'•dm, V" m ( The Creation of Place ^ 0A % THE CREATION OF PLACE by Steve Juroszek A professional paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE Approved: Advisor irman, Thesis Committee 'Director, Scfio f Architecture MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana (\b STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature Date ContGntS page Introduction 1 Overview 3 Statement / Top ic 5 Discussion: 6 proximity 8 change 11 identity 14 place 18 Site Analysis 23 Programming 35 Concepts 60 Conclusions 66 Bibliography 78 Footnotes 79 Photographic Credits 80 This thesis evolves from a desire and a need to understand. It be­ comes a personal and specific search for an understanding of not only the nature of the places we create, but also their effect on the inhabi­ tants. The discussion that follows is a beginning of this search; an attempt to bring the individual back into the concerns of architecture. The individual is the scale at which my study is directed. The single human spirit is the origin of any social group and is the founda­ tion of all social activity. My aim is to explore the manner in which architecture affects the individual in his relations with society. It is a study of the "places" we create for the purpose of enhancing human interaction. "The urban environment...provides man with the most effective social extension: a constantly improv­ ing springboard for the next jump in the humane part of the evolutionary process. We contend that urban facilities which pro­ vide opportunities for human, exploratory inter­ course create the most favorable environment for the evolution of knowledge and understanding Places where men meet in concourse are not only the physical containers for many men, but may act as crucibles in which humanity is transformed." Serge Chermayeff & Alexander Tzonis Shape of Community This discussion is about man and architecture and at the same time it is a discussion between man and architecture. Often separate, the two are actually bonded tightly to one another. Architecture is an expre- sion made by man; an expression in which man attempts to identify and establish meaning to his existence. Throughout l ife, we perceive ourselves as unique individuals occupy­ ing a space and a character of our own. As such, we try to establish our identity and locate our place in relation to the society we occupy. All of our daily experiences undergo a continuous process of blending and sorting that aids in the formulation of our personal identity. Sometimes orderly and calculated, often randomly and without any direct knowledge, our environment and activities produce who we are. Sorting through the process to discover the ordering patterns or the components of our iden­ tity requires a method of exploring and establishing our personal bound­ aries and then recognizing those elements that influence our individual make-up. It is at this point that man begins his dialogue with architecture. It becomes a tool of exploration. Each built form that man has created becomes a personal expression in a specific form; ranging from the "shrines" that profess a belief in a being beyond our own to the simple fence that proclaims man's temporary dominance over the land. Drawing from different sources and needs, they are nevertheless objects in the environment* that share in their relationship to man. They are exten­ sions of man allowing him to constantly test and explore his personal limits while compiling his individual character. Just as our speech and activities reveal within them our interests, beliefs, history and goals (those things important to our identity), architecture fulfills the same role. The built forms we create house the activities of our existence and express the beliefs and aspirations that are so much a part of us. In this form, architecture is an expre- sion to ourselves and to others of who we perceive ourselves to be. Being an expression from man, architecure is simultaneously an expression to other men, both present and future, that sprawns new ex­ pressions. The built forms we experience define us in a time and a place (H that make us aware of our being and enable us to better prepare for the future identities we will fashion. The security of our own place and identity provides a framework from which we can approach the process of our lives and the relationships we forge with our fellow beings. By participation in our society, the new experiences and expression that develop add to our sense of identity and place. It becomes imperative that architecture provide man with these places to participate in his society. These thoughts, serving as a backdrop, have resulted in a single idea that warrants further study and in a built form by which we will explore our need for expression, participation and self-awareness. ^ JL Through spa t i a l , soc i a l and o rgan i za t i ona l de f in i t i on , t he bu i l t env i ronmen t c r ea t e s a p l ace t o pa r t i c ipa t e more f u l l y i n ou r soc i e ty . Through t he des ign o f a pub l i c marke tp l ace i n She r idan , Wyoming , t o c r ea t e a p l ace t o pa r t i c ipa t e . "People need an identifiable spatial unit to belong to." Christopher Alexander The Pattern Language Man is a social being. The product of countless years of evolution­ ary changes and decisions, our uniqueness in space and time seems self- evident. Although we profess a constant desire and search for solitude, the need within man for meaningful contact with his fellow beings is per­ haps one of his most urgent priorities. The importance of social con­ tacts is often minimized, assuming that so much of what we know and do is controlled by inherent biological instructions. But this is not the case. The past social contacts and experiences we have had, provide for us the very foundation upon which we base our future decisions and ac­ tions. We do have options regarding our future course of actions, but our past experiences tremendously influence our view of future opportuni­ ties. A "good social experience" in one context will tend to propel future situations toward the same result; a "good social experience." These thoughts are meant to underline at the outset the importance of social groups and gatherings to our lives. With them, is attached a similar importance to the places where social contact can and does occur. The concern in any study of place is for the individual, but it is only in seeing the individual in relation to larger social groups (larger relative to the individual) that we can aid the individual in any of his dealings. Without interaction in his society, man's personal development is stunted and grossly inadequate. The need for humans to gather is acute and very real. Social units do exist today, but vary so much in size and scale that they add yet another dimension to the study. There are certain scales at which the individual has a stronger sense of belonging and place. In these, the individual is most able to retain and reaffirm his own identi­ ty while still feeling at ease to participate in the larger society. For the sake of my study, I wish to refer to this social unit as the 'neigh­ borhood 1. The term immediately conjures up a myriad of images that each of us possess and affix to it in varying manners ranging from adolescent recol- lections to physical elements and locations. Here at the beginning it is used only as a reference point of scale and size to the individual. The scale shown by contrasting the individual to the neighborhood versus con­ trasting the individual to the city, is the desired intimacy of gathering I seek to attain. Not attempting to fix a specific numerical quantity on the neighborhood, I see it more in its relation as an intermediary be­ tween the individual and the society he occupies. The physical realm of the neighborhood does not encompass the entire spectrum of our life activities. Many of the things we do and places we go are outside of the area we would consider our 'neighborhood'. But be­ cause of its intimate scale, the neighborhood does provide for us the most meaningful of social contact and those relationships that are of a primary nature (primary relations are much closer and more intimate than secondary relations; i.e. a husband-wife relationship is primary while a boss-employee relationship is typically secondary). The individual senses less of a threat to his own identity in this environment and per­ ceives a positive result emerging from his interaction in the neighbor­ hood community. Within the neighborhood, the individual's identity and place is stronger and reinforced by the membership one has in the social group.^ Similarly the relative size and identity of the neighborhood place allows the individual, as a member of this social group, to deal more effectively with the larger elements of society. While being a social unit, it is the neighborhood as a place, allow­ ing these social groupings and interactions to occur, about which I am concerned. To study it as such, the neighborhood defined as a reference point of scale needs to be expanded. The neighborhood is a place of par­ ticipation. More specifically, the neighborhood is a gathering place^ of\/ people, objects, and images for the purpose of intimate and meaningful interaction. In any neighborhood, there are many parts that contribute to its creation of place and add to its gathering. But while there are many elements, four in particular are important to the neighborhood's creation "...(the) neighborhood is...intermediate between the individual and the city (the socio-spatial schema)... its buildings, spaces and people stand out (against) the rather formless urban background..." T. Lee from The Psychology of Place and a re equal ly impor tant to my own percept ion of a rchi tec ture . By the i r occurrence in the bui l t envi ronment , they tend to def ine not only the p lace but a l so the indiv idual wi th in the p lace . With in any ne ighborhood, a sense of proximi ty , a sense of change , a sense of ident i ty and a sense of p lace p lay an inf luent ia l ro le in the c rea t ion of a p lace of par t ic i ­ pa t ion . Sense of Proximity proximi ty : The re la t ive phys ica l re la t ionship of one objec t to another The sense of proximi ty in th is d iscuss ion i s somewhat ana logous to the in t roduct ion of the e lements wi th which we a re dea l ing . The bas ic uni t of any p lace i s an en t i ty tha t i s mul t ip l ied , d iv ided , modif ied , sh i f ted and maneuvered to c rea te the ne ighborhood p lace . In a res iden­ t ia l ne ighborhood i t i s the s ingle fami ly house ; in the commercia l d i s ­ t r ic t i t i s the merchant ' s bu i ld ing; in a bui ld ing i t may be a mater ia l . In the marketp lace i t i s the indiv idual shop, the s ingle l ight source , the s ign , the products , the s t ruc ture and so on . The sense of proximi ty dea ls wi th the loca t ion and re la t ionships of these e lements to one another . From a genera l v iewpoint , two ext reme ranges of proximi ty can be seen . The f i r s t wi tnesses la rge d is tances tha t separa te the e lements provid ing a weak sense of proximi ty to one another . This i s typica l of many of our present commercia l s t r ips and hous ing pro jec ts . They become i so la ted objec ts tha t add no s t rength to e i ther the i r loca t ion or the i r immedia te sur roundings . The o ther type of proximi ty s t rengthens the e le ­ ments as they a re separa ted by shor te r d is tances and have a sense of being a whole. Objects within an existing whole or building can be seen as individual objects by their distant proximity or as a collection of objects by their close proximity. The proximity of vastly different ob­ jects to one another affect how each object is perceived. In some cases they can confuse the scale or intent of the spaces they create, or they can enhance the clarity and strength of the expression. Ttie relative location of elements to one another enhances our under­ standing of how a place is structured. From experiencing unit relation­ ships, we develop patterns that allow for a more hoiistic perception of the neighborhood. This initiates within us a knowledge of the place and a sense of belonging in the neighborhood. With this in mind two facts of proximity play important roles toward our perception of the whole. Organization The manners in which we choose to arrange the units determines not only the type of proximity we will achieve but also the strength of as­ sociations we make between the units and the whole. In any ordering system two important parts, the object in question and the residual space created, determine the effect they will have. In the examples I have chosen to show both parts vary greatly. The grid system uses an order that is quickly and easily perceived after ex­ periencing only a few elements. The residual spaces and the character are constant and very structured. This system and its strengths is seen in many built environments, ranging from the urban core of cities to the plans of high rise office buildings. The linear system, analogous to the concept of streets and pathways, is similar to the grid in the clearness of its pattern. But in one direction, the residual spaces are different from those in the other. A hierarchy of space and a direction of move­ ment is developed. In the radial system, the organization reveals that we can combine many of the more basic ordering systems to develop in­ creasingly complex systems. Units are gathered into one pattern or group that relate to, but are different from, the pattern of the whole. The hierarchy of residual spaces is evident and results in the creation of a climax. The complexity occurs as a result of an ordering system that must resolve many needs simultaneously, such as the spatial hierarchy and needs of large commercial ventures. The free form provides a dynamic variety of spaces but lacks some of the perceptible organization of the units that one could then associate with the whole. These spaces do pro- •rr—. vide the most opportunity for adventure, but also provide the greatest chance for confusion. Realize the diagrams are conceptual in nature and the principles be­ hind them are applicable to all elements of the built form whether they be drains, windows, trees, bricks, or lights. The importance of organi­ zation is the strength it gives to the elements we use and to the percep­ tions we draw from them. Orientation The other factor of proximity is the orientation or direction of focus that each unit possesses. Orientation deals with the establishment of a direction within the unit. For example, a shop's orientation be­ comes the direction in which the merchants interact with the customers, whereas lighting orientation is seen as the positioning and direction of the light source. In the orientation of group a), they orient themselves to one anoth­ er thereby strengthening their already close sense of proximity. The other two groups, b) and c), possess the same organization but group b) negates the space created by their close proximity and group c) is neu­ tral, enhancing neither the organization nor the proximity it possesses. Within any system, various orientations will occur among similar units (shop to shop) and different units (shop to rence, they influence the creation of a gathering tions and organizations will utilize the residual others use the negative space they do not occupy. of orientations will create a mixture of proximities within one whole that vary in their effect; creating public, private and intimate spaces that allow the elements to respond to numerous issues at once. The orientations provide a means of explaining the systems we use. wish to emphasize, direct us through the reinforce the patterns we sought to esta- us of the places where we are invited to gather and of the places where we are not so invited. The sense of proximity enhances the creation of a gathering place by providing an understanding of the place and a feeling of security within the place. The knowledge makes us confident that our own identity will not get lost. In the end, the security promotes a positive and confident attitude toward social interaction. drain). By this occur- place. Some orienta- space they create while Various combinations They focus upon the elements we residual spaces they create and blish. It provides a legend to a. b. v c. t2><3 G> Q E> GQJ In a commercial establishment such as a marketplace, the sense of proximity is an important first step toward the creation of a neighbor­ hood place. The market is composed of many elements (lights, stands, pipes, windows, etc.) that occur in large numbers. The organization and orientation of these elements to one another is important to the creation of a gathering place. The proximity of the market to the objects that exist on and around the actual site is yet another consideration. In the end, the various elements must relate to the individual person. Pro­ viding a comprehensible image of the elements and the whole, the sense of proximity will emphasize the creation of a gathering place. Sense of Change change: A sensed difference between objects/images across space and time If the sense of proximity is viewed as the introduction, then the sense of change can be seen as the manipulation of those elements. The change that occurs to an object is seen as a response to a new issue that involves its environment. Under this two kinds of change can be seen. The first is a physical change in the object itself. This involves the actual manipulation of the built form itself. It can be an additive process, a subtractive process or a pulsating process in which elements are added and then subtracted time and time again. This involves not only the change of the object itself but also, in a temporal sense, the perception of the object at various times in its sequence. This aspect of change occurring in terms of our perception across both time and space involves our sensual perception and requires that we associate the two images as being together yet unique. Remember, the 8 O _J L R i J J R / — 1 r n TJJLJ sense of proximity plays an important role here as the organization and orientation of elements influence our association of elements as being to­ gether or separate. This influences the sense of change. The change can occur due to the experiencing of different materials, forms or spaces as we physically move through a place. Changes in this manner aid in the creation of a neighborhood by the associations we make between a change and the human activities or places that occur at the location of this change. They are elements adding to the creation of a place. We have been looking at human movement to discover change, but other factors influence the aspects of change. Our speed and approach similar­ ly manipulate the type and extent of change that is perceived. At fast speeds (as in automobile travel) the exposure to the changed object is of a much shorter duration than that experienced at slower speeds (such as pedestrian travel). Therefore at fast speeds the changes must be larger, obvious and grasped within a shorter time span. At slower speeds the changes can be smaller, inviting closer scrutiny. In the same vein, direct or indirect approaches al ter how we can por­ tray changes. Direct approaches tend to reveal more of the image, at an earlier stage, than would be revealed by an indirect approach. Direct approaches allow us to use scale, form and order in subtler manner as the individual's exposure to the change is greater. The indirect approach requires other techniques of differentiation. Thus, the manner in which a built form is portrayed can strengthen or weaken its sense of change. The second element of change occurs as a result of the building re­ sponding to the environment. In this case, the built form remains con­ stant, but the elements acting on it change our perception of the object. These instances involve a perception of the object over time and require perception of not only more than one image but also a recognition of exactly what has changed. This assumes a clear understanding of those elements that are permanent and of those elements that are temporary. Further it involves a decision on our part as to the relative amount of permanent versus temporary objects. The amount of permanence and control we feel in our own lives and environment will tend to influence our social ties. The degree of permanence is vital. If placed within a never changing environment, our perceptions and experiences will never alter. They give us no new images to add to any social interaction we might have. By its permanence, the environment rigidly defines those places meant for gather­ ing and inhibits their adapting to the changing needs and spontaneous bursts of a gathering society. Even as the size of our neighborhood in­ creases because of our expanding mobility the static permanence denies t any new experience from your mobility. Many modern buildings can be seen as products of this sort. All of their facades are identical and they themselves never change in response to anything. While the environment does alter it some by colors and sha­ dows, the object itself does not change, the sense of change is only par­ tially realized. A balance of permanent and temporary built forms is needed to pro­ duce more meaningful and responsive gathering places. The temporary ele­ ments seem more humane as they react to the stimuli and needs around them. In the dialogue between man and architecture, the temporary buildings be­ come vital elements of the dialogue. They are the new explorations and expressions of our place and identity while the permanent elements are important as the foundations upon which the new expressions are based. Favorable balances of permanent and temporary images are dynamic and meaningful toward establishing social contact. We develop a positive attitude toward changes in our environment and accept them as part of our neighborhood. They provide 'instant' responses to the needs of the social group. Temporary or open spaces are often used as the places of gather­ ing with the permanent structures acting as a backdrop from which to oper­ ate. ? Much of the sense of change is dependent upon the attitude of the building and its environment. Creating a continuity across time; a con- tinuim of historical structures (seen as more permanent across time) and newer structures (seen as more temporary across time) allow a proper bal­ ance that provides a richness and meaning to people of all ages.° "Late Baroque polychromy, allowing for an orientation and identification which goes beyond the security or threat offered by the immediate economic or political system. From the new residential neighborhoods people go to old Prague to get a confirmation of their identity." Christian Norberg-Schulz Genus Loci By its physical nature alone, the building can provide the opportunity for changes to occur both by the building and to the building. To create a neighborhood within the marketplace it is important that the market contain the sense of change. The individual parts of the building should be allowed to respond to the various climatic situations and to the seasonal changes by the types of activities. Elements should provide a pulsating physical transformation that will let the experience be continually rich and meaningful. Within the market, the dialogue should involve the daily changes of shop locations, the seasonal changes or products, and the twice daily setting up and taking down of the indi­ vidual shops. To complete the sense of change, the degree of permanence should be readily evident as a framework for the place of gathering. Sense of Identity identity: The recognition of images and objects that are sensed as unique within their setting (the stripping away of anonymity and the development of a character) If I may continue the scenario a bit further, we have thus far in­ troduced the elements and manipulated them. The sense of identity pro­ vides the initial recognition that these elements create a gathering place. The concept of architecture establishing a sense of identity is founded upon the individual's image of built forms. This image is formed by the perception of the object in question, the recognition of it as unique in its context and the association of this characteristic as being the identity of the project (or at least a part of its identity)^. The aspect of recognition is important but deals more with the cultural and mental aspects of the individual. The areas in which architecture has a more influential role is in the objects perceived and the strength of the association made by the individual. Remember that the latter is influenc­ ed by the relative strength of the senses of proximity and change. To deal with the perception of the objects, we will consider the ob­ jects and images as message systems. They are messages sent by the built forms to be received and interpreted by the individual. In Learning from Las Vegas, Robert Venturi categorized message systems under three head­ ings: 1) the heraldic, the sign itself, 2) the physiognomic, the message given by the building form itself and 3) the locational, similar activi­ ties found in similar locations. If we add to his list one additional heading, 4) the processional, interior spatial sequences that reaffirm the exterior identity, we can recognize how these message systems affirm the sense of identity in a gathering place. The initial message system calls for the straightforward use of sign­ age to identify a specific place. It is an explicit means of communica­ tion. 1° Assuming a continuity of understanding, the sign strips away all anonymity. The object is immediately identified. Along the same lines, Christopher Alexander in The Pattern Language stated, "Mark the neighborhood above all by the gateways whenever main paths enter it...". Using the combination of the sign and gateway mark­ ings, the end result becomes an explicit and locatable definition of the object's identity and the point of entry. The relationship of heraldic perception to speed, size, visibility and location is as important to the identity as it is to the sense of change. The greater the speed one travels at the larger and simpler the sign needs to be in order to impart its message to the viewer, whereas signs utilized for pedestrian information can rely on providing the same message in a reduced size. The location and visibility of such signs aid its effectiveness as a message system. On the commercial strip the sign is disassociated from the store it serves and is placed closer to the ve­ hicular arteries. While a constancy in symbols allows for an association to be made between the two, the sign, by its weak sense of proximity to the store and its large size, becomes an element separate from and com­ peting with the built form it was meant to serve. At slower speeds where the proximity of buildings is much closer, the relationship of the sign's location to the building is extremely close. It is much easier to associate the sign as a part of the identity of the building and not just an individual entity. Realizing that many paths from many directions will enter a neigh­ borhood place, it seems only natural that each of the gateways should MAIN STREET MEDIEVAL STREET COMMERCIAL STRIP ^5 * W 19 alter themselves to account for the various modes of approach and range of speeds. If more than one gateway is provided as Mr. Alexander asks, they would begin to establish an implied boundary that would further de­ fine the physical location of the gathering place. They define and lo­ cate the neighborhood place and simultaneously aid the individual in sensing his location within the neighborhood place. If we are to utilize identifying gateways, but in a more implicit manner, forms of textures, for example, that by their constancy of use signify the entry, we would be moving toward the second message system, the physiognomic. Here the identity is communicated by the form itself. The identity lies in the perception of a unique object within its context. The uniqueness is found in its form, but only when the images of it con­ text is equally perceived. The two are associated as one but its identi­ ty is seen as separate from its surroundings. To an extent, the sense of change adds to the physiognomic sense of identity in many ways. In particular where the changes are strongly as­ sociated in some way to the activities of a neighborhood place. In this manner, their occurrence communicates to us the presence of neighborhood components and thus the neighborhood itself. The strength of the associ­ ation is enhanced by the degree of permanence that is interjected into the project. Similarly our perception of objects is influenced by the sense of proximity that exists. Images, oriented and organized so that they are more easily perceived, are given recognition earlier and will have a stronger identity. In the same manner that the heraldic strips away ano­ nymity, the physiognomic provides the development of a character. Through the third message system, the locational, our viewpoint is directed more towards the interior than is alluded to by Mr. Venturi. The basis here is that the interior identity should reaffirm the identi­ ty established on the exterior.11 But Venturi's point can be applicable to interior spaces as well. Within any neighborhood there are a number of units that exist in large numbers, whether houses, shops, lights or trees. If their spatial location in relation to the whole can be made consistent with their type of activity, then the identity of the district is established by their location within the whole.12 The other two sys­ tems can be used to reinforce the identity, but the locational method emphasizes the individual's process of association. For example in a neighborhood, the establishment of a corner stone initiates a pattern that becomes an identifiable element of the neighbor­ hood district. When an individual confronts a corner grocery or meat store he associates himself as being located somewhere within the dis­ trict. meeting placcs gateways restricted access 20 I • • • I B H O I • •• A —i j v* K > The make-up of a market can be treated in a similar manner. Basic activities that happen within the market occur many times. A physical relationship between the market location and a type of activity will strengthen both the activity's identity and the identity of the market; a specific gathering place versus a part of some less distinguishable whole. One other element that also involves the interior identity is the element of continuity within the marketplace. It does not require an exact similarity among the units but does demand a consistency in the message being given by them. Whether it involves location, change, vo­ cabularies, or edge definition, the elements should have a sense of the whole and of contributing to it. The sense of identity and the message systems have involved a se­ quence going from district recognition (heraldic) to object recognition (psysiognomic) to interior activity recognition (locational) and finally to climax recognition through the processional message system. We are dealing with the issue of a climax (which itself implies a sequence) in a process that moves from the outside to the inside. Realize that these elements provide a similar function as one moves from the inside to the outside as well. The sense of exit should be as strong as the sense of entry. In the individual's movement, the processional message system completes the sequence. The existence of an object or place that becomes a visual, physical or textural focus point of a project completes the in­ ternal sequence of the identity recognition. "In the fertile streets and marketplaces of town and village it is the focal point...which crystallizes the situation, which confirms 'this is the spot'... Open space as an element in the town is essential but it needs to be furnished with such objects as will turn the disassociated stream of people into groups..." / Gordon Cull en Townscape Gordon Cull en makes a strong case for the need of focal points to become places of gathering along the paths on which we move. These thoughts are similar in concept to the elements of path and node that Kevin Lynch talked of in The Image of the City. Wherever two or more paths converged in one area, a node, a differentiation along the path was created. In our study, the node that is created can be dealt with as the climax or focal point of the path sequence. It is the point at which activity is at its peak and is the point at which the gathering is most pronounced. Even if traveling along a single path, the existence of a climax or node can occur by the existence of different elements or perhaps a shift in direction or speed. Beyond our experiences in movement, climaxes can be seen merely by visual or textural perception. The climax or focus in any environment is important for the activi­ ties that we wish to have happen there. In the marketplace, the focus is vital as a means of complementing the gathering place. If as Gordon Cull en stated, we can create within the market a point where people know­ ingly are invited to gather than the notion of the market as a neighbor­ hood is beginning to become complete. The market is identified as a uni­ que district in the city and the sense of identity is reaffirmed as they leave the domain of the city to enter the market. But at the focal point, the identity of the market, as a place where one is invited to gather and interact, is made complete. Sense of Place 13 place: A unit of the environment that gathers peo­ ple, objects and images together14 The final and in itself the climax of the senses is the sense of place. It is the actual gathering together of all we have talked about. The essence of a place is that it gathers people, objects and images just as a path might direct them. The neighborhood is also a place that gath­ ers these things, but it is of a more specific size and scale as we talk­ ed of earlier. The senses of proximity, change and identity contribute each in explore borhood We a place ways in The need now is to place that a neigh- their own manner to the creation of a place. how architecture contributes to the sense of contains. have seen how the sense of identity recognizes the existence of and even implies its boundaries. Now we must look at some of the which the place's existence is concretized for our experience. Proximities play a role, but the degree of enclosure is a major source in the physical realization of a place. Enclosure could be seen as a gathering together of objects to specifically locate one gathering place from another. The amount of enclosure that one senses in an environment determines the security or belonging that we feel toward that environment In some instances your location either inside or outside is concrete while in others it is ambiguous. As such it would tend to have a weaker sense of place since you are not sure of your own location in relation to the space, let alone its actual boundaries. In addition to the degree of enclosure, the nature of the enclosure, solid versus permeable, is an important factor in the ease with which people can gather, and, the emotions they will experience when they are gathered. The enclosures that develop can be a result of natural objects, man- made objects, an edge created by two districts or by a combination of the above. Enclosure is an aspect of place that gathers objects to ex­ plicitly define the physical limits of the place. Another element of place is the gathering of people. Providing an actual location to gather, as enclosures do, is important to the gather­ ing of people, but it is only a part of it. Earlier when we talked of people and places we referred to ideas of sequence, path, etc., that in­ volved a concept of movement by the individual. To develop this further, we can gather people when a contrast in movement is initiated. As allud­ ed to earlier by Gordon Cull en, 'a place' contains the imagery of being a stationary space (or at least a space where people can become station- path which implies the constant motion it imply these extreme ranges but also mode, from mobile to stationary, must taken from their paths and gathered in as occuring in the speed of their mo­ tion (fast to slow), the pattern of their motion (straight to angled) or the type of motion (vehicular to pedestrian). A change in movement, however, will not by itself draw people to a place of gathering. The scale that exists must be used as a complement to the shift in motion. The individual is the scale at which this study ary) as opposed to the imagery of of the individual. Not only does it assumes that the same shift in be made in order for people to be a place. The shift could be seen nnnnn ••••••• ••••••• t * 'IK'*/" *••• WTTJK0 UJt Z • X ? ~ ' W was aimed and is also the scale at which the gathering places must suc­ ceed. Within the place an intimacy must be maintained while he is in the social group. The scale that surrounds the place must be of a human scale. They may contain other scales, but the basis of their form, materials and proportions must find their inspiration in the single human spirit. In the neighborhood, the group survives only so long as the indi­ viduals remain individuals. The gathering of people tends to be one of the most important facets of a sense of place. The built forms are created for us to use. Only by an influx of people can it fulfill its role and provide a framework in which people can go about the processes of their lives. With them one last element is gathered together; images. Architec­ ture's role in image gathering is vital and involves not only the sele- tion of the images but also their protrayal in the built environment. The selection of certain images over others is vital to providing the in­ habitants a source of meaning and expression to the place they occupy. "Through building, man gives meanings concrete pre­ sence, and he gathers buildings to visualize and symbolize his form of life as a totality. Thus his everyday life would become a meaningful home where he can dwel1." Christian Norberg-Schultz Genius Loci The dialogue between man and architecture is seen once again through the gathering that portrays a sense of belonging to the individual. The ex­ pressions around him can often be important artifacts of his own, such as in the Japanese Tokonoma 17 or merely be strong expressions of another's life. The elements we use and live around, if placed in our public zones become collections of social artifacts. The elements have a strong sense of their personal character that is then transferred to the space they oc­ cupy. They become expressive to others and to ourselves of our culture, activities and desires. They add meaning to our life processes. The portrayal of these images involves all that we know of in form­ al istic terms. The expressions we make in terms of color, scale and pro­ portion, materials, textures, shapes, vocabularies and order become the tools by which we make the images available to the individual. All of these aspects deal with where the object is located, how we allow it to be Derceived and the associations we make of the images with other images. The portrayal of images is the result of all the factors we have been dis­ cussing through the senses of proximity, change, identity and place. The culumination of these portrayed images, combined with the gathering of ob­ jects and people created for us the sense of place. It is treated as the culmination because the creation of place is the neighborhood's ultimate realization of a social and individual iden­ tity. It is a place of gathering but more importantly it becomes the place of interaction for which this discussion has been searching. With­ in environments that have a sense of place, individuals are willing to have meaningful contact with other individuals. Only when an individual feels that he belongs within an environment will be explore not only the environment but also himself. It provides at the very least the necessary framework in which a new awareness of our character and the way in which we live can be discovered. Within the context of the market, the creation of a gathering place is of the utmost importance to the identity of the market as a neighbor­ hood; a place of interaction. The sense of place in a market is what separates it from our present system of supermarkets and malls. The collections of sights, smells, personal artifacts and individual owners reinforces to use the fact that we are social beings that must deal directly with other people and with those things that concern our exist­ ence (i.e. food and shelter). The market establishes a place to gather, give meaning, and participate in at least one aspect of our lives. It fulfills a need. These spaces and senses begin to satisfy our need for self-awareness and fulfillment. It is these senses as explored through the vehicle of a marketplace, that should be a part of our continuing dialogue with the built environment. \< •> < fcH • . . • - • - A . r I • ; » • •- t > garret >\ni. A *" *-'v_ » • *- •J *; ,c' ir- , or tr.mtlL. tmc «•-*» HM . S 33 ! Site Analysis The site that I have chosen for the marketplace is located in the town of Sheridan (app. 45° N. Latitude) in the north central portion of Wyoming. Within the town itself, the marketplace is located in the Cen­ tral Business District on a block that is still relatively free of per­ manent structure. In recent years, due to the country's increasing demand for coal and Sheridan's central location in relation to this mining activity, the area around Sheridan has witnessed a tremendous influx of mining and business/ retail activity. Simultaneously, the town is experiencing a continuous population growth and a relatively stable economy. While having only 3% unemployment in recent years, the population has increased by 50% during the 1970's (10,560 to 15,136) and is forecast to grow by 90% during the 1980's (up to 22,000 by 1985). The situation has brought about a general increase in retail sales that has prompted vigorous expansion and new com- merical construction. Most of this construction has occurred in or around Sheridan; primarily as a result of Sheridan being seen as the economic center of North Central Wyomong. From a recent study17 it was found that 93% of all county residents do a majority of their shopping Sheridan. "This central location makes Sheridan, the natural marketplace in Sheridan County, where the majority of the county's service employment is located and where most of the retail goods are bought and sold in the county...It is a governmental center, a marketplace and an economic center." Sheridan Development Plan As such the nature of the town's location and it 's projected growth create a favorable atmosphere for the marketplace I propose for Sheridan. The actual site I have chosen is located on the southern edge of the Central Business District. Located at the intersection of Main St. and Coffeen Avenue, the site is the pivotal point where the north-south grid, the pervading ordering system in the town, is rotated 45° to create the commercial strip (Coffeen Avenue) that extends to the southern edge of the town. The site occupies a very important node and movement shift with­ in the city, making the marketplace an excellent activity to occupy this special site. It's commanding position is balanced by its close proximity and location on Main Street which is still the major source of retail and pedestrian activity. Another component of the site's context is the his­ toric Sheridan County Courthouse located directly southwest of the site. Located upon a hil l towering above the marketplace as a backdrop for ac­ tivity, the courthouse provides a strong, formal influence upon the mar­ ketplace site. The market is located not only on the major pedestrian pathway but also maintains a high visibil ity for automobiles as one approaches i t from the south and east. Situated amongst commercial buildings of vari­ ous sizes, residential areas are sti l l close enough to allow a very in­ timate space to develop within the urban context. The site's southern exposure is excellent with only a negligible amount of shading occurring during the winter months. It 's location with respect to many of the public services is very good. Not only is the courthouse close by, but f ive banks and the post office are all within three blocks. The city hall, police and f ire department are headquarter­ ed within one-half mile of the market site. This urban context for the marketplace couples with some of my earlier concerns in aiding the creation of a 'place' in Sheridan. While the town is very dependent upon the mining industry, especially in recent years, the stable industry for decades has been agriculture. Many farms and ranches of all sizes sti l l provide the economic backbone to the county. My hope is through locating this market within the town, to physically bring this stable industry back into the view of the towns­ people. By gathering these agricultural images, objects and people, i t is my hope that Sheridan's history and origins can be revealed and rein­ forced to its present day inhabitants. In short, the unique and central location of the market in Sheridan, coupled with the special character of a marketplace allow for a very special place to be created on this site, in the form of the marketplace. >• I f w& BE'4lr iK.;! ij •M s^sssss^ mtmwmi £eA/\v* pW/icr £cmMWC\&l ^4/«p Site Location ^5 - , eleAUA(izuy ^ 56* t>i*w ^ih'teu tvjkur (4 - k«>pl» 1 X ' in&vn»afKtM ceM^er P- park L" p0t>lt6. (iUarkcUxcW i-*w D&lL pTS^V t ic^Mdn^y Ve'rticolw &x>T£ M 3*0*16 &nff wev*. £>L£oWfl Sun Angles • Lrd-rftM MKC ^Ww jL* (M TRAFFIC EDGE,VIEWS (EXTERIOR) QH iiA-b i^ki- vm (D »» - * f j— u«pac+ n Mine/ ppis l^i-o 3U/t/«6' j pY<-frinfWV zrtt*Y r V i^oltV aCCA& pofe4vhW ' p*w?*r ?rominfcn+ +t« nvi4o/i d. W\ ^ZWxtW" i je -^^ VieJ, S."lp«ct ^>r-tC ov \/jew Pi>Wi*l [>><-Oyevjili i^iriu,. Lb- fSL 1 * ~ TK, .• y' t - > Climate 44.75 North Latitude 107° West Longitude Annual growing season -- May to September Annual Average Precipitation Annual Average Snowfall Average Monthly Temperatures January 15.7°F February 29 March 32 April 43.8 May 48.8 June 62.7 July 71.1 August 61 September 52.4 October 44.4 November 32.5 December 24.5 15.89 inches 69 inches Precipitation (1975) 72 37 93 1.72 1.71 1 . 1 1 35 60 1.41 3.16 61 .18 12.88 inches Degree days -- 7903 19 Sheridan Development Plan Building Codes Fire Zone #1 Occupancy Group B-2 Fire resistance, exterior walls -- 2 hr. less than 20' 1 hr. elsewhere Openings, exterior walls — not permitted less than 5 feet protected i f less than 20 feet Allowable floor area -- Type of Const. I-F.R. II-F.R. II one hr. I l l one hr. IV const. Floor area (sq. ft.) unlimited 30,000 13,500 13,500 13,500 Natural Light -- glazing equal to 1/10th of floor area, minimum Natural Ventilation -- exterior openings not less than 1/20th of floor area Water Closet -- provide minimum of one for each sex, must have exterior opening or be vented to exterior Seismic Zone #1 Occupancy Load -- approximately 450 Exits ~~ minimum of two required, maximum distance to exits 150-200 feet (with sprinkl doors, 3' minimum width, 6'8" minimum height — 9' total exit width required Stairways -- minimum 44" width Ramps — minimum 44" width, maximum slope 1 in 10 Corridors — minimum width 44" (32" minimum passageway in all circumstances clear height 7' \ Programming J Large Space Programming activities within the market involved more than a random identification of the spaces involved. It required that spaces be chosen with the creation of a neighborhood place in mind. For that reason the spaces are gathered into four groups: large, medium, small and support­ ive spaces. The groups make reference not only to their relative size but also to their role within the market. Two large spaces exist within the market. One is the hardware shop and the other is the public open space. They are introduced into the mar­ ket to serve in part as the focal points of the project. Their size and activity preserve the sequence-climax relationship initiated by the other SDaces and become major points of destination for travelers along the path. Just as in many European communities, small temporary shops surround public bui 1 dings and arcades, the large spaces will serve as a backdrop for much of the activities that occur. The proximities that occur be­ tween the large spaces and the other spaces create not only a favorable scale for the large spaces and activities but also relate well to the scale of those structures that presently exist on the site. They initiate the spatial definition of the site. m Activity- Js [Wdw^tni 6foo^ J Character; kck'l Ht, R>U'<^, )Jo\i>9 Ope>r\j $\ieA Adjacency' } Illumination: -fa&l 4 diafk»f Accoustical: /Vjoie^-c Plumbing: OO^rjey ^oppl^ ? { Drzu Mech./Elec.: l^iviVbil Ve^.^4 El<^ £>9£>WM ^ Equipment: _ CZ\ (Ze^ i Alt. Energy: Comments: fewaMewV 3«^ai- Cotf\vr>\\e <-Uco, ^>a60 ^ ' Illumination: ;L^zu*^«at -h" .^ SU^OS^ble, . I Accotfstical: A/lcrfWe. -jt) Plumbing: V/z*iw -^pp ^ ^ ifouKt • Mech./Elec.: y i^ A#t* j /iJo: ^> u kU t^D',^ , i¥v^ ^ . E^Vtp*! 6^£*WA-Equipment: ^ezdlM.Pir^ C&k <^TCVa*2., CVew^rtti^V^wf ifi£u(6Pti€fo' Alt. Energy: Comments: 17 i^wzma t^ Nocle.^ eMi 6wW^Cco/ffy 'JeiiVor^ [ ) $f. Cj^ctmW RESTAURANT Quantity: «.&• Gross Area: /^ > . Activity' tVmkmct Pirepzw^-fiV/Vj C h a r a c t e r : A d j v e j F r r j Qv\tA j £eAAA\'eM>, Adjacency: CcmkM Illumination: i^ ivi^ c l^ \-ztk- 4 :£2ZfH"*4 -pxbt0?5 Accoustical: MMe t^ 4*> 5bien Plumbing: ^oppli/ ^ D^iAa^e \a prepzWstfu?/v s»vf* Mecn./Eiec.: <^&u«v.al VewTi*4 z**o Uc»l EMrks{ 3evvi<:er Equipment: freeze#, ^Wajje, \ft z&(r ijp Alt. Energy: Comments: MgJioM 3^zcz, Cc*v^r t^ 5p^-6€. BAR/LOUNGE Quantity: o\m, Net Area: 3>ooe*-&- Gross Area: 375" s*.$- Activity- fcod fVepavsihi?v\< InlluiAA . ^ Ylic ^ Illumination: "i^ Hhuk le« ) f JiMiu*^ (jj^ loi«)-ft)fk)/i^ Accoustidal: U>o<{ Plumbing: Supply | J^Wiiuwc Mech./Elec.: hxJ )Wl*4 4 El&jjviiJ £eA/\j\c& •&>* £>wk\ «r»ll* Equipment: <9veu/^ r.[H ybtsk-o? **xDf€xj^ J^1f tioci&j *iiv htez* FOOD STAND QuantityJ 4foree, Net Area: ^/oo <^41. {300 **&) Gross Area: 37s <>*•$' Activity: t>e\Ii«mi prepswit^ K, cJeA^Vu ^, cov*fp»t^ ^ Character> {\^ t, PoUio, Noiftf, Ope** ^ i x ^ 3 T • Adjacency: peo |-|?y, p(>U ^D i^'f £w>p lllumination^u-a j^g^cMl. "Idiivi A>*1 -Faf-H ^fW -ft kto »C£> Accoustical: MoTevafc Plumbing: 3oppl^ | Dr^maae, Mech./Elec.: Veofi^ ^ WiWh Equipment: 4 " l^udi-'uMj iW*, J-o^ -tJ/6, <^ c> Hoi/tf - DpeM, - Ftxeo , /VWf>, Illumination: \^AcaLAAAei^ jtM\} "XjA'vidoa ( -baJf- rM*jc( 3£>p law -PiX,io«C£ Accoustical: Plumbing: ^>oppl»-<*( na^g, Mech./Elec.: Equipment: vVaA htm>) C frtxbcfe OhsrsctGr» VC'i V^3L>1iC^ J 3ewA.\- frxeci, '^i^ VvTf? AdjacencyJ pfei^ , A/S f^, Illumination: X*ilyiV \ -P^<>r66* Accoustical: UcbexAt Plumbing:«3<->'ppl^ 4 l^ nsuvwte- Mech./Elec.: L Alt. Energy: Comments- M&iio** 3pac6; ^ ^^crvvjTtvy N^JeT ^ r /ye*y £>-o*ev 6 JZC££t>5 UJ±-Jtr^ev -Q C>00' POULTRY SHOP Quantity: 4V<& Net Area: (50 5j.fi- faso&M) Gross Area: g Activity: jji'm frodoct$± Hzvudliitoj, (Orei^ pi/^ , TVepw r^ftoyv • Character: J[dlv j^ PM''^ ,£>peMy£v*i Fixed , Ma^ j pfCp»/*V>AA e\{6> t £iom£ Adjacency: . J2on^,Public ^VM»»-tV\ j B^UPC '^WC' lllumination: jUJ*ma«4 Mech./Elec.: U l^ tfwctw -fev 0m${ Vrtp. Aif .^l&wlotl 6ev\jize ZcxOxufr. Equipment: DcoUt ^Yeus&XPr^^*1 6ica«4, vVstJi-vjp A**», £U«fe i Alt. Energy: VeojM -froM Ohws Comments: A/l/dum proyiwarl .£?d ^ cvvcITM^ Nodisj A*d«. is hVM-pOt.lt 6 l«V BAKERY Quantity: ^ Net Area: Gross Area: ^.-f4. Activity: 5e\ I llWi ^ • t*" 0We5lM , liwjeyivij, ^ arfWi^ i , iKaifota Character: y \^ Ht, fri vJft/f£jb4i c; £^ U, (5X)'ieVj AdjacencyJ . Illumination: c±uiev7i Mtfov&j jjtAi^'AoA 1W- Accoustical: Plumbing: * Mech./Elec.: .^puet/al VWfi*q. Lcta-[ Ekc*YK»l 3ens\c^ Equipment: pi^ pfeto Ave**, fl*tfij>le "labky Alt. Energy: Comments: -L- -prot^ &lI&aa •p>arU\.. N&dfc BOOKSHOP Quantity: i^a^- Net Area: 3 ^ . Gross Area: 440 . Small Space The small spaces play a very important role in the project. By their numbers they make up a majority of the activities that occur in the market. Further they establish the overriding character of the market as they re­ late in one way or another to the other spaces. Their spatial arrangement completes the sense of enclosure that was initiated by the other spaces. Primarily, their temporary nature gives to the market the sense of change it needs. The types of activities that will occur in these spaces will vary from season to season and day to day; ranging from produce stands to craft stands to concerts, auctions and other public uses. Ex­ periencing change on a seasonal, weekly and daily basis, they provide the responsiveness in an environment that makes it meaningful and desirable. Throughout the pulsating change of the small spaces, the continuity will be preserved by the permanence of the larger spaces and elements and by the framework they have created. Activity:-4, Hi u* JtVrtxU&j ^zuJUm , , prepwocnW»*|7p«»^ Character: Adive, ?M\cj Uo'irt, Dp*h, flexible/ CowSh, swell ^ «W £oowi> , Adjacency: fWote. Illumination: IjtfzudewetfT, "l^ Li^ a 1 zwui A^i^vsUt •fattf Ji5fi»y +hcvf& Accoustical: MaL -^ate -jo I Plumbing: 5opp(o -b» tu«4 ;,pfcy -(Wililie ^ ZM ^ Drainage Mech./Elec.• ^ktwifTtl \/cur?f*v -sum! £lecivic*[ Iwiiit £j«»( ^wtrdQ Equipment: vie| D*>? Wo4 5tw»' P't^ pl»Y 6r?u*c(5 Alt. Energy: Comments: /Swiall j i*f m*kw> if UTttti> 4w ckw'XCWV ^p2io ^ PRODUCE STAND Quantity: 53" co'dk Net Area: /co zw- (s&o jj.-H) Gross Area: 4foo Activity: £r»£We Adjacency: Vzvi^ Illumination: T|J;vf 4,»l { Acjiutiw(e "ta^k | V,+{J»f f \fk<3*t$ AccOUStical: tYiocieyafe, -jo lot-'d Plumbing: ^eucntl $ E>«ui*a«fc Mech./Elec.- 6\tAnev*\ VWhiMi zu*& £[cekinc*[ 3«vvicc Equipment- \jxune, zu#*»i*-A -lt> Alt. Energy: Comments: A 5t-&yt*A totfck ZLC>li> 2ti> Zu* dotit* coUfy />tvixM6> j "feutpeva* ^ ^aus> inmirttaiirt. ih- thzv/aAw 4i»Oi»lui3l 41c. y^ av. CRAFT STAND Quantity: Vaviabie Net Area: — Gross Area: — Activity,: ^ \\m J: ?1 zujfe, po-Riwvj Character: UtrtCj potta, <9p*w, <£oi*t F-l i We , Cv\o rjo [, Mauy 6\<\IA.% -cu^ fl Adjacency: , ftadoce 4tcp5, £,C>W.Vi\OV& Illumination: -f^ £{Wqrcw lzuMpi> ^ iitfawlfttiffT Vitvfti> •&/ -ayolaAj Accoustical: Modest 4c Quie-4- Plumbing.: 3opp( ^ t^xs^k -fap zwJ i>pr*y +a£,ili4»W} f D trainee Mech./Elec.- Veuri^ ^iaj-S Ele^m^»l Juwic- ^ | , Equipment: W&- { t»f V&'t 5W* j Alt. Energy: Comments: ^ m*[l 4i^ *{' A i^ritxi'fe -(o "U^2, £^ >7U& tuA joY" ^V'Cp ^ itenvW, ofovid ^ utobild- H^ed O-^ CAT -VIOVJ • "t>*ev Xi*^ ^ PLANT SHOP Quantity: £p«*»M2u*e t*y-P[- Gross Area: \<\q $*.•&. Activity: J< LzwJktt? twA iDr^ pjp'iMA , , -prep-zwjaTi<5v\ -1 J d Character; A^W, ftLuc, Noi^ , ^beu, jjeAMi - H^/W€., Cc\c\&>\,' |V\zuiw Adjacency: Illumination: l^ y W -b^ Hi4 L-«*n Accoustical: ^ Plumbing: LiViWi \ Tj^ m^a-c, Mech./Elec.- (-^aVetcfv-*. ' $SAH\tz> Equipment: n^Ui( £sol aW D^V i^ W^t / ^Cs^ei> Alt. Energy: Comments: ^wull 5pa«*, Mrnov Node- -Q\d. Net Area: ISP&M- Gross Area: / - + - [ . IZUA Activity- iia/id Maaaz-ine^ Character :JLjf, Y£, VW PoUio 1 Fie-x ib Csj m Adjacency: fco&te-j feiedv Illumination: 4-ixWe* L i i i Accoustical: Modevflte -p lood Plumbing: —• Mech./Elec.: j^^ Meval V^wtivw, Equipment: -pisf^ Alt. Energy: Comments: <^otupltA««-t*T2wV 6>vnc<- 4© £>VW 5^°P£y MinOtr x/oj-e. / / NEWSTAND Quantity: Net Area: • Gross Area: 75" Supportive Space The supportive spaces are the most technical of all the spaces as they provide the logistical support to the market. In essence they are both the internal control area and the feeder systems by which merchant's products, waste disposal, mechanical equipment and electrical service are handled. While technically oriented, they still play an important role in the physical expression of the market. The supportive spaces develop physical links and a continuity between all of the activities in the mar­ ket. Their physical expression can aid the clarity of the organization and the orientation of the many elements. The supportive systems pro­ vide by themselves many elements that contribute to the overall charac­ ter. Objects such as lighting fixtures, movable partitions, hardware and drains are all systems that provide the market with its imagery and serve as a backdrop for the expressions of the individual shop owners. By providing this reinforced imagery, the supportive spaces become the refinement of the expressions made by the preceding spaces. Activity: ^ Mw/hachuc, Character: Pa&>iye., FrWzdt_> QoiA, tio^ ' foia'il £f&£ Adjacency: Peliv^ ^Amucc- Illumination: 1»dc- Pi WOrth . Accoustical: £>o\g\ Plumbing: -—* Mech./Elec.- Local £lectviM*-l 3wicc J . Equipment: 6ieMievn.[ OQajl Pry 5k>(7^c Alt. Energy: Comments: ^upportivrt. ^pact. • htbf? Cokof} acute b auJ Mevckzudz tot" re*oirt!> ^majl £&wy\W a—-—-y MARKETKEEPER Quantity: Net Area: |sV &&• Gross Area: \qp -byQ- Activity: Character: Yzi&Ut, , Qo'm c\oyzb j fixed. Adjacency: -pobllc p*4W ^ Illumination: "jjMzmdffdudi CttwitnA Accoustical: Qoie* Plumbing- j Dr*i*a*t Mech./Elec.: Loi£»l VcwhV* j p€C*Wl«tl 30*V(CC Equipment: lV<(ek>, Otitis, *i*U. •MiWO ^ «M«^( TxCCet&tfi e*> Alt. Energy: Comments: ^opft^ 've £pate , fotjuii'tf, a ck y/lvitty •few let" RESTROOM Quantity ^ .jo/ men i Jar ux^CVL Net Area: 30c? . Gross Area: 3-75->«.£{-. Activity' c^oevacCxyA, ^ i=-£joip»*M\T Character '• ?^ve, FfV*te, C\d*ce MECHANICAL AREA Quantity: cn\JU Net Area: appro#mJib jo-15% o£ -jt)!?! Gross Area: r^°^ > ^ Activity: T)el'»vfl^ ck ?ifDcbc% Character? ^ [Wc , ?tWife*, , ftHeA Adjacency: \jdicJv* Uxjfrb li/itawv flztUiwa ^ Illumination: ^en«v>l Accoustical: BoG e^cH Plumbing: pvwiw***' Mech./Elec.: VetcK i^ -o* ^ Equipment: ^ov*Me Me«5 Alt. Energy: Comments: £opa>Mxt 6vxil A\*ib ck DtliY«Hf •*> te ^Wv&llea ^ —J ozd<*41 ojoai 3 IKiWipi-1-1*4 zxmA Eeuiovat e£ VJa^e MaWiaW Character; filoA-pMcJif A H d W f j D a & b > Adjacency] V«Viu>L Illumination: Accoustical: > t><>£Wc( Plumbing: ^opply ^ Mech./Elec.: ^eu-ev*l 6^h\ul Equipment: vVa*fe- Alt. Energy: Comments: JopporiWe a£c&6 -k? Wod*6 zw-i ou'cdoyf^ j tiw^Y 4W** pOfclct /dovuaivk/ ) -jfe 0L>UckX / <^ <%» to ^ disco**' •£«** i*Antdo'*( &rof€t> DISPOSAL AREA Quantity: Net Area: Gross Area: Concepts -u TV (• f. ...... 1... j'; 1. 1 S i ft . I jjti . . .4 , 5. "Wll1'. m w \ V ^ — / V< ' ,*v \ * Scheme A ; -r .41V V < NtH CD JT AO# r f ' • ' «! JF * £!/ > •'• V - : fc: \ ! ) ! ! : , ^ V hr -n ti tnuny 1 * J Scheme B ton C fmm » ' " * 'J*- • ' . i - i •» • ' txprxri --V \ „ > V •>. Am . >Vi > V' I • •'. C',4. Conclusions t i "1 f - • ' L v-*- v — ^ i • -V y G -1 r "x . • O X/" w w J? v;."' \ v v> o <>» << 1N1I1I1I. \ ir-; T) Market Proposal » 4 \ Jo ooTv bo • b c C; •3 so: O 3 QO t ,> 'r:w£rnKg»;ist:tf|iy;u:ny n n n T t f H _ 115 nL I.I-. ••• BB Burkltt it. Market * " v C •. .<*• vt «AV» fr**z. \i- 4 Summer Use Winter Use j % « e m SliRi I SvvSE Night Use Bibliography Alexander, Christopher, The Pattern Language. New York, Oxford University Press, 1977. Canter, David, The Psychology of Place. New York, St. Martins Press, 1977. Chermayeff, Serge and Alexander Tzonis, Shape of Community. Baltimore, Penguin Books, Inc., 1971 Ching, Francis, Architecture, Space, Form, & Order. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1979. Coulton, J. J., The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976. Cullen, Gordon, The Concise Townscape. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1961. Lynch, Kevin, The Image of the City. Cambridge, Massachusetts, M.I.T. Press, 1960. Moore, Charles, The Place of Houses. New York, Holt Reinhart & Winston, 1974. Norberg-Schulz, Christian, Genius Loci Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York, Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 1980. Rappoport, Amos, Human Aspects of Urban Form. New York, Pegamon Press, 1978. Rudofsky, Bernard, Streets for People. Garden City New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1969. Steinbruck, Victor, Market Sketchbook. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1978. Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown and Scott Tzenour, Learning From [as Vegas. Cambridqe, Massachusetts, M.I.T. Press, 1972. West, T. W., A History of Architecture in Italy. New York, M. A. David McKay Co., Inc., 1968. Footnotes 1. The Psychology of Place, David Canter, p. 10. 2. The Community, Time-Life Books, 1976. 3. Genius Loci, Christian Norbert-Schulz, p. 57. 4. Architecture, Space, Form & Order, Francis D. K. Ching, p. 205. 5. The Psychology of Place, David Canter, p. 178. 6. The Community, Time-Life Books, 1976. 7. The Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander, p. 8. Human Aspects of Urban Form, Amos Rappoport, p. 118. 9. Ibid, p. 35. 10. Learning From Las Vegas, Robert Venturi, p. 69. 11. Genius Loci, Christian Norberg-Schulz, p. 175. 12. The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, p. 47. 13. The Psychology of Place, David Canter, p. 10. 14. Genius Loci, Christian Norberg-Schulz, p. 57. 15. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 25. 16. The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, p. 62. 17. The Place of Houses, Charles Moore, p. 100. 18. Genius Loci, Christian Norberg-Schulz, p. 166. 19. The Passive Solar Energy Book, Edward Mazria, p. 395. Photographic Credits 1. Architecture, Space, Form & Order, Francis D. K. Ching, p. 290 2. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 192. Architecture, Space, Form & Order, Francis D. K. Ching, p. 140. 4. The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, p. 39. 5. Learning From Las Vegas, Robert Venturi, p. 48. 6. The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, p. 70. 7. Genius Loci, Christian Norberg-Schulz, p. 183. 8. The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, p. 7 9. 9. The Architects Journal, 24 April 1974, p. 892. 10. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 53. 11. Ibid, p. 177. 12. Ibid, p. 181. 13. Ibid, p. 103. 14. The Architects Journal, 24 April 1974, p. 893. 15. Market Sketchbook, Victor Steinbrook. 16. Learning From Las Vegas, Robert Venturi, p. 128. 17. Architectural Monographs 2, Hector Guimard, p. 87. 18. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 151. 19. Learning From Las Vegas, Robert Venturi, p. 8. 20. The Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander, p. 90. 21. Palladio, James S. Ackerman, p. 37. 22. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 69. 23. Architecture, Space, Form & Order, Francis D. K. Chinq, p. 187. 24. Ibid, p. 158. 25. Genius Loci, Christian Norberg-Schulz, p. 151. 26. Ibid, p. 141. 27. Ibid, p. 89. 28. The Place of Houses, Charles Moore, p. 100. 29. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 90. 30. Ibid, p. 91. 31. Ibid, p. 46. 32. The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, p. 170. 33. Architecture, Space, Form & Order, Francis D. K. China, D. 140 34. Ibid, p. 353. 35. The Concise Townscape, Gordon Cullen, p. 104. MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES stks CA The creation of place / 762 001698- IU . (lift* ••••