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CONTENTS 
Thesis Advisor 
Saint Bernard Supper Club 
and. Lounge, Bridger Bowl, 
Bozeman, Montana 
by 
Robert J. Wheeler 
Montana State University 
Bozeman, Montana 
June, 1987 
Statement of Permission to Copy 
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree at Montana 
State University, I agree that the library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further 
agree that "oermission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted 
by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any 
copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written 
permission. 
Permission to Copy 
Contents: 
Thesis Statement 1 
Introduction. . 2 
Social and Commercial Atmosphere. 4 
Case Studies .6 
Ana.lysis 18 
Site Selection 2^ 
Climate 27 
Conclusion 28 
Bibliography 31 
Appendix A — Problem Solving Table A-l 
Appendix B — General Site Analysis B-l 
Appendix C — Building Site Analysis C-l 
Appendix D — Building Program D-l 
Appendix E — Building Plans E-l 
THESIS STATEMENT 
The architect has a responsibility 
to society when designing to com­
prehend the total needs of the area 
involved and then to design sympa­
thetically towards those needs. 
INTRODUCTION 
Introduction 
The problem that I have decided to carry out the development of my thesis by is the designing 
of a new Saint Bernard Restaurant and Lounge for Bridger Bowl. The problem I have chosen to address 
is the building of a public facility in an alptne environment. My solution will reflect the need for 
public facilities of this type at Bridger Bowl. 
The reason for my choosing this thesis subject matter came from an interest I have in understanding 
how architecture can reflect the environment around it. Alpine environments are of special interest to 
myself because of the powerful elements which make up the contexts of these environments, namely the 
mountains themselves. Architecture seems to have little significance in the shadow of a mountain. 
This type of environment poses a strong context for architecture. It is hard to imagine any building 
that has a hold on beauty as do mountains. It would, therefore, be my objective to grasp an under­
standing of some of the elements which make up an alpine environment to mold my architecture from. 
When designing for a semi-primitive area such as an Alpine environment the architect has a so­
cial obligation to adapt his architecture to the environment in order to maintain an environmental 
balance. It is in man's best interest to preserve nature's natural balance to sustain man's exist­
ence. The. main ingredients of man's existence (air, food, water) are often destroyed by man's reck­
less use of his environments. An Alpine environment is especially delicate and must be treated sympa­
thetically. With this in mind, it is my intention to closely examine all factors of this environment 
and gain an understanding of it, so that I may preserve what is there. My design should have as lit­
tle ill effect on the natural balance of nature as xx>ssible. 
Regionalism with regards to architecture is a strong factor in realizing the total needs of an 
area. Architecture should reflect the region of which it is an element of. By reflecting its locale, 
it gives its sense of place and meaning. Without place and meaning, it is merely building. Prefab 
Housing transplanted into any environment lacks meaning and sense of place. This is not only true with 
architecture but with nature. Nature has its own form of regionalism, for instance, a palm tree trans­
planted to the snowy Bridger Mountains would not only be out of context, it would not survive. Nat­
ural environments retain their sense of place and therefore have meaning. If architecture can reflect 
its environment, it may absorb some of the environment's sense of place. It is the social obligation 
of the designer to understand the region's elements and thus, design accordingly. 
The need to be sympathetic toward the needs of society has been established, now it must be deter­
mined how to go about designing for the needs of the society involved. For this the scope of the im­
pact the nroject will have must be understood. 
Before designing begins, the problems must be clearly and comDletely defined. This is primarily 
done by scientific method of data gathering. By beginning with a concent the designer will be able 
to determine exa.ctly which data- to gather. All the information to be gathered must be related to a 
specific need which will aid in developing the understanding of the overall problem. 
Once the information has been gathered, the designer must decide which information is pertinent, 
and. then the designer must a„ssimulate the information in a solution. 
The designer becomes in touch with the society that he will affect by becoming aware of the spe­
cific needs of the area involved. 
SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL ATMOSPHERE 
Bridger Bowl Social and Commercial Atmosphere 
Bridger Bowl as a non-nrofit organization has stated reDeatedly that the basic purpose of the ski 
area is to orovide quality skiing for the Bozeman-Gallatin County residents with the attraction of the 
out-of-the-area skiers being secondary. This fact along with the Bridger Canyon General Dlan which 
fa.vors "the conservation of natural resources, the preservation of open space and agricultural usages, 
and limited, controlled growth," set the social and commercial atmosphere of the area. Providing a qual­
ity recreational area while ^reserving the serene qualities of the Bridger Canyon area for use mainly 
by the local people of Gallatin County is the main objective of the Bridger Canyon General Plan which 
was adoDted in 1979-
Although the Bridger Bowl Base area has good potential for a large commercial development of mini-
malls, hotels and condiminiums, a large commercial development of this type would be in opposition to 
the Bridger Canyon General Plan and could actually contribute to the demise of the aforementioned desired 
qualities of the Bridger Bowl Base area and Bridger Canyon area. Problems associated with a large com­
mercial development would include (l) an increase in traffic on the Bridger Canyon Highway which is 
presently designed for limited amounts of traffic, (2) mini malls, hotels and condominiums would ob­
scure the "qua.lity skiing is first" attitude which now prevails at the area and is an attitude which 
makes Bridger Bowl popular and affordable to the local people. The visual and ecological impacts such 
a. develonment would have on the area could also be" devastating and not in accord, with the Bridger 
Ca.nyon General Plan which reflects the prevalent local attitude. 
Aside from these points a certain amount or limited controlled growth of the area is desirable. 
This is also a goal of the Bridger Ganyon General 
hance the quality of the recreation in the area, 
year-round recreation in the area and at the same 
this could be done with minimal ecological impact 
Plan. The oroper development of the area would en-
The proper development would also enhance or induce 
time preserve the local attitude and the ecology. All 
on the area. 
; ; ... . - :. 
tj.- I I m m . 
Case Studies 
To further understand how to design for fragile Alpine environments and gain some understanding 
of regionalism, I chose to do some case studies of varying types. I chose two Alpine ski areas for 
their methodology and conclusions on the designing for a fragile mountain environment, and the sensi­
tivity they exhibited when designing. They also were useful studies for understanding regionalism 
which is reflected in the forms and materials used in the various Alpine settings. 
The other two case studies I have chosen involve "buildings that are or were within the local 
vicinity of the site. The study of these buildings will reveal forms and materials which are indi­
genous to this region and how the designers of these buildings handled the Alpine environment. 
The former Saint Bernard Supper Club was chosen as a case study because it has a history which 
I felt should not be ignored. It is not necessarily the intention to duplicate the former Saint 
Bernard Supper Club, but rather to examine it, because it may reveal some characteristics which I may 
deem desirable and useful in the design of a new Saint Bernard Supper Club. 
Case I 
Name: Deer Valley Resort 
Snow Fcirk and Silver Lake Centers 
Location: Pferk City, Utah 
Building Function: Snow P&rk is a ski lodge for day skiers. Silver Lake is a ski lodge for desti­
nation skiers. 
The downhill Snow Bark Center for day skiing and the uphill Silver Lake Center for destination 
skiing incorporate some design features which could well be adapted to the design of other Alpine build­
ings. 
Both centers have slightly different needs and functions yet both centers were designed around 
the same twenty-foot square module to meet those needs and functions. This shows the flexibility of 
the square module when used for design of various types of buildings. Snow Rsrk is large and expansive 
and has a very open atmosphere in order to cater to the day time skiers while Silver Lake is more 
intimate, more like a hunting lodge. The respective moods of the buildings reflect their respective 
programs. They share interior and exterior materials and details, yet they differ significantly in 
feeling. Grand and rustic fairly characterize the materials and finishes of Silver Lake and Snow 
Fiark Centers. 
Silver Lake and Snow F&rk share a heavy-timber-joined-by-steel connector structural system: the 
main building columns are massive Douglas Fir logs. Both buildings sit on concrete bases veneered in 
the local sandstone. The concrete shear walls are veneered in the same local sandstone. And both 
buildings are capped with "cold" double-membrane clay tile roofs: The virtue of the "cold" roof is 
that it keeps the snow from falling on unsuspecting skiers, and from melting and staining the Western 
red cedar board-and-batten siding. An added virtue of course is added insulation. Inside the lodges 
the materials are slightly more refined: sandstone, or oak plank, or yellow pine floors with West­
ern red cedar, or redwood board, or gypboard walls. 
What you will see if you were to view the buildings is an appropriate idiosyncratic mixture of 
Swiss Chalet and Western Mining Gamp, grandly splayed clay tile capped roofs resting on red cedar walls, 
resting on sandstone bases, the materials were chosen for their strength beauty and appropriateness. 
Snow Bark and Silver Lake appear as though they have always been there or simply belong there— 
nestled into the Utah snow. This type of architecture reflects an attitude about architecture and place, 
an attitude which says the former should spring from, not on the latter. 
SILVER LAKE CENTER 
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Retail 
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Arcade 
Deck 
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MAIN LEVEL 
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2. Kitchen 
•i. Dining 
. Lounge 
5. Restaurant 
n. Retail 
7. Office 
S. Ski rental 
9. Tickets 
10. Arcade 
11. Deck 
BASEMENT LEVEL 
Case II 
Name: Northstar 
Location: Lake Tahoe, California 
Building Function: Mountain Ski Resort 
Northstar is located on the heavily forested slopes of 8,600 foot Mt. Pluto and 8,100 foot Look 
Out Mountain. 
The main objective of the Land Use Plan was to maintain the environmental and ecological and econ­
omic values of the land. The forests that cover the mountainsides are not virgin preserves, they had, 
in fact, been logged for many years, "but without devastation. Logging had. been carefully planned to 
maintain the landscape, minimize the erosion and foster forest regeneration. 
Northstar has a minimum ecological impact on the area. Site analysis by computer of slope angles, 
exposure to sun shadow, snow depths, tree species, plant variety, indigneous animals, in sum, all pos­
sible aspects of the ecology were developed into criteria for physical planning. Visual impact studies 
proved that buildings could be fitted into the environment without altering it, and indeed so that they 
would be invisible from anywhere outside the property. Even within the property no more than three build­
ings can be seen at a time, and no where is an overall view obtained. The sense of seclusion belies the 
density of the development. 
"It is not true that no trees were cut down," points out architect Herik Bull, "but it looks that 
way." Even eight inch trees beside a doorway were saved. 
One of the primary design goals was to create a completely pedestrian place, and with some remark-
able success, the architects have done this. Gars are parked away from the village, and everyone 
walks. Six hundred cars can be parked in a large lot outside the village, laid out to follow the con­
tours of the site, and well planted with trees that will eventually hide it. The grove of trees in the 
center of the village set the height limit for buildings in the area. 
Northstar's almost completely wooded site presented the architects with a unique opportunity to 
relate buildings and environment. The architects also demonstrated how well square modules and cluster­
ing of buildings adapts to the fragile Alpine environment. 
All buildings are set among tall pines and firs which leave nothing but obscure views of the build­
ings. For minimum disturbance to the terrain, buildings consist of varying number and type of units 
depending on site conditions, are concentrated in clusters. Modular design of units makes adaptation 
to the site relatively simple. Entrances are located at right angles to pitches of roofs to preclude 
sliding snow and melting icicles from hitting people. 
Exterior materials and details include: natural finish, diagonally cut cedar boards, used on ex­
terior walls with heavy wood trim, stained brown and blue aluminum roofs. The main chalet has an in­
teresting blue enameled aluminum roof, designed to take care of snow problems through its form. On 
one side it is so steep that the snow can not build up on it; this is the front where people gather. 
On the other side the pitch allows snow to slide off onto an area never used by people. 
-XV' 
NORTHSTAR 
Case III 
Name: Saint Bernard Supper Club 
Location: Bridger Bowl, Boseman, Montana 
Building Function: Supper Club and ski lounge 
The former Saint Bernard Supper Club and lounge was a post and beam structure which burned to the 
ground in 1984. The upper level had a total capacity of 70 persons and the lower level held 50 persons. 
The lounge was designed for approximately 25 persons, which was quite inadequate for the number of skiers 
Bridger Bowl had. The building was located in the base area of Bridger Bowl between the main parking 
lot and a small man-made reservoir. This location was void of tree cover and did not allow for a park­
ing area for the building itself. The dining area overlooked the small reservoir and the lounge area 
had a view of the ski slopes. The lounge had a moderate size outdoor deck which was partially protected 
by the building's roof overhang, yet it received some afternoon sun. The main entrance pierced the south-
facing roof which had a very steep pitch and an eave line which was within .six feet of the ground. Since 
the building was located in an ooen area and exposed to the prevailing south winds, the south-facing 
roof with its steep pitch and low eave line was proably designed to direct the winds up and over the 
building. The south view of the building almost made it appear as an A-frame structure, where the roof 
also functions as the wall. The north-facing roof had much less pitch to it. The roof form along 
with the placement of windows vias apparently intended to open the building up to the north and west sides 
and close it off to the south and east sides which had less desirable views. The roof was covered in 
cedar shakes as are most of the other buildings in the base area. There was a centrally located stone 
chimney which was utilized in the restaurant. The building had some convert ability—during peak 
lounge use, which was usually right after the ski area closed at 4 pm, the restaurant which was not 
serving, was converted to handle the overflow of the crowd from the lounge. In balmy weather the lounge*s 
outdoor deck was also utilized. The lower level, with a capacity of 50 persons, also was converted to 
handle peak crowds, while at other time it was used to serve banquets. The restaurant functioned 
as a supper club after 6 pm, and reservations were usually required. Reservations for banquets could 
also be made. 
The restaurant had a rustic western finish-rough finish post and beams and exposed stone chimney. 
The fine cuisine was cooked on an ooen grill at the center of the south end of the restaurant. This 
was part of the charm of dining there, watching the cook prepare the menu specialties. The restaurant 
could only serve about 50 persons at one time on the main level, but this is a fact which attributed 
to the intimacy one would experience when dining there. 
The lounge was really only designed for twenty people and was quite inadequate for peak loads. 
The lounge had similar rustic western charm. 
The atmosphere of the restaurant was also converted as the function was. The candle-lit, linen 
covered table, which came out in the evening and contributed to the intimate atmosphere of the rest­
aurant, were in strong contrast with the atmosphere presented by the loud crowd of beer-drinking skiers 
only hours earlier. This is the type of convertability which made the Saint Bernard a unique restaurant 
and lounge. 
The Saint Bernard Supper Club was open on a year-round basis, and was able to do so because they 
offered fine dining in a pleasant mountain atmosphere that attracted the local natrons even during the 
summer months. 
Case IV 
Name: Gross Gut Guest Ranch 
Location: Bridger Bowl, Bozeman, Montana 
Building Function: Lounge/Restaurant/Ovemight accomodations 
The Cross Cut Guest Ranch, located l/2 mile east of the Bridger Bowl Base area, is a restaurant, 
lounge, and overnight guest ranch all rolled in to one. The restaurant, lounge and offices are housed 
in a hodge podge of structures, consisting of older and newer buildings which are connected together 
in what appears to be an uncontrived method. 
The older log cabin which houses the small lounge is quite intimate with its rustic log interior, 
stone fireplace, wagon wheel chandelier, and rustic bar made of logs. What aDpears to be a later ad­
dition to the small lounge is another log structure which houses the Guest Ranch's offices. The two 
log buildings are joined end to end to form one long incongruent log structure. The main entry is lo­
cated at the point of connection making it a kind of awkward entry. 
The restaurant portion is located in an even newer wing which has been added onto the rear of the 
two main buildings, and juts out perpendicular to the main buildings. The newer wing is a more modern 
post and beam structure which is very incongruent with the previous existing buildings. Access to the 
restaurant is through a short narrow hallway. The restaurant has a contemporary western appeal to it. 
It is simnly finished with earthtone colors, in the carpet, wallpaper and linen table cloths, all which 
give it a somewhat intimate and even a little elegant feeling. The lounge on the other hand reflects 
the western appeal of the past. Its stone fireplace, log construction and older style furnishings 
give it the feeling of a trophy room in a large old hunting lodge. Stepping from the restaurant to 
the lounge gives one the feeling of time travel. The restaurant and lounge cater to the overnight guest 
first and local patrons second. 
The overnight guest house is a separate two-story building, which has vertical board and batten 
paifited siding and appears to have been built sometime after the original log buildings. 
The Gross Gut Guest Ranch caters more to nordic skiers and respectively has a nordic atmosphere. 
They can accomodate 30 overnight guests and they serve $0 to 60 diners per night. The lounge at most 
will hold 30 persons. They also cater to banquet groups and they are open all year round with the ex­
ception being in the spring when they are closed for about six weeks. 
The Gross Gut Ranch is a good example of a converted structure, but it lacks cohesive planning. 
The buildings are located in a semi-open flat area. The original buildings have some tree cover but as 
the buildings were added onto, they outgrew the available tree cover. This further reflects the sponta­
neity of the thought or planning that went into these buildings; all the buildings utilize galvanized 
metal roofing and all the roofs have different degrees of pitch, further adding to the incongruent 
nature of the buildings. 
Summary of the Case Studies 
The designers of Northstar and Bark City utilized common sense and modern technology to resoond 
to their respective fragile mountain environments. By understanding all aspects of the environments 
involved, they were able to design buildings which are very sensitive to their site, have minimum im­
pact to their site, and offer a very quality space for the users. 
Both projects demonstrate how modular designs can adapt to varying degrees of terrain and veg­
etation to blend with the respective environment. Clustering of buildings also ranks high among the 
design principles involved in fragile environments. Clusters of buildings can reduce the physical and 
visual damage to an s.rea which has fragile physical elements and beautiful protection for the buildings 
and the inhabitants themselves from wind, snow and sun. 
Careful planning of materials and forms for the Northstar and "Bark City projects has resulted in 
designs which appear indigenous to their area. The quality of the spaces was not in the least bit 
compromised, and, in fact, a very high quality of the space was attained. 
The former Saint Bernard and the Cross Cut Ranch seem to have been designed around the principle 
of designing the building to protect it from the environment, rather than designing in harmony with 
the environment. The former Saint Bernard dominated its site and was highly exposed, to the natural 
elements leaving the building to provide for its own protection from the elements rather than making 
use of tree cover, slopes and other site factors. The building did offer an example of materials and 
forms which reflect regional elements. 
The original buildings of the Gross Gut Guest Ranch were most likely built prior to the era when 
•professional designers were consulted. This does not necessarily mean that to some extent that the 
builders of these buildings did not or could not respond to the environment. In fact, they "oroably 
used more common sense than some more contemporary builders. They built in a relatively flat area away 
from the local waterways and within some of the area's tree cover. They added on as more space was 
needed in a manner which reflects typical historical building practices in this region. The buildings 
only outgrew their tree cover when more contemporary buildings were added on. The log construction 
and the galvanized metal roofs are typical of regional materials and construction techniques. The 
interior offers a contemporary rustic and elegant dining room and a very authentic rustic Alt>ine lounge. 
The Saint Bernard Supper Club and the Gross Gut Guest Ranch also were of study value for their 
building function and type. Both buildings are Alpine buildings which function as restaurant and 
lounge. Although the two businesses provided two different types of restaurant/lounge, they both 
will be valuable in developing a building program for a new Saint Bernard project. 
ANALYSIS 
Analysis 
A need has been established for a new Saint Bernard Supper Club and lounge, because of the lack 
of this type of facilities within the Bridger Bowl ba.se area. This is due to the fact that the pre­
vious Saint Bernard which was a successful year-round business and a desirable asset to the Bridger Bowl 
area, burned down in 198^. The former Saint Bernard had become inadequate to meet the demand of the 
growing ski area and thus, expansion or a new building was needed. Since the original building burned 
down, expansion is obviously ruled out and thus, a total study of the area should be done to determine 
where the building site should, be. 
The first issue that I addressed was exactly how much area should be investigated to determine a 
new site. I decided that I would investigate the areas which would be within a relatively good prox-
imity to the base area and easily accessible to the existing roads and parking. Access by skiing, walk­
ing, and automobiles was considered. 
I chose the general area, which met the above mentioned criteria and is indicated on the maps of the 
area. Then I "proceed to do a survey of this large study area using two resources and nroblem seeking 
references. The first resource, Design with Nature, suggests different tyoes of resource investigations 
to undertake. I chose to study the following resource investigations: land ownership, present uses, 
roads and parking lots, slope, vegetation, soils, streams, and ponds, climate, views, zoning, and pre­
sent buildings. 
Through the total examinations of this survey, I was able to choose the most appropriate site with 
respect to the physical features. 
The second resource which I consulted was the book, Problem Seeking. This book includes a very 
helpful index which is actually aimed more towards the design of a building, but also has a lot of 
applications towards site analysis. (See Appendix A.) Utilizing this problem index provided more 
criteria to choose the specific building site from. Once I gathered and analyzed all the information 
I was able to choose a specific site. 
A specific site has been selected and now a micro-analysis must be made to determine how to best 
use the specific site. To do the micro-analysis I repeat the process of the two analyses. Results of 
this investigation are in Appendix G. 
Now that the most suitable site for the building has been determined, I, again, consult Penas ta­
ble in Appendix A to determine how my building will function and derive a program for my building. The 
results of these conclusions are in Appendix D—(Building Program). 
Site Analysis Maps 
Ownership 
In order to reveal the consequences of unplanned growth at Bridger Bowl, it is necessary to specify 
the nature of the Dressures and demands which would impinge on the area. This requires the precise 
identification of property, its ownership, the nature of the owner-"bona fide farmer, trust or specu­
lator, land and building values. 
Slopes 
Walls and slopes of 30 percent or greater should be prohibited to development and should be planted 
to forest cover. This is to prevent undue damage to the terrain by erosion. Slope conditions place 
limitations on roadways, utilities and the location of structures. 
Trees 
Trees serve many functions. To maintain the natural aesthetics of the site as few trees should 
be removed as possible. The significance of tree cover relates to the Bridger Canyon General Plan 
which recommends that visual aesthetics be preserved through the clustering of development in areas 
of tree cover. Trees may aJ_so function as a wind block and provide a natural habitat for many indi-
\ 
geneous mountain animals and bird. 
Soils 
Soils are a very critical element in the choosing of a site. Some soils may provide some very 
serious constraints in relation to roadways, embankments, and "buildings and their relation to soil 
erosion hazards. 
Waterways and Streams 
Zones along the waterways are important not only for carrying of runoff waters, but also for the 
preservation and protection of water quality. Waterways should be crossed by roads and utilities as 
infrequently as possible and stream influence zones of a minimum of 50 feet (25 feet on either side 
of the channel) should be preserved in a natural condition along all waterways. 
Roads and Barking 
• • • . • III > • • 
To minimize man's impact on the environment in question it is best to keep the amount of roads 
and parking lots to a minimum. The construction of roads and parking lots restricted to specific areas 
by soils, slopes, tree cover and all other natural elements which must be preserved. By mapping the 
existing roads and parking lots, we can determine how the existing roads and parking lots can be ut­
ilized in future development of the area. 
\ 
Present Building Sites 
Present building sites will reveal what the intended land use is and where it is taking place, for 
instance, housing areas versus commercials areas versus recreational areas. It also helps to plan on 
developing in clusters to maintain as much of the natural setting intact as possible. Alpine sprawl 
would cause undue destruction to the Alpine environment. 
Zoning 
The zoning boundaries as set by the Bridger Canyon Planning and Zoning Commission for the most part 
follow property lines. 
The boundaries are set with the intent to promote health, safety, and general welfare to: 
1) prevent overcrowding 
2) avoid undue population concentration 
3) conserve property values commensurate with use 
ty) to preserve fish and wildlife habitat 
5) to prevent soil erosion 
6) preserve scenic resources 
7) ensure high water quality standards 
8) protect agriculture lands from the effects of urban encroachment 
9) promote business, residences, tourism, and recreational uses but not to the point that they destroy 
the character of the area or threaten water quality, traffic, or fire safety. 
10) encoura-ge innovations in residential developments so that growing demands for housing may be met 
by greater variety in type, design and layout of tracts and by conservation and more efficient use of 
open space ancillary to said housing. 
provide adequate open space, light, and air 
carry out the master or comprehensive plan for the Bridger Canyon Zoning District. 
SITE SELECTION 
Site Selection 
Since four areas of the study area have been determined to be suitable for building on, I con­
cluded it would be necessary to establish more site criteria to choose a specific site. To determine 
what the additional criteria should be, I used Problem Seeking by William Pena as a guide. This heloed 
me to conclude that there are some nrogram requirements which I could use to determine the specific 
site. The case studies which I have completed also proved useful. 
The following is the list of the criteria used to determine the specific site: 
1) Views; introverted and extroverted 
2) Skier circulation 
3) Road and parking access 
k) Building program 
5) Zoning 
1. Views; (introverted and extroverted) 
All the buildable areas have potentially good views. 
Good views into the site as well as good views out of the site are important. If the building 
is to function as a business, it is helpful if the building can be viewed from certain areas where 
the building itself can function to draw customers. The building in an Alpine environment should 
not be viewed in full nor from all possible outside areas. The impact of the views need to be ex­
amined . 
Views from a building on the site should capture the desired essence of the surrounding area. 
Views should not encompass such things as parking lots and service garages. Outward, views help to 
induce the atmosphere within a specific site and for this reason they are important. 
2. Skier Circulation: At the end of a day of skiing, and often during the course of the day, many skiers 
will tend to patronize the nearest lounge. The lounge which serves beer and cocktails should be in 
a location that can be easily skiied to and in good proximity to where the skiers have tarked their 
cars. I concluded this by examining ski areas and finding that almost all of them provide a lounge 
for adults within the base area. This leads me to believe that a lounge in the proper location can 
be imr>ortant to the success of the overall area. 
3. t&rking and Roads: A new building of this type will require its own parking and its own access 
road. The less roads built the better. Some of the buildable areas are better suited for con­
struction of parking lots and roads, or they may be able to utilize existing roads. 
Building Program: By utilizing the building program, it can be determined which buildable areas 
will best meet the criteria of the building program. 
5. Zoning: To some extent the area, which is zoned 'commercial' by the Bridger Canyon Zoning Commis­
sion, has an impact on the decision of the specific site to be chosen. Zoning will promote cluster­
ing of buildings is preferable to spreading buildings out in a fragile environment. 
Site Analysis Conclusion 
Buildable area #1 was chosen as the best suitable area for the proposed building site. This area 
meets all the aforementioned criteria. The specific site is the area immediately east of the fire 
access road. This site further meets the specific site criteria. 
Buildable area #2 is not in an anpropriate area for convenient skier circulation. Building in this 
area would also induce sprawling and does not follow the local zoning ordinance which is intended to 
preserve the area. 
Buildable area #3 does not cover enought area to allow for this size of a building with a parking lot. 
Views from this area may also be harmed by possible future logging of the neighboring properties as 
has been done in the recent past. 
Buildable area would need access roads improved and is in a poor location with proximity to the ski 
area base area. It offers poor skier circulation: Skiers would have to ski across roads or get into 
cars and drive to this area. The area is not zoned for commercial use and may conflict with the Gross 
Gut Guest Ranch business. 
CLIMATE 
Climate 
The climate of Bridger Bowl is continental in character and subject to wide extremes of seasonal 
and daily temperatures. A difference of 30 degrees Fahrenheit within 24 hours is not uncommon. Winds 
are variable in movement and direction in the day prevailing from the west or southwest and at night 
shifting to the southeast. The coldest winter winds are from the east. 
Mean annual temperature is 41.4 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The average temperature for spring is 41.2 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The average temperature for summer is 63.0 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The average temperature for fall is 44-. 4 degrees Fahrenheit. 
The average temperature for winter is 23.1 degrees Fahrenheit. 
Winter cold spells with temperatures below 0 degrees Fahrenheit are common for short periods of time. 
The base area of Bridger Bowl receives an average of 40 inches with an average of 17.6 inches of 
moisture. 
Winds, sun exposure, and snowfall, and drifting are climatic elements which should be considered 
in the choosing of a building site. 
CONCLUSION 
Conclusion 
A thorough study of the Bridger Bowl "base area has given me an understanding of the social and 
ecological environment, enabling me to choose a new building site. With this understanding of the 
area I can be sympathetic towards the needs of the social and ecological environment of the area. 
In order for me to design architecture that is beneficial to society, I must now gather infor­
mation to make decisions on how I can best design architecture which enhances its site as well as the 
Bridger Bowl base area.. 
One of the first steps in designing for a mountainous terrain such as this one, is to realize all 
the physical aspects of the site. The area has a very dominating tonography which must be handled nro-
^erly. I believe my building should grow from the site, rather than growing on the site. This is to 
say the building should be designed to mold to the topography and thus allow the user to be aware of 
the natural site conditions. I believe my building should also blend into the landscape so that it will 
be in content with the surrounding Bridger Mountains which present a very strong context, yet it should 
have enough character of its own to be recognizeable as a. man-made entity. 
Without man's intrusion nature has proven its natural methods for stabilizing its self work quite 
well. The growth of an ecosystem can be attributed to nature's ability to stabilize itself. These 
factors are also important to the survival of man and therefore, ecological cycles should be respected 
by man and changes to the environment should be kept to a minimum. I can limit the imoact on the site 
by forming my building with the landscape. Care must also be taken during the construction and the use 
of the building to limit the destruction of the site. 
Trees and vegetation have a very important role in the ecosystem and as many as possible must be 
preserved . Trees and vegetation also enhance the beauty of the site and help to obscure views while 
providing other views and may serve as a natural wind block or natural shade. It will be my intention 
to preserve as much of the tree cover and vegetation as possible and by doing so I will be using it 
to my advantage to enhance my building. 
It is my intention to use building materials in my design which reflect the feeling of the moun­
tains and the forest. Use of building materials which reflect the natural materials of the area will 
enable my building to blend with its surroundings. The building forms are also very important for this 
reason. Forms should also reflect the natural forms to a certain extent, also enabling the building 
to blend with its surroundings. 
The views experienced by the user will be of major importance. The beautiful mountain setting can 
best be experienced through many different perspectives of different views, I intend, to take advantage 
of as many views of the spectacular scenery as possible. Providing macro views as well as micro views 
will enable the user to experience the entire environment. 
Taking advantage of the sun's solar heating will be considered, but I feel that window onenings 
which provide desired views should not be overlooked to meet solar heating requirements. It is my in­
tention to utilize solar heating where practical and take advantage of contemporary building methods, 
and ma.teria.ls to design a super-insulated building to conserve energy. 
Some other design considerations of which I have deemed important include: convertibility of the 
spaces by use of convertible spaces, the area of the building can be kept to a minimum while allowing 
maximum use of the s^ace, and thus, resulting in minimum destruction to the environment. A high qual­
ity of space vrhich reflects the mountain atmosphere is also an important design consideration that I 
intend to pursue. 
The aforementioned design considerations are only the major design considerations. Other design 
considerations will be reflected in my building design. 
.t&y.y:# 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Architectural Record, Rtrk City, May *83, pp. 92-97.i-
Architectural Record., Ski Resorts, Jan. '7^-, pp. 1^1-156. 
Bridger Canyon Planning and Zoning Commission, "Bridger Bowl Area Conceptual Plan," May 22, 1979. 
Bridger Canyon Zoning Ordinance, Gallatin County, Montana, Oct. 26, 1971. 
Berg, Wayne H., "A Development Study for Bridger Bowl," Bozeman, Mt., 1969. 
Coxwell, Johnathan E., "New Ski Facilities for Bridger Bowl," Bozeman, Mt., 1967. 
Jones, Ce.ry A., "Bridger Bowl Base Facilities," Bozeman, Mt., June, I98O. 
McHarg, Ian L., Design With Nature, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, New York, 1969. 
Mackinlay, Ian, Snow Country Design, Oakland, California, Mackinlay/Winnacker/Mcneil AIA and 
associates, I965. 
APPENDIX A 
GOALS FACTS 
FUNCTION 
PEOPLE 
ACTIVITIES 
RELATIONSHIPS 
MISSION 
MAXIMUM NUMBER 
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY 
INTERACTION/PRIVACY 
HEIRARCHY OF VALUES 
SECURITY 
PROGRESSION 
SEGREGATION 
ENCOUNTERS EFFICIENCY 
STATISTICAL DATA 
AREA PARAMETERS 
MAN POWER/W ORK LOADS 
USER CHARACTERISTICS 
VALUE OF LOSS 
TIME MOTION STUDY 
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS 
BEHAVIORIAL PATTERNS 
SPACE ADEQUACY 
FORM 
SITE 
ENVIRONMENT 
QUALITY 
SITE ELEMENTS (trees, water, open 
space, existing facilities) 
EFFICIENT LAND USE 
NEIGHBORS 
INDIVIDUALITY 
DIRECTION 
ENTRY 
PROFECTED IMAGE 
LEVEL OF QUALITY 
SITE ANALYSIS-FUNCT. SUPPORT 
CLIMATE ANALYSIS 
CODE SURVEY 
SOIL ANALYSIS 
F.A.R. & G.A.C. 
SURROUNDINGS 
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 
COST/SQ. FT. 
BUILDING EFFICIENCY 
ECONOMY 
INITIAL BUDGET 
OPERATING COSTS 
LIFE CYCLE COSTS 
EXTENT OF FUNDS 
COST EFFECTIVENESS 
MAXIMUM RETURN 
RETURN ON INVESTMENT 
MINIMIZE OPER. COSTS 
MAINTENANCE AND OPERATING 
REDUCE LIFE CYCLE COSTS 
COST PARAMETERS 
MAXIMUM BUDGET 
TIME-USE FACTORS 
MARKET ANALYSIS 
ENERGY SOURCE-COST 
ACTIVITIES & CLIMATE FACTORS 
ECONOMIC DATA 
TIME 
PAST 
PRESENT 
FUTURE 
HISTORIC PRESERVATION 
STATIC/DYNAMIC 
CHANGE 
GROWTH 
OCCUPANCY DATE 
SIGNIFICANCE 
SPACE PARAMETERS 
ACTIVITIES 
PROJECTIONS 
LINEAR SCHEDULE 
A-1 
CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEM 
SERVICE GROUPING 
PEOPLE GROUPING 
ACTIVITIES GROUPING 
PRIORITY 
SECURITY CONTROLS 
SEQUENTIAL FLOW 
SEPARATED FLOW 
MIXED FLOW 
RELATIONSHIPS 
NEEDS 
SPACE REQUIREMENTS 
PARKING REQUIREMENTS 
OUTDOOR SPACE REQUIREMENTS 
BUILDING EFFICIENCY 
FUNCTIONAL ALTERNATIVES 
UNIQUE & IMPORTANT PERFORMANCE 
REQUIREMENTS WHICH WILL SHAPE 
THE BUILDING DESIGN. 
ENHANCEMENT CHARACTER 
CLIMATE CONTROL QUALITY CONTROL 
SAFETY 
SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS 
DENSITY 
INTERDEPENDENCE 
HOME BASE 
ORIENTATION 
ACCESSIBILITY 
QUALITY (COSTS/SQ.FT.) 
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SITE INFLUENCES 
ON COSTS 
MAJOR FORM CONSIDERATIONS WHICH 
WILL AFFECT BUILDING DESIGN. 
COST CONTROL 
EFFICIENT ALLOCATION 
MULTI-FUNCTION 
MERCHANDISING 
ENERGY CONSERVATION 
COST CONTROL 
NEEDS 
COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS 
0 IE RATING COSTS (IF REQ. ) 
ENTRY BUDGET (IF REQ.) 
LIFE CYCLE COSTS (IF REQ.) 
ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE INITIAL 
BUDGET AND ITS INFLUENCES ON 
THE FABRIC AND GEOMETRY OF THE 
BUILDING. 
ADAPTABILITY 
TAILORED/LOOSE FIT 
CONVERTIBILITY 
EXPANSIBILITY 
CONCURRENT SCHEDULING 
NEEDS 
PHASING 
ESCALATION 
IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGE/GROWTH ON 
LONG RANGE IERFORMANCES. 
A-2 
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SITE PLAN 

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APPENDIX D 
Building Program 
The case studies, time saving standards, and architectural "rules of thumb" were utilized to 
determine the areas needed and the gross square footages of those areas. 
Area 
Mechanical Room (H.V.A.C.) 
Circulation 
Entry-
Goat check 
Hostess Area 
Rest Rooms (2) 
Kitchen 
Gold storage 
Dry storage 
Receiving area 
Lounge 
Bar area 
Storage 
Lounge entrance 
Lounge outdoor deck 
Method Used to Determine Size of Areas 
of total gross 
building area 
10^ of total gross 
building area 
Based on Occupancy 
Based on Occupancy 
and. User Type 
Based on Type of 
Operation 
Based on Type of 
Operation and Occupancy 
Type of Operation 
Type of Operation 
Type of Operation 
Type of Operation 
Case Studies 
Type of Operation 
Occupancy 
Type of Operation 
Occupancy—Case 
Studies—seating for 
50 persons 
Sg^Ft. 
^00 
500 
150 
100 
100 
300 
100 
100 
100 
150 
75 
100 
Dstl 
Area, 
Exterior Forking Spaces 
Method Used to Determine Size of Areas 
Bridger Canyon 
Zoning Ordinance 
Once space for 
each 2l/2 seats 
80 rarking sDaces 
Sq. Ft, 
16,000 
\ ' 
1 
I 
Dining Room Supper Glub Restaurant Seating for 100 adults 
See Case Studies: 
Former Saint Bernard, 
Gross Cut Guest 
Ranch 
15-16-17-18 
Quality of comfort 
See Case Studies: 
Park City 
Banquet Room Banquet Dining, 
convertible area 
for part-time 
lounge use 
Seating for 50 adults 
See Case Studies: 
Former Saint Bernard, 
Gross Gut Guest 
Ranch 
10-11-12-13 
Quality of comfort 
Kitchen Serves light lunches 
Serves full course 
dinners 
15~20 Employees 
Full table service 
provided 
^-5-6-7 
Type of service 
Provide for 200 or 
less persons 
Lounge Liquor Bar and Lounge Seating for 50 adults 
See Case Studies: 
Former Saint Bernard, 
Gross Gut Guest Ranch 
12-13-14-15 
Quality of comfort 
See Case Studies 
Building Program 
Restaurant 
Area 
Entry-
Hostess and Goat Check 
Restaurant Seating (100 seats) 
Restaurant Kitchen 
l) Cold storage 
Z) Dry storage 
3) Receiving area 
Banquet Room (50 seats) 
Rest Rooms (2) 
Lounge 
Lounge Seating (50 seats) 
Bar area 
1) Storage 
Lounge Entrance 
Lounge Outdoor deck 
Circulation 
Mechanical (H.V.A.C.) 
Total Gross Building Area 
Gross Barking Area (80 soaces) 
^Ft. 
150 
200 
1,800 
600 
100 
100 
100 
600 
300 
750 
150 
75 
100 
500 
500 
^-00 
5,925 
16,000 
FRAMING FLAN 
CEILING PLAN 
UPPER LI 
taint Bernard 
Bridger Bowl, Bozeman Montana 
DATE DUE 
New Bor>k 7, 
Demco, Inc. 38-293 
UNIVERSITY I TRD A Drrr 
10080972 0