorder ACCESS CONTROL Through surveyors office ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred in office areas REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Surveyors 0ffice-150 Drawing-200 Drawing Storage-200 550 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Works on county bridge and road structure and is responsible for the supervision of the maintenance of county roads and bridges SPACE/ROOM Data Processing BLDG. ZONE Public services PERSONNEL 1-Director 2-Programmers 4-Punch Card Operators 1-Librarian 1-Assistant Director 1-Secretary PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 10 ADJACENCY All Offices ACCESS CONTROL Through reception, secure area to protect equipment and stored data ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting in offices, environmental controls to prevent decomposition of computer equipment REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Offices 20180 Secretary/Reception-250 Programmers 0ffice-250 Key Punch Room-250 Library-250 Computer Room-300 Paper Storage-150 1810 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Coordinate and organize all the data from related county offices into a computer system, retrieve data when needed, serves the public by retrieving requested information SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA RELATED DUTIES Auditor Public services 1-Auditor 2-Deputy Auditors Clerk and Recorder Treasurer Data Processing Through clerical Open clerical plan, private office for supervision of deputy auditors Daylighting preferred in offices and clerical area Auditors office-180 Clerical area-400 Storage vault-250 830 sq. feet The auditor is the chief finance officer for the county. He checks the accounts of all offices for authenticity and correctness SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Appraiser Public services 1-Chief Appraiser 4-Appraisers 3-Clerks 10-40 Assessor Plat Room Treasurer Through public counter/reception Open office clerical plan, private offices for quiet work area Daylighting preferred Chief Appraisers office-lQO Appraisers offices-40160 Clerical-500 Record Storage Vault-300 1820 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Appraises real estate and buildings in the county and determines a taxable value according to a classification system. Some field word is done to set a tax value and then the land is ready for the assessors office SPACE/ROOM Assessor BLDG. ZONE Public services PERSONNEL 1-Assessor 7-Deputies and Secretaries PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 25-100 ADJACENCY Treasurer Dept. of Motor Vehicles ACCESS CONTROL Through clerical/reception FLEXIBILITY Office in a position to supervise clerical ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred in office areas REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Assessors Office-IQO Clerical Area-1000 Storage-350 1530 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Assesses all property in the county for state, county, city and school district taxes. This is done when deeds and titles are brought into the office. Determines taxable values on vehicles SPACE/ROOM Department of Motor Vehicles BLDG. ZONE Public services PERSONNEL 12-Clerks and Secretaries PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 200+ ADJACENCY Treasurer Assessor ACCESS CONTROL Public waiting/clerical FLEXIBILITY Large public desk ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Clerical-900 Public Waiting-600 Storage-200 1700 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Issue license plates, licensing new and used vehicles, issuing and renewing drivers licenses, determining the market/taxable value of cars (assessor) and then charging that tax. SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Treasurer Public Services 1-Treasurer 9-Deputies arid Clerks 25-100 Assessor, Appraiser, Data Processing, Auditor, Dept. of Motor Vehicles Through reception Private treasurers office located for supervision of staff Daylighting preferred Treasurers Office-lflO Clerical Area-1600 File Room-300 Vault-300 2380 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES The treasurers office collects the county taxes, mostly through the mail, the treasurer supervises the deputies, is in charge of county funds and the disbursement of county funds. Related to the other offices for the collection of data to determine taxes and tax bases SPACE/ROOM District Court PERSONNEL 2-Judges 2-Secretaries 2-Court Reporters 2-Bailiffs PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 5-20 ADJACENCY Clerk of Court Sheriff County Attorney Justice of Peace REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Courtroom-1500 