LfBRARY 
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 

BOZEMAN 



MONTANA STATE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION 
BY 

JAMES CLARK WHALEY 

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT 

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE 

OF 

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE 

APPROVED: 

THESLS ADVISOI 

DIRECTUKT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE 

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 
BOZEMAN/ MONTANA 

JUNE/ 1976 



i y<h u 
/nV 

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS, MR, AND MRS, M.L. WHALEY, WHO HAVE 

INSPIRED AND ENCOURAGED ME THROUGHOUT MY COLLEGE CAREER, 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

A THESIS 

B , , , , .  P R O P O S A L  

C GENERAL HISTORY 

D UNITED STATES HISTORY 

E MONTANA HISTORY 

F CORRECTIONAL GOALS 

G GRAPHICS 

H DESIGN CRITERIA 

I SITE ANALYSIS 

J GOALS AND CONCEPTS 

K . i . . .  P R O J E C T  

L FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 



A THESIS 



A .  

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN MAY BE DEFINED AS A SYSTEMATIC PROCESS THROUGH 

WHICH HUMAN NEEDS, OR TENDENCIES/ AND DESIGN CRITERIA ARE IDENTIFIED/ 

ANALYZED AND RESOLVED TO CREATE AN ACCORDANT ENVIRONMENT. 



B PROPOSAL 



B.  1  

THE SUBJECT THROUGH WHICH I WILL PRESENT THIS THESIS IS A CRIMINAL 

CORRECTIONAL FACILITY FOR THE STATE OF MONTANA, THE PHILOSOPHY OF 

PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES IS IN THE PROCESS OF REDIRECTING 

ITS VALUES AND GOALS FROM PUNISHMENT TO THE REHABILITATION OF CRIMINAL 

OFFENDERS. THE TWO CONCEPTS ARE IN DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ONE ANOTHER, 

"AN OUTDATED PHILOSOPHY CONTINUES TO DOMINATE THE ADULT INSTITUTIONS, 

THUS PERPETUATING A NUMBER OF CONTRADICTORY ASSUMPTIONS AND BELIEFS 

CONCERNING INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS."' THE DESIGNER OF A CORRECTIONAL 

INSTITUTION IS PRESENTED WITH A NUMBER OF CONFLICTING DESIGN CRITERIA 

IN SATISFYING THE NEEDS FOR BOTH SECURITY AND REHABILITATION. THIS 

THESIS WILL ADDRESS ITSELF TO THE METHODOLOGY THROUGH WHICH ABSTRACT 

CONCEPTS ARE TRANSFORMES INTO QUALITY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN SOLUTIONS. 

ACCORDING TO THE HANDBOOK OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION DESIGN AND 

CONSTRUCTION, PUBLISHB BY THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, "NO OTHER 

SINGLE FACTOR HAS SO RETARDED THE DEVELOPMENT AND SUCCESS OF REHABILI­

TATIVE PROGRAMS AS HAS THE LAG IN CORRECTIONAL ARCHITECTURE,"2 THE 

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FORMS A PREDOMINATELY SELF-CONTAINED COMMU­

NITY, WHICH FUNCTIONS TOWARD THE PRIMARY GOAL OF REHABILITATING THE 

INMATE POPULATION. IN THIS THESIS IT IS MY INTENT TO EXPLORE THE 

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE SOCIAL REHABILITATION 

OF AN INDIVIDUAL, AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT THE ARCHITECT CREATES 

FOR THE COMMUNITY, THEN SELECT AN OPTIMUM SOLUTION. 



GENERAL HISTORY 



C. 1  

IN THE LONG HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION/ IMPRISONMENT OF CONVICTED CRIM­

INALS IS A RELATIVELY RECENT PRACTICE. PUBLICLY INFLICTED/ CAPITAL OR 

CORPRAL PUNISHMENT WAS COMMON IN EARLIER TIMES. THE DEATH PENALTY HAS 

HAD ALMOST UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE AND USE/ ESPECIALLY AMONG THE MORE 

ADVANCED SOCIETIES AND HAS BEEN EXECUTED IN A VARIETY OF FORMS. IN 

IMPERIAL ROME CRUCIFIXION WAS THE COMMON PUNISHMENT ADMINISTERED TO 

THIEVES AND SLAVES, AND BEING HURLED ALIVE FROM THE TARPEIAN ROCK/ 

AND BEING SACRIFICED IN THE COLOSSEUM WERE THE PRIMARY FORM OF EXECU­

TION IN ROME ITSELF. CRUCIFIXION WAS EMPLOYED IN JAPAN UNTIL THE 

BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY. UNDER HAMMURABE/ THE LAW OF BABYLON, 

THE DEATH PENALTY WAS FREELY AWARDED AND MUTILATION OR AMPUTATION WAS 

DEMANDED FOR LESSER OFFENSES. THE HAND THAT STRUCK A FATHER WOULD BE 

DISMEMBERED. GREEK LAW ALSO DEMANDED CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND EXILE TO 

PUNISH CRIMINALS. IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE, HANGING WAS USED FOR OFFENDERS 

OF THE LOWER CLASS AND DECAPITATION WAS RESERVED FOR PERSONS OF HIGHER 

STATUS. IN ENGLAND A PARTICULAR BRUTAL PRACTICE IN WHICH THE VICTIM 

WAS DISEMBOWELED, HIS ENTRAILS BURNED AND HIS BODY QUARTERED WAS 

NORMALLY RESERVED FOR TRAITORS, IN FRANCE TRAITORS WERE PULLED APART 

BY HORSES OR ON A RACK. WITCHES AND HERETICS WERE BURNED AT THE STAKES. 

APART FROM CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, CORPRAL PUNISHMENT, AND THE PHYSICAL 

MAIMING OF OFFENDERS WAS COMMONPLACE. IN THE MIDDLE AGES, AND ALMOST 

UNTIL THE 18TH CENTURY, BRANDING, BLINDING, AND THE AMPUTATION OF EARS, 

HANDS, AND TONGUES WAS PRACTICED. THE MUSLIMS WERE THE FIRST TO EMPLOY 

FLOGGING, OFTEN TO DEATH. THIS PRACTICE HAS BEEN USED THROUGHOUT 

HISTORY, AND THE WHIP DID NOT DISAPPEAR IN BRITISH LAW UNTIL 1948 AND 



C.2 

WAS STILL A LEGAL FORM OF PUNISHMENT IN CANADA/ OTHER COMMONWEALTH 

COUNTRIES AND DELAWARE AS OF 1958. STONING WAS PRACTICED AMONG THE 

PASTORIAL PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE EAST SINCE ANCIENT TIMES. PURITANS 

PLACED IN STOCKS OR PILLORIES WERE OFTEN PELTED BY THE CROWDS AND 

SUSTAINED SERIOUS INJURY. 

THE CRIMINAL HAS LONG BEEN EXPLOITED. THE USE OF CRIMINALS TO BUILD 

ROADS, FORTIFICATIONS/ AND PUBLIC WORKS GOES BACK TO ANCIENT TIMES. IN 

ROME, CRIMINALS WERE SENT TO MINES AND QUARRIES WHEN THEIR CRIME WAS 

NOT SEVERE ENOUGH TO WARRANT THE DEATH PENALTY. GALLEY SLAVERY WAS 

INTRODUCED TOWARD THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE COUNTRIES BORDERING 

THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. THE PRACTICE BECAME POPULAR, AND MANY CRIM­

INALS WHO OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE BEEN SENTENCED TO DEATH WERE COMMITTED 

TO GALLEYS. 

A FEW ISOLATED PRISONS DID EXIST IN HISTORY. IN THE 16TH CENTURY, 

FEUDALISM DECLINED AND URBAN MARKET CENTERS BEGAN TO DEVELOP. WITW 

THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF VAGRANTS AND THIEVES CAME THE BRIDE­

WELLS OR WORKHOUSES, IN WHICH PAUPERS WERE HOUSED IN LARGE DORMITORIES. 

SOME OF THESE EVENTUALLY WERE DIVIDED INTO CELLS, AND HARD LABOR WAS 

REQUIRED. A YALE HISTORIAN GEORGE WILSON PIERSON DESCRIBES THESE 

EARLY PRISONS AS, "SIMPLY BOARDING-HOUSES RESERVED FOR THE SAFE 

LODGING OF THE IMPECUNIOUS AND THE UNFORTUNATE: PLACES WHERE DEBTORS 

AND THOSE AWAITING TRAIL COULD BE CONFINED." THESE EARLY PRISONS 

OPERATED IN ABHORRENT CONDITIONS; THEY WERE DARK, FILTHY, AND OVER­

CROWDED WITH POOR VENTILATION AND SANITARY FACILITIES. 

HISTORICALLY, CONFINEMENT WAS USED TO RETAIN PEOPLE UNTIL TRIAL, 



C.3 

EXECUTION/ OR AT TIMES TO CONFINE DEBTORS, THE IMPRISONMENT OF AN INDI­

VIDUAL BY THE COURTS WAS RESERVED FOR SPECIAL SITUATIONS, GENERALLY 

POLITICIAL OR RELIGIOUS PRISONERS, 



UNITED STATES HISTORY 



D . l  

LATE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY REFORM-MINDED GROUPS, PARTICULARLY THE 

AMERICAN QUAKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA/ CALLED FOR THE REFORM OF CORPORAL 

PUNISHMENT OF CRIMINALS. IN 1789 THE SUPREME EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA ACCEPTED THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF "THE 

PHILADELPHIA SOCIETY FOR ALLEVIATING THE MISERIES OF PUBLIC PRISONS" AND 

ABOLISHED CAPITAL PUNISHMENT FOR MOST OFFENSES, THE ALTERNATIVE ESTAB­

LISHED WAS TO CONFINE THE OFFENDER IN SOLITUDE WHERE HE WOULD BE ABLE 

TO CONTEMPLATE HIS ACTIONS AND REPENT. THE PRISONER WOULD EMERGE FILLED 

WITH REMORSE AND HAVING DONE REPENTANCE FOR HIS SINS. IT WAS FROM THIS 

CONCEPT THAT THE WORD "PENITENTIARY" COMES. 

THE FIRST QUAKER VERSION OF A PRISON, THE WALNUT STREET JAIL, WAS 

BUILT IN PHILADELPHIA'IN "90, THIS FIRST STATE PRISON WAS A THREE STORY 

PLAIN BRICK BUILDING, FORTY FEET BY TWINTY-FIVE FEET, HOUSING EIGHT SOL­

ITARY CONFINEMENT CELLS ON EACH FLOOR. EACH CELL WAS SIX FEET BY EIGHT 

FEET AND NINE FEET HIGH WITH A SMALL GRATED WINDOW HIGH ON THE OUTSIDE 

WALL. A LEAD PIPE IN EACH CELL SERVED AS THE PRIVY. THE ONLY COMMUNI­

CATION WITH PRISONERS WAS THE REGULAR PREACHING. THE PRISON FAILED IN 

1835, IN 1829 AND 1836 THE TWO SOVEREIGN SYSTEMS OF PENITENTIARIES 

EMERGED, ONE IN PHILADELPHIA, THE OTHER OUTSIDE OF PITTSBURGH. EACH ELEVEN 

FEET BY SEVEN FEET AND SIXTEEN FEET HIGH CELL WAS A COMPLETE PRISON, 

THE PRISONER NEVER LEFT HIS CELL EXCEPT TO EXERCISE IN THEIR OWN 

ATTACHED COURTS. 

ANOTHER SYSTEM, THE AUBURN SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED IN AUBURN, NEW YORK, 

IN 1819, THE BASIC DIFFERENCE BEING THAT THE PRISONER WORKED IN 

CONGREGATE SHOPS, AND THE CELLS WERE ECCLOSED AND MUCH SMALLER (3±'x7'), 



D.2  

CHARLES DICKENS DESCRIBES THE SCENE IN ONE OF THE FIRST PRISONS, 

"...THE DULL REPOSE AND QUIET THAT PREVAILS IS AWFUL/ THERE IS A DROWSY 

SOUND FROM THE LONE WEAVER'S SHUTTLE OR SHOEMAKER'S LAST, BUT IT IS 

STIFLED BY THE THICK WALLS AND HEAVY DUNGEON DOORS, AND ONLY SERVES TO 

MAKE THE GENERAL STILLNESS MORE PROFOUND. OVER THE HEAD AND FACE OF 

EVERY PRISONER WHO COMES INTO THIS MELANCHOLY HOUSE, A BLACK HOOD IS DRAWN; 

AND IN THIS DARK SHROUD, AN EMBLEM OF THE CURTAIN DROPPED BETWEEN HIM 

AND THE LIVING WORLD, HE IS LED TO THE CELL FROM WHICH HE NEVER AGAIN 

COMES FORTH, UNTIL HIS WHOLE TERM OF IMPRISONMENT HAS EXPIRED, HE NEVER 

HEARS OF WIFE AND CHILDREN; HOME OR FRIENDS; THE LIFE OR DEATH OF ANY 

SINGLE CREATURE. HE SEES THE PRISON OFFICERS, BUT WITH THAT EXCEPTION HE 

NEVER LOOKS UPON A HUMAN COUNTENANCE, OR HEARS A HUMAN VOICE. HE IS A 

MAN BURIED ALIVE; TO BE DUG OUT IN THE SLOW ROUND OF YEARS; AND IN THE 

MEANTIME DEAD TO EVERYTHING BUT TORTURING ANXIETIES AND HORRIBLE DESPAIR."1 

THE 1870'S IS REFERED TO AS THE "GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY", IN THIS 

PERIOD THE ELMIRA REFORMATORY IN NEW YORK- THE FIRST REFORMATORY 

PROGRAMMED FOR THE REHABILITATION OF THE PRISONER, WAS OPENED. BY '900 

TWELVE STATES HAD BUILT SIMILAR REFORMATORIES. THE ADVANCES IN THE­

ORETICAL PENOLOGY WERE NOT MATCHED BY ADVANCES IN PRACTICAL APPLICATION, 

AND THE INSTITUTION FAILED TO REALIZE ITS HOPES. BY 1910 IT WAS GENER­

ALLY ADMITTED THAT THE ADULT REFORMATORY, AS PUT INTO PRACTICE, WAS 

ALMOST A COMPLETE FAILURE. IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE 1930's THAT THE REOR­

GANIZATION OF ELMