AN ADAPTIVE USE PROGRAM IN MONTANA BY JAN ELLSWORTH O'BRIEN LIBRARY MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY BOZEMAN MONTSNA batwaan glacier and jallowstoaa national parks STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that the library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. SIGNATURE DATE Ow.6 3 j AN ADAPTIVE USE PROGRAM IN MONTANA by Jan Ellsworth O'Brien A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE in ' Architecture Approved: >4h71. Ov. ;is Advisor y ^ 1m Director, School of Architecture MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana > June, 1977 \/ o vo — AT\7 U ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to dedicate this thesis to my parents for their continued guidance and support throughout my education. I also wish to make special thanks to my advisor, Professor John N. DeHaas, Jr., for his assistance in preparing this thesis and his interest in historic preserva­ tion, which motivated my own desire to preserve. Also, thanks go out to Mr. Peinovich, Director Engineering, Billings Region, Burlington Northern Railroad, for obtaining plans of the Livingston Passenger Station and to Mr. Warren McGee and Mr. Al Thompson for their assistance in this project. To Mrs. Joyce Ryen, who typed this thesis in its final format and to all others whose inspiration led me to a final solution, my sincere thanks. PREFACE Every year, buildings which hold a historic link to our past are demolished. These buildings, though capable of sustained use, are abandoned or neglected in preference to "shiny-new, ultramodern" structures, until their final destruction is eminent. However, today's society is becoming increasingly aware of the potential old buildings hold toward preservation and adaptive use. As the costs for new buildings soar, people will turn to reusing existing structures to cut down on materials and labor costs, as well as construction time. Still, many people having good intentions toward preservation lack the sensitive understanding required to preserve the character of the building for which they are saving. In writing this thesis, one statement which has guided my solution and hopefully will inspire those who read it is as follows: "The design should be developed out of the old building, not imposed upon it." PRESERVATION IS A COMBINATION OF PROTECTION OF EXISTING RESOURCES AND ADAPTIVE USE OF THOSE RESOURCES. IT IS THE ARCHITECT'S DUTY TO CONSIDER PRESERVATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO NEW CONSTRUCTION. table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . ii Preface iii Thesis Statement iv SECTION ONE The Preservation Movement in the United States 2 Why Preserve 4 The Architects' Role in Preservation 9 SECTION TWO Preservation in Montana 15 Problems in the Preservation Program 16 What is Adaptive Use 17 SECTION THREE Montana's Railroads 21 The Rise . . . 21 And Fall . . . 22 Tourism in Montana 23 SECTION FOUR Project Solution 27 Goal Statement 29 Programming 29 SECTION FIVE Project Evaluation 43 APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Bibliography 46 54 59 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Effects of Restoration of Single Family Houses on Church Hill 6 2 Construction Costs 7 3 Operating Costs 8 4 Travel is Montana's Third Largest Industry 2 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Preservationist Today 11 2 Preservationist Tomorrow 12 3 Seven Basic Steps for Preserving Historic Sites and Buildings 18 4 Proposed Railroad Route 24 5 Map of Livingston, Montana 28 6 1901 DRAWINGS OF PASSENGER DEPOT 6a North and South Elevations 31 6b East and West Elevations 32 6c Floor Plans 33 6d Sections 34 7 ADAPTIVE PROPOSAL 7a Site Plan 36 7b First Floor Plan 37 7c Second and Third Floor Plan 38 7d Restaurant and Baggage Buildings 39 7e Sections 40 7f Interior Perspectives 41 "It is better to preserve than repair, better to repair than restore, better to restore than reconstruct." - Credo National Trust for Historic Preservation section one THE PRESERVATION MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES Every year historic sites or buildings are destroyed to make room for new developments, and each time, another important piece of our heritage is lost for future generations. For years, preservation was associated with opposition to development and change, thus there was little said when an existing building was torn down. Now, recent trends by the public and private sectors of the country have indi cated an increased awareness of the potential for preserving old buildings, rather than tearing them down. However, the federal government has been concerned with preservation for a long time, with the National Park Service providing strong leadership. This program of preservation "provides us with the only tangible, physical evidences of the past." (Montana Historic Preservation Plan, July, 1975). The importance of preservation was pointed out by Basil Spence, a Scottish architect, who asked the question: "How can our young architects of today face the challenge of the future if all evidence of the past is to be destroyed?" (A Future for the Past, p. 10) In 1933, the Historic American Buildings Survey was organized to document important examples of American architecture with intensive detailed drawings and photographs. With the motto "Preservation through Documentation", the survey has recorded over 16,500 structures in all fifty states and three territories. In 1949, Congress chartered the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which dealt mainly with those structures, deamed a national monument. Yet, there was no official legislation to provide assistance for preservation projects until the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. This Preservation Act became one of the single-most important pieces of legis­ lation dealing with preservation in the United States. It committed the federal government to a policy of federal support of preservation by authorizing the Department of Interior to distribute matching grants to aid the states and the National Trust in carrying on preservation programs. Since 1968 they have allocated over 7 2 million dollars toward preservation programs, under the guidance of the National Park Service. The history of the preservation movement in the United States contains many projects, too numerous to mention. However, Appendix A contains a brief chronology of important noteworthy dates in that history. WHY PRESERVE There are three main reasons why a person should consider preservation as an alternative to new construction: energy conservation, community benefits, and economic benefits. (Historic Preservation: A Handbook for Architecture Students, 1974) Energy Conservation . Savings in total time of project -Minimal demolition -No site clearance -No excavations -Major portions of foundation and structure intact and usable . Savings in materials -Major portions of foundation and structure intact and usable -Landscape and site usually developed Community Benefits . Educational resource -Preserved structure or site can act as a living example of past history, architecture, or culture . Visual and aesthetic improvement to the urban environment . Opportunity for community involvement which leads to an increase in civic pride . Preservable elements are usually centrally located and convenient for use Economic Benefits . Increase in or stabilization of land values (see Table 1) . Increase in tourism .Savings in time reduces the cost of labor and rate of inflation . Savings in materials reduces the amount and cost of new materials (see Table 2) . One preservation project can act as an initiative for the redevelop­ ment of an entire area . Operating costs reduced (see Table 3) Now, before one can proceed with a preservation program, the type of project proposed must be defined. Preservation - A term encompassing most of the others and describing the movement as a whole. Conservation - Involves the modernization of mechanical and structural elements necessary to extend the useful life of the building or facility. The architectural character and integrity of the exterior should be retained. Table 1. EFFECT OF RESTORATION OF SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES ON CHURCH HILL*. Richmond, VA. Changes in Assessed Values 1958-1963 E. Grace Street, 2300 block, North Side, Restored: Location Assessed Value of Land and Improvements Property 1958 1963 2300 2302 2308 2310 2312 2314 2316 2 apartments & exhibit rooms one family house two apartments two apartments one family house one family house two apartments TOTALS $ 7,540 5,020 5,850 5,860 5,220 5,220 6,300 $41,010 $19,100 12,500 10,000 16,000 12,500 11,800 15,000 $96,900 E. Grace Street, 2500 block, North Side, Unrestored (With One Exception): 2500 one family house (restored) 3,380 7,500 2502 one family house 3,920 4,000 2504 one family house 3,420 4,000 2506 one family house 5,990 6,500 2510 one family house 5,980 5,700 2512 one family house 4,810 5,400 2514 one family house 5,260 5,700 2516 one family house 6,260 6,700 2518 one family house V 6,260 6,600 TOTALS $44,280 $57,700 Percentage of rise: restored, 136%, unrestored, 30% (including one restored property) *Planning for Preservation, p. 12. Assessment values are roughly 80 to 85 percent of market value. Table 2. CONSTRUCTION COSTS.* New Construction m • A Major Rehabilitation Minor Rehabilitation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Property Acquisition Front-end Renovation Demolition Basic Building Tenant Improvement Subtotal: hard costs 6. Interim Operating 7. Architect/Engineer & Legal Fees 8. Interim Cash Flow 9. Marketing and Real Estate Fees 10. Developer Overhead 11. Interim Financing 12. Developer Profit Subtotal: soft costs TOTAL $3. 00 .15 38.00 8.00 49.15 2.70 (3 yrs) 2 . 6 0 (negligible) 2.70 1.00 6 . 6 0 6.00 21.60 $70.75 $ 9.00 2.50 10.00 8. 50 30.00 .80 (1.6 yrs) 1.60 (1.00) 2.50 .50 2.50 3.00 9.90 $39.90 B $14.00 1. 50 7.00 8.05 30. 55 1.30 (1.6 yrs) 1.20 (2.00) 2. 80 . 50 3.00 3.00 9.80 $40.35 B A - No major structural changes B - Net income from existing tenants reduces costs during renovation * - costs per square foot Source: Architectural Record, March 1976 Table 3.. OPERATING COSTS.* REHABILITATION^ NEW^ 1. Energy (air conditioned) $ .70 $ .90 2. Janitorial .55 .55 3. Building Operating, Reserve, .75 .95 and Maintenance 4. Vacancy Allowance .25 .40 5. Taxes .60 1.10 Total Operating Costs $2.85 $3.90 A - Net cost per square foot * - Range for single tenant floors Source: Architectural Record, March 197 6 Rehabilitation - Involves equipping the building or facility for an extended useful life with a minimum alteration of original construction Restoration - Means returning a building to its appearance at a specific period, with meticulous attention to original details and materials Reconstruction - Involves utilizing documentary evidence to -design and con­ struct a replica of an earlier building or facility which no longer exists Surveys and Inventories - Involves investigating a building, group of buildings, or site in order to identify them and establish their suitability for listing in the National Registry These definitions provide the architect and client with a working vocabulary that both parties can understand. This basic understanding is important if the preservation program is to run smoothly. THE ARCHITECTS' ROLE IN PRESERVATION With the increased desire by clients to adapt existing spaces rather than rebuild, the architect is finding an economic boost during a time of high inflation. A recent survey compiled by Architectural Record in October 1975 indicated the following: . Over 80 percent of the architects have been involved in remodeling within the past two years . The median architectural firm has about 17 percent of its work in remodeling . About 90 percent of the firms are doing as much or more remodeling work than they did three years ago • 93 percent expect to be doing the same or more remodeling work in the future . 90 percent of the architects say they handle a remodeling project in the same way, with the same people, as a new building The survey was mailed nation-wide with a 31.6 percent response. The 316 respondents reported details on a total of 741 remodeling projects for a total volume of $298,838,100.00...an average of nearly $400,000.00 per project! (Archi­ tectural Record. December, 1974) More than ever before, the services of a qualified architect are needed to ombine the standards and needs of the client within the confines of an existing space. He must be persuasive with unconvinced clients, seek out funding for local preservation, and act as a synthesizer, when necessary, of historic and modern architecture." (Architectural Record, December, 1971) Ure * Preservation Today. Post-graduate degree in preservation, basic training in another discipline. (Source: Journal of Architectural Education, 1976. ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATIONIST PLANNING HISTORY ARCHEOLOGY Figure 2. Preservationist Tomorrow. Independent academic and professional discipline (Source: Journal of Architectural Education, 1976) Unfortunately, today's architect doing preservation work may not be totally qualified. An architectural preservationist today is a person who has a post­ graduate degree in preservation and basic training in another discipline (see Figure 1). In the future, a separate profession will be formed which draws knowledge from the different disciplines (see Figure 2). This person will then have the basic knowledge of each field to understand what is required of a specific preser­ vation program. If a problem should arise during the project, he will know who to contact to solve the problem. sectioo two PRESERVATION IN MONTANA During the late 1950's, the State Highway Department controlled the jurisdiction °f parks through the Parks and Recreation Division. However, their primary interests ere for the roadside rest areas and not the historic sites and buildings throughout th© e state. Then in 1964, the Parks and Recreation Division was transferred to the ish and Game Commission because they were taking care of certain parks and sites °t covered by the Highway Department. Yet, the preservation movement in Montana did ot get its full start until the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act °f 1966. This Act required every state to prepare and implement a program of preserva­ tion that would conform to the newly enacted legislation. In 1968, under the author- y °f the Governor, the Parks and Recreation Division set out to write a historic srvation plan for Montana. The first draft was completed in 1970 and sent to National Park Service in Washington, D.C. The plan was updated in 1973 and 9 n in 1975 to include all the new sites and buildings in the State added to the historic sites list. In 197 6, the Montana Legislature moved the historic preservation program from ish and Game Commission to the State Historical Society. This move brought the 15 program into the forefront of the government after being buried within another department, and is in the process of receiving full departmental status of its own PROBLEMS IN THE PRESERVATION PROGRAM The preservation program in Montana has encountered many difficult problems since it was first put into effect. Some have been solved, but many are still un­ solved, which could threaten new sites or possibly even existing preserved sites and buildings. £dst Problems—Solved 1- Lack of organized programs 2. Need for a state antiquities act -passed by legislature in 1973 3. Need for inventory of historic sites in Montana -fulfilled in 1970 and revised in 1973, 1975, and 1976 Problems—Unsolved !• Program financing and staffing -due to a lack of funds and a need to educate the public in values of preservation Preservation potential for individual historic sites -a standardized system to determine feasibility of sites or resources needed ' Lack of public understanding and participation -"Through education comes understanding and through understanding, protection." 4. Lack of coordination and communication -between agencies, groups, and the public about who or what to do 5. Vandalism -due to increased population -increased mobility ^-Problems Population pressure for more use of federal lands 2. Large areas of potential surface mining 3* Financial assistance needed for private preservation efforts Appendix B lists some of the major preservation legislation which affects the istoric preservation program in Montana. WHAT Is ADAPTIVE USE One of the fastest growing and most challenging preservation activities is ing new uses for old structures that seem to have outlived their original pur- and rehabilitating them to fit new needs. The reuse of our architecture is ted generally by local zoning ordinances, legal standards for security, corporation to hold ti11 (=> - profit —1 4 J_ legal historical lawyer architect historian archeologist professional examination critical evaluation r-L architect architect 4 feasibility engineer developer |— justification enlist public support master plan -I committee architect -| developer PRESERvtm^ SEVEN BASIC STEPS FOR BUI^NGS HIST0RIC SITES AND Nat-^16? DuPrey Bullock National Trust for Historic ^reservation fund raising and promotion architect/developer program for use plan for restoration and development -[ financing long-range plan for 4 maintenance and operation continuing public educational program financial resources, and—our imaginations. Preservation must not be conceived as a kind of petrification--the infinite fixing of a dead past. It should be conceived as the integration of the past into the present and the future in a living and meaningful way. The design should be developed out of the building, not imposed upon it. (A Future for the Past, 1961) Figure 3 illustrates the seven basic steps required when preserving a historic te or building. Whenever a building is proposed for an adaptive use program, these steps should be carried out to eliminate any problems and provide a compatable solution between new and old. Although my project is dealing with an adaptive use P gram for a railroad station, these basic steps are valuable and essential to nY Preservation program. section three MONTANA'S RAILROADS The Rise... The Railroad Act of 1862 put the federal government behind the movement for a transcontinental railroad to connect the eastern cities with the California gold fields. in 1863, the groundwork for the Union Pacific Railroad was begun, and on MaV 1869, the first transcontinental line was completed. After the Civil War, railroad builders became aware of the traffic-generating Potentials of the scenic wonders of the West. Jay Cooke and Company, financiers of the Northern Pacific Extension Project, and other promoters accordingly lobbied for the establishment of Yellowstone National Park. To make it accessible to tourists, they persuaded park promoters to suggest completion of the railroad to coincide with ^he opening of the park in 187 2. Other railroads followed the lead in establishment °t resorts and national parks. (Railroad Maps of the United States, 1975) For example, the Great Northern Railroad promoted politically and financially in the formation of Glacier National Park in northern Montana. The first railroad in the State was built in 1879 from Idaho into Butte. By •^81, Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads were pushing into the State. 21 The Northern Pacific was completed in 1883 at Goldcreek, Montana, claiming the honor of being the first trans-continental railroad through Montana. By 1887, the Great Northern was finished and in 1901, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific built through to the west coast. (Adventure Trails in Montana, 1971) Thus, Montana G°uld claim three trans-continental railroads passing through her boundaries. ^.^And Fall Unfortunately, as the railroads increased in size throughout the state, bigger and better road systems were required to get supplies and materials to and from the ailhead. This improved system of roads, coupled with the advanced transportation ehicles on the market, spelled the decline of the railroads' importance in passenger service. In 1929, over 780 million persons were carried by railroads in the United States. y 1969, this number had been reduced to 296 million passengers, causing the rail— ads to begin curtailment of services. To prevent total rail-passenger abandonment, ngress established Amtrak, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, in 1971. ' they did not own rights-of-way, stations (until recently), fixed equipment, °r a:*-r rights. Now, it makes sense politically and economically to adapt these structures, ra.ther than demolish them. Each station is unique to itself, yet a few generalities c ^n be made: • they were all built as parts of a larger system of transportation, not as ends in themselves . they were built to house a variety of activities . each is unique to its community and for the nation . without some form of federal assistance, these and many fine structures will probably not survive. (Source: Reusing Railroad Stations, 1974) TOURISM IN MONTANA 1 strongly believe that the passenger train will gain more support for mass- arisit over other modes of transportation. With this in mind, I propose a passenger connecting Glacier and Yellowstone National Parks (see Figure 4). This route only provides transportation through four major cities in the State, but also P °vides a more flexible travel system for tourists and residents on a north-south X S A s Table 4 indicates, tourism is our third largest industry and would only nefit from such a system. 23 - CO; N WATER70N-GLACIER B °nnerS Ferrj KalispelL INTERNATIONAL - -^Ai^ARK ALBERTA GLACIER NATIONAL ?ARA V Shelb ""drowning SASKATCHEWAN MONTANA {£; (I FLATHEAD LAKE m Havre MISSOURI REAT FALLS r y. Missoula M If* s A rH bo ise HELENA ^c. sr Miles City PAUL \ r1 BUTTE . *BIG HOLE \ BATTLE FIELD lioTl \ NAT L MON §61 z CH<- 'fC/^/c Billings I io^-aurel-' x \ Dillon Livingston Rad J3I0? ^Gardiner Lodges 'Rockvale West Yellowstbne vDeaver __LOWSfONE . M# Co ^NATIONAL j 1 ' * SHOSHONE CAVERN * NAT L MON MONTANA " WYOMING DEVILS TOWER NAT L MON_ I Bella Fourcha "tv. Shoshc ha .JMi CRATERS OF THE MOON NAT'L MON. L!M£ Victor' ^Idaho Falls TBIackfoot Pocatello ^Moran TGRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK .Jackson Greybull cv- H 1# Worland Moorcroft1 Shoshoni EXIST ING AMTRAK ROUTES _ _ . I \ k Buffalo V> ij^V Rapid Cit^. @ v J I ^^CjUSter] JEWEL CAVE NAT'L MON^^ WIND CAVE NATldNAL] PARK FOSSIL CYCAD NAT'L MON^tf85? m PROPOSED ROUTE UTAH GREAT SALT V/ aSper. ee Forks jsk SCALE 50 tOO FT. LARAMIE NAT'L MON?»^ \ SCOTTS BLUFF NAT L MONjf j Rawlins ^1^0^ ' * ' figure 4. 'Proposed Railroad-Route. 24 Table 4. TRAVEL IS MONTANA'S THIRD LARGEST INDUSTRY* Industry State-Wide Income Agriculture $1,161,050,000 2- Mineral Production 560,246,000 Travel Industry 304,497,664 1975 figures (Source: Montana Travel Promotion Unit—Mini Profile, 1976) This system would also provide the communities along the route more potential economic growth and development. "If a community can attract only two dozen travelers a day through­ out the year, it is economically comparable to acquiring a new manufacturing industry with an annual payroll of $100,000." (Montana Travel Promotion Unit—Mini Profile, 1976) The system also makes many of the historic sites and buildings between the two -pp. more readily available to tourists, as well as citizens of Montana (see appendix c) section four A PROJECT SOLUTION As a means to demonstrate an adaptive use program in Montana, I have chosen Burlington Northern passenger station in Livingston, Montana. The Northern Pacific Railroad founded the city of Livingston in 1882 as a major ^ i v * lsi°n point and jumping-off place for tourists on their way to Yellowstone ^tional Park. A spur line linked Livingston with the north entrance to the park at Gardiner. The station was designed by the architectural firm of Reed and Stem of St. Paul chi-cago in 1901 and is typical of the Italian Renaissance Revival style of chitecture used by the Northern Pacific. Although the building has suffered many modeling projects, it still reflects it original spendor. (Historic Structures John N. DeHaas, Jr.) Although adaptive use projects are possible in any type of structure, I chose is building because of the potential which it exhibits. Also, because it is close the central business district and could remain as a major tourist destination tween the two national parks. LIVINGSTON Goal Statement Develop a master plan for the railroad depot in Livingston, Montana, using the principles of other adaptive use projects, in conjunction with a mass-transit system between Glacier and Yellowstone National Park. Programming In setting up an adaptive use program for the Livingston Station, I had to obtain drawings of the original building built in 1901 (see Figure 6). From these drawings and on-site visits, I was able to determine what changes structurally had been made over the years. After updating the original drawings, I proceeded to develop a program which I felt would work best with the existing building, without destroying the character already established (see Figure 7). 1901 drawings of passenger depot North and South elevation < i r w Last and .'vest elevations Floor Plans I .ST.YIHV*' L MNG.'iTO.'j adaptive proposal An Adaptive Use Program in Montana 'L4VINC8TON Site Plan —y 1 / B O O K / 0 1 F T S H O P I N F O S M A T I O N / C A I M I N T A i iiXTixin <>. • t HI I tO First Floor fuuuj 1 ' l O o n I •AllllT il L Second Floor naa_j 1 K E Y BURLINGTON NORTHERN DIVISIONAL HIADQUAI Tl tS Third Floor rum_j ! / 0 S 10 20 .—1 • n * t ioni Restaurant/Baggage . rum—i 1 / 0 5 to 20 * k e y Section A-A 1 FRANCE PERSPECTIVE L O B B Y P E R S P E C T I V E F R O M B A L C O N Y N O S C A L E l °BBr & TICKET SAIES * 0 S C A L E NO SCALE section five PROJECT EVALUATION In analyzing this project I would have" to say that I am not completely satisfied with the solution as it exists.. If this project were a reality, there would be a close relationship between the architect and an interior designer. This relationship would create a more dramatic space in the station. However, I feel that the important point is to realize that old buildings are capable of continued use and therefore, an asset to the community. With proper forethought, most spaces can be re-adapted to provide new uses at lower costs than a comparable new build­ ing. appendices APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGY OF THE PRESERVATION MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 1853 - Ann Pamela Cunningham founded the Mt. Vernon Ladies Association to protect the home of George Washington 1890 - National Organization—American Institute of Architects enters preservation field 1906 - Antiquities Act passed by Congress 1910 - Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities founded by William Summer Appleton 1933 - Historic American Buildings Survey organized 1935 - Historic Sites Act enacted 1949 - National Trust for Historic Preservation chartered by Congress 1966 - Congress enacts National Historic Preservation Act 197 4 - Congress passes Moss-Bennett bill to expand the Historic Preservation Act of 1966 Sources: Presence of the Past, a history of the preservation movement in the United States, 1965. Montana Historic Preservation Plan, with historic sites compendium, 1975. APPENDIX B EXISTING LEGISLATION RELATED TO HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN MONTANA Federal There are over 250 separate pieces of federal legislation which affect historic preservation in some way. Therefore, only a brief listing is included below of the major legislative acts that relate to Montana's preservation efforts. Antiquities Act of 1906 16 U.S.C., Sees. 431-33 (1970). Historic sites on federal lands can be pro­ tected, excavated by permit, and the President was authorized to declare by public proclamation, historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest upon the lands to be national monuments. He was also authorized to reserve as part of these monuments parcels of land necessary for the proper care and management of the objects to be protected on the condition that the size of such reservations be confined to the smallest area compatible with these objects. Historic Sites Act of 1935 16 U.S.C., Sees. 461-67 (1970). Declared a national policy to preserve for the public use, historic sites, buildings, and objects of national significance for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States. 1. Delegated power to the Secretary of the Interior to carry out a number of functions relevant to the protection of such sites, granting him power to make a survey of historic and archaeological sites, and to acquire, restore, maintain and manage them. 2. Established an eleven-man Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments to assist the Secretary. National Trust for Historic Preservation Chartered in 1949. 16 U.S.C., Sec 468 et seq. (1970). Directed to encourage public participation in preserving American history and culture. National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 16 U.S.C., Sec. 470 et seq. (1970). Established policy guidance and machinery for intensified efforts toward preservation in general and, in particular, protec­ tion from governmental depredation, at least at the federal level. Specific pro­ visions of the Act include: 1. Expanding the National Register of Historic Places so as to allow states to nominate places and sites of state or local historical significance. 2. Provides matching grants-in-aid program to be created by the Secretary of the Interior for aiding states in preservation. Also provides a matching grants-in- aid to the National Trust. 3. Establishes the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation which acts in an advisory capacity to the Secretary of the Interior. 4. Protects properties listed on the National Register by requiring the head of a federal agency to undertake a project which is federally funded and having some effect on a Register property to report on that effect to the Advisory Council. The Council in turn makes a recommendation as to the advisability of continuing with the project. Department of Transportation Act of 1966 (DOT ACT) Pub. L. No 89-670, 80 Stat. 931. 1. Section 2(b)(2) declared the national policy that special effort should be made to preserve historic sites. 2. Section 4(f) - Approval of a program shall be conditioned on a showing that a program will minimize all impact on historic sites. 3. The major case interpreting the language of the act was Overland Park which construed it to mean that protected land was not to be destroyed unless the Secretary of Transportation finds "that alternative routes present unique problems." 4. Sections 2(b)(2) and 4(f) extend the same requirements to: a. Federal-aid highways and activities of: (1) Federal Aviation Administration (2) The Coast Guard (3) The Urban Mass Transportation Administration (4) Federal Railroad Administration 5. The Act protects National Register Property and any other historical land­ mark designed by an appropriate authority. Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 Pub. L. 89-754, 80 Stat. 1255. Department of Housing and Urban Development authorized to grant cities and counties two-thirds of the cost of surveys of historic sites and structures and finance preservation in project areas. 1. Title VI provides assistance for projects including acquisition, restora­ tion, and relocation of historic properties. 2. The Act amends Section 110(d)(2) of the urban renewal law by authorizing local grant-in-aid credit for expenditures by localities and other public bodies for historic and archaeological preservation. 3. 603(a) authorizes the Secretary of HUD to grant the National Trust up to $90,000 per structure for costs incurred by the Trust in renovating or restoring structures accepted by the Trust. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) Pub. L. 91-190, 83 Stat. 852. Prescribes a methodology by which the decision maker of a federally funded project discovers and articulates in advance the con­ sequences of his proposed action, both in terms of environment and historic preser­ vation. Federal-Aid Highway Act of 197 0 Pub. L. 91-605, 84 Stat. 1713. Requires state highway departments proposing federally assisted projects, near urban areas to hold hearings and consider all effects and alternatives. Urban Mass Transportation Assistance Act of 197Q 49 U.S.C. 1610 (Supp.. V, 1970). Secretary of Transportation must consider the effects of any federally assisted urban mass transportation project on historic buildings and sites. Executive Order 11593, "Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment/' May 13, 1971 16 U.S.C., Sec. 470 et seq. (1970). The Executive Order states that "the Federal government shall provide leadership in preserving, restoring, and maintain­ ing the historic and cultural environment of the Nation." Federal agencies are directed to administer cultural properties under their control in a spirit of a stewardship and trusteeship for future generations and to initiate measures to direct their activities in such a way that federally owned properties of historical, architectural, or archaeological significance are preserved, restored, and maintained for the inspiration and benefit of the people. The Moss-Bennett Bill of 1974 (Publ L. 93-291; 88 Stat. 1974; 16 U.S.C. 469a). This law expands the Historic Preservation Act of 1966 to include funding for recovery or preservation of arch­ aeological resources affected by any agency's programs through monies, by contract with an archaeological agency, or through the Secretary of the Interior. Housing and Urban Development Act of 197 4 Pub. L. 93-383, 88 Stat. 633. Block grants provided to communities by the Act 51 can be used to acquire, rehabilitate, preserve, restore, and dispose of historic properties and can be used to match Historic Preservation Act Grants. State The following statutory material relates to historic preservation in Montana: Montana Constitution Montana Constitution, Article IX Section 4. Cultural Resources. The legisla­ ture shall provide for the identification, acquisition, restoration, enhancement, preservation, and administration of scenic, historic, archaeologic, scientific, cultural, and recreational areas, sites, records and objects, and for their use and enjoyment by the people. Montana Historical Society Sections 44-516 to 44-529, R.C.M. 1947, as amended, provide the legislative basis for the "Historical Society of Montana". Section 44-516 R.C.M. 1949, in relating the purposes of the Society, states that it "constitutes an agency of state government for the use, learning, culture, and enjoyment of the citizens of the State.and for the acquisition, preservation and protection of historical records, art archival and museum objects, historical places, sites and monuments and the custody, maintenance and operation of the historical library, museums, art galleries, and historical places, sites and monuments." It should be noted, however, that although 44-516 includes the acquisition of historical places and sites, as a purpose of the society, and although in the definitions Section 44-517(1)(c) also includes historical places and sites acquired or developed by the society, the powers and duties of the trustees as set out in Section 44-523 do not include the acquisition of sites of historical places except as may be inferred from the trustee's power to receive donations and gifts. Montana Fish and Game Commission Sections 62-301 to 62-314 R.C.M. 1947, give the state fish and game_commission certain powers for the purpose of conserving the scenic, historic, archaeologic, scientific and recreational resources of the state. Source: Montana Historic Preservation Plan, Helena: Montana Fish and Game Commission, 1975. , ^ APPOINTMENT "EDICINE F IGHT SITE GRAND UNION HOTEL FORT BENTON HISTORIC DISTRICT GREAT FALLS PORTAGE- VAHKPA CHUQN BUFFALO JUMP FORT LOGAN FORT UNION TRADING P08T- RUSSELL HOUSE-A FORT BENTON-, T\ o O t c • SHCLBr LIBTFT CXSTi M CHOTtAU ' C "T 0 rALLS // I INL M O N TA N A///S?,EFHJESBEAR|ATPAWEGR0UND F0RT PECK AGENCY- TIPI HILLS j . . • ualTA S H T 0 C © P •> • L » P S 'LEWIS ANTS CLARK CAMP AT ^^^LAUGHTER RIVER ROCKY POINT • (H.ASCO* SITE T*S REST * £ • C j s • LEWIS TOWN TRAIL } °*EN VY'S MISSION "KOHRS RANCH CREEK LABORATOF \HOUSI i edULM* #RCUO*ATE* WHIT I iJLP»u* I HAHLCWTO* SP'IfKS FRATERNll HALL « MEATIANQ 6>.C*Ok vf A • •» • RR*»* • UUSS( lS H Cl i /HOSKINS BASIN ARCHAEOLOGIC D1STRIC1 • twt.es C'*r tAtl" • trtGATC ,J[*RCUS) HOTEL * FREE LIBRARY BATTLEFIELD- ' *A., MANSION ^HEAD ROCK ^CIR HISTORIC DISTRICT PASS L««T (MIS • | tic T/ttgeij , M * OJ L'rmcsrc P A R K C^ -V. HISTORIC DISTRICT Sn "SSjgSgaUd EXECUTIVE MANSION- HOUSE Si? ROOST CITY HISTORIC DISTRICT BUFFALO JUMP © PLANNING REGIONS \ • NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS • NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS • HISTORIC PLACES PORKS OF THE MISSOURI >2/73 DEMIJOHN FLAT ARCHAEOLOGIC DIST. BLM PETROGLYPHS BAD PASS (SIOUX) TRAIL NAWNAL REGISTER SITES IN MONTANA POMPEY'S PILLAR CUSTER BATTLEFIELD BATTLE OF THE ROSEBUD SITE BILLINGS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING - PARMLY BILLINGS LIBRARY PICTOGRAPH CAVE FORT C.F SMITH HISTORIC DIST. CHIEF PLENTY COUPS MEMORIAL PRETTY CREEK ARCHAEOLOGIC DIST. 0 CHIEF MOUNTIAN © GOLD BUTTE M A N Y ACIER © WHOOP-UP TRAIL HOTEL FORT SHAW" FORT MACLEOD (D CLARK (H.P) HOME I) OLD NORTH TRAIL DEMPSEY-GIBBONS FIGHT SITE TRAIL & S T J»TlON CAMP DISAPPOINTMENT MAR © MEDICINE ROCK OF THE MARIAS © FORT CONRAD ® BAKER'S MASSACRE ON THE MARIAS ® PABT-O RAPIDS JUDITH LANDING HISTORIC DISTRICT BLACKFEET BOARCMNG SCHOOL DRIVE SITE © STEAM80AT ROCK © FORT PIEGAN © COAL BANKS LANDING © DUNES SITE © FISK OVERLAND TRAIL* © FORT MCKENZIE © FORT COTTON © FORT LEWIS BIG SPRING jj® HOLY FAMILY ~ S|ON AND CEMETERY Q GAL ATA SITE I 'v(§) BLACKFEET AGENCY IE T *0 MEDICINE FIGHT SITE "08ARE © DEEP CREEK KILL SITE LEWIS 8 CLARK CAMP AT BELT CflEEK © BLACKFEET AGENCY I © CHOTEAU BUFFALO JUMP (5) PRIEST BUTTE ® GUTHR1E(A.B., JR.) HOME ©@ BLACKFEET AGENCY FARM LEWIS CLARK THEMES VICINAL AMERICANS ARTS fe°" yl0,UTION 8SETTLEMENT yT**Y AFFAIRS V t'CAL AFFAIRS •NATION C A M P A T SLAUGHTER RIVER © SUN RIVER MEDICINE WHEEL © FORD RANCH © MISSOURI RIVER WATERWAY ©@> BLACKFEET-CROW BATTLE ON THE SUN RIVER FORT SHAW FORT BENTON HISTORIC DISTRICT. Q ULM PISHKUN HOLE" IN-THE WALL BAKERd.G.) COMPANY BUILDING BAKERUGJ HOME CHOUTEAU HOUSE CULBERTSON HOUSE © FORT BENTON FORT CAMPBELL FORT LABARGE GRAND UNION HOTEi- CONRAD RESIDENCE ST PAUL'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH OPHIR LANDING a MASSACRE SITE ?*CE ^OGY © BLACK EAGLE DAM ©© 0 ©© w « * " 0 © © © ® © © © @ © ® HQ- X V)UJ U bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Cheney, Roberta Carkeek, Names on the Face of Montana: the Story of Montana's Place Names. Missoula: University of Montana Printing Department, 1971. Hosmer, Charles B., Jr., Presence of the Past, a History of the Preservation Move­ ment in the United States. New York: G. P. Putnam's and Sons, 1965. Insall, Donald W., The Care of Old Buildings Today, a Practical Guide. London: The Architectural Press, 1972. Kelsall, Moultrie R. and Stuart Harris, A Future for the Past. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1961. Modelski, Andrew M., Railroad Maps of the United States. Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975. Montague, Robert L., III, and Tony P. Wrenn, Planning for Preservation. Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press, 1964. Montana Fish and Game Commission, Parks and Recreation Division, Montana Historic Preservation Plan, with historic sites compendium. Second ed., Helena: (n.p.), 1975. National Trust for Historic Preservation, papers from the Preservation and Building Codes Conference, Preservation and Building Codes. Washington, D.C.: The Preserva­ tion Press, 1975. Pell, Senator Claiborne, Megalopolis Unbound: The Supercity and the Transportation of Tomorrow. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1966. Preserving Historic America. U. S. Department of Urban Development, Washington, D.C. U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Reusing Railroad Stations. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratories, Inc., 1974. Stanforth, Dierdre, Restored America. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1975. Willard, John, Adventure Trails in Montana. Billings: John Willard Publishers, 1971. Wrenn, Tony P., and Elizabeth D. Mulloy, America's Forgotten Architecture. New York: Pantheon Books, 197 6. Periodicals "Amtrak Will Help Towns Upgrade Old Stations" (Unsigned editorial), The Billings Gazette, December 3, 197 6. "Building Type Study 429, New Life for Old Buildings: The Architect's Renewed Commitment to Preservation," Architectural Record, Vol. 150, No. 6 (December 1971), 81-138. "Building Type Study 469, Conservation in the Context of Change," Architectural Record, Vol. 156, No. 8 (December 1974), 85-136. "Building Type Study 478," Architectural Record, Vol. 158, No. 2 (August 1975), 67-82. "Building Type Study 48 3," The Search for Better Buildings at Lower Cost," Architectural Record, Vol. 158, No. 8 (December 1975), 65-112. Dean, Andrea 0, "Adaptive Use: Economic and Other Advantages," AIA Journal, (June 1976), 26-28. Gould, Whitney, "Future Bright for Recycled Buildings," The Capital Times, August 2, 1976, p. 21. Gould, Whitney, "Old Buildings Get New Lease on Life." The Capital Times, August 3, 1976, p. 13. , "Recycling Brings out the Panache." The Capital Times, August 4, 1976, p. 21. McLaughlin, Herbert P., Jr., AIA, "A 'Preservation Addict" Looks at the Practical Side of Rehabilitating for Profit." Architectural Record, Vol 159, No 3 (March 1976), 65-67. Morton, W. Brown, III. "International Centre." JAE, Vol 30, No. 2 (November 1976), 12-13. "Rail Service Snub" (Unsigned Editorial), The Bozeman Daily Chronicle, March 27, 1977, p. 4. Other Sources Architects Handbook of Professional Practice: The Architect as a Preservationist— Chapter 21. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects, 1971. Bullock, Helen Duprey, Seven Basic Steps for Preserving Historic Sites and Buildings. Washington: The National Trust for Historic Preservation. Glenn, Marsha, Historic Preservation: A Handbook for Architecture Students. Washington, D.C.I AIA Institute Scholar Program, 1974. Montana Travel Promotion Unit. Mini Profile. Helena: Montana Department of High­ ways, 1975. Oral Sources DeHaas, John N., Jr., Professor, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Inter­ views, January-June 1977. Lund, Cary, resident of Livingston, Montana. Interview, April 28, 1977. McGee, Warren, retired railroad employee, Livingston, Montana. Interview, January, 1977. wassffi"—"."R:I,w l/ut ___ Ellsworth use program Montana BSF AIR ^<./3 ttnr^ tz •<: ' -v