Courtroom-1000 Judges Chambers-20220 Reception/Secretary-20200 Court Reporters Office-2015O Jury Room-250 Restrooms-20100 Law Library-1000 Copy Room/Storage-100 Bailiffs Office-20150 5790 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Holds court and presides over th cases brought before the court, instructs the jury on the laws involved, pronounces the verdict CONSIDERATIONS Reporters Office Judqes chambers and sentences or penalty. Reviews cases and advises individuals on legal matters Reporters Office: storage for tapes and transcripts, quiet, private work space. Judqes chambers: toilet room, robe closet provided. Security to judges chambers essential, private path between building entrance and chambers, restricted to public but easy access for attorneys. Jury Room: display cases provided for exhibits, two toilet rooms, mechanically ventilated, drinking fountains and coffee machines provided. Restricted circulation because jurors must be escorted when leaving the room. Witness rooms: located directly off of courtroom, supervised and acoustically treated for isolation. Courtrooms: Corner courtroom design offers best sight lines and acoustical control, also is more economical in its use of space. a small lobby Courtroom Lobby should be located close but not adjacent to the courtroom and should be near the public restrooms and include a pay phone and drinking fountain I ! Jury Roo Witness room Courtroom SPACE/ROOM Justice of Peace Courts BLDG. ZONE Court Services PERSONNEL 2-Justices 4-Secretary/Clerical PERSONNEL EQUIP. see District Court PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 5-50 ADJACENCY Sheriff Courts County Attorney ACCESS CONTROL Restricted public access to Judges Chambers through secretary FLEXIBILITY Open office plan clerical area ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS acoustic control for Courtrooms, Jury rooms and witness isolation areas REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Justices Offices-20180 Secretary/Clerical-600 Witness Room-100 Jury Room-150 Courtrooms-20600 2410 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Presides over criminal and civil cases, issues summonses, examines witnesses and performs marriage ceremonies CONSIDERATIONS see program for District Court SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA County Attorney Court Services 1-County Attorney 5-Deputy Attorneys 2-Paralegals 5-Secretaries 10-40 Sheriff Justice of Peace District Court Clerk of Court Through secretary Closed office plan for private work and small conferences Daylighting preferred Attorneys 0ffice-200 Assistants 0ffice-5@180 Paralegal Qffice-20150 Secretary/Reception-750 Conference-250 Storage-100 RELATED DUTIES 2500 sq. feet Represents the state, county or school district in cases, gives legal advice, spends out of court time in conference with persons involved with the courts. SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL % PERSONNEL EQUIP. PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL -• FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Clerk of Court Administration 1-Clerk of Court 2-Deputies 4-Assistants Reception-reference table and public counter Vault-fireproof records vault 20-50 District Court County Attorney Justice of peace Public access through reception area Permanent private office, flexible office plan for deputies and assistants Daylighting Clerks office-180 Clerical area-800 Records vault-700 Storage room-300 Microfilm/Xerox-150 RELATED DUTIES 2030 sq. feet Charged with the care of all documents concerning proceedings of district court. Attends all court proceedings, keeps records of witnesses, defendants, and plaintiffs. Makes out marriage license and application for citizenship CONSIDERATIONS Serves the public best if office is located near the main entrance, adjacent to the public lobby or corridor to the courtrooms SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY --• ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Probation Court service 1-Probation Officer (Director) 3-Assistant Probation Officers 1-Intern 2-Secretary/Clerical 20-40 Courts Sheriff County Attorney Through Secretary Daylighting preferred in office spaces Directors 0ffice-180 Assistants 0ffice-4@160 Secretary/Reception-300 Conference Room-200 1320 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Make presentence investigations and reports, makes recommendations to the court on the granting of probations and supervises the actions of the probationer SPACE/ROOM Family Support (Fraud) BLDG. ZONE Court services PERSONNEL 1-Director 2-Investigators 1-Bookkeeper 2-Secretaries PUBLIC SERVED/DAY 60-70 ADJACENCY Family Court Services County Attorney Courts ACCESS CONTROL Through reception FLEXIBILITY Closed office plan for privacy ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS Daylighting preferred REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Directors office-180 Investigators 0ffice2-@150 Clerical/Bookkeeping-400 Files/Storage-100 980 sq. feet RELATED DUTIES Investigate and process fraud cases dealing with child support, alimony and other aspects of divorce cases. Refers to County Attorney on legal advice handles cases invoked by the city. Uses the courts to take action on cases, refers low income families to family court services for assistance in processing a case SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY ACCESS CONTROL FLEXIBILITY ENVIRON. REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA RELATED DUTIES Family Court Services Court services 2-Counsellor 1-Secretary 5-8 Family Support Welfare Courts Through reception private offices for counseling Daylighting preferred Counsellor 0ffice-2@160 Secretary/Reception/Filing-180 Counseling families (mostly low income) in matters of divorce and child custody court cases SPACE/ROOM BLDG. ZONE PERSONNEL PUBLIC SERVED/DAY ADJACENCY REQUIRED SPACIAL AREA Sheriff Department Law services 1-Sheriff 1-Undersheriff 30-Deputies 5-Detectives 7-Dispatchers 1-Receptionist 2-Secretaries 5-Jailers 1-Mechanic 1-Cook 23-100 Courts County Attorney Probation Sheriffs 0ffice-180 Undersheriffs 0ffice-160 Reception-350 Secretary-300 Detectives Offices-50130 Deputies Office-IOOO Polygraph Room-160 Interrogation Room-150 Crime Lab-200 Conference-300 Squad Room-400 Dispatcher-300 Records Storage-200 Lockers/Change/Showers-700 Evidence Storage-200 Weapons Room-180 Mechanics Garage-900 6330 sq. feet Sally Port-400 Shower/Search-250 Belonging Check Room-250 Booking Room-200 Jailer Facility-500 Interrogation Room-2@180 Prisoner Visiting-300 Medical Exam and Dispense-250 Kitchen-500 Storage-300 Mentally Disturbed Holding-80 Juvenile Holding-50150 Exercise and Day-room-250 Eating Area-150 Showers-150 Mens Holding Cells 50080 Day Room-600 Eating Area-400 Showers-250 Women Holding Cells-15080 Day Room-250 Eating-200 Showers-150 11740 sq. feet The sheriffs office is in charge of protecting all property in the county. The sheriff and his deputies are on call 24 hours a day and most of their time is spent on patrol duty. The sheriff is also in charge of the county jail and must carry out all sentences passed by the court and obey all requests of the court. The jails average correctional stay is four to six months, maximum is eighteen months. Provides pretrial and post trial detention for adult males and females and juveniles Cells must provide natural light. - Lighting provide a minimum of 20 fc for reading and grooming area Sound - no more than 70 db sound in the day, 45 db at night toilet above floor level wash basin with hot and cold water bed above floor level desk and writing area with stool r s i t i n g r ~ Bibliography: The American Institute of Architects, Committee on Architecture for Justice, Planning Justice Facilities 1978. Washington, D. C. : 1978 The American Bar Association and the American Institute of Architects Joint Committee on the Design of Courtrooms and Court Facilities. Planning and Design for the Judicial Process. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edward Bros., 1973. Bonta, Jvan P. Architecture and its Interpretation. New York: Rizzoli International publications, 1979. Brimk, Robert j. Courthouses of the Commonwealth. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusets Press, 1984. Brownlee, David B. The Law Courts. Cambridge: Mit Press, 1984. Bulota, Mary, An Analysis of Courtroom Design Criteris. California: University of California, 1967. Craig Lois. The Federal Presence. Cambridge: Mit Press, 1972 Hitchcock, Henry Russel and Seale, William. Temples of Democracy. New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich 1976. Jencks, Charles and Chaitkin, William. Architecture Today. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1982. Jencks, Charles. The Language of Post Modern Architecture. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. 1977. King, Jonathan; Moore, E.0.; Johnson, R.E.; Guregian, S.A. The Michigan Courthouse Study. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1981. Laging,. Thomas L. The Nebraska Capitol and Environs Plan. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1975. Redstone, Lois G. Architecture of the Controlled Environment. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1980. MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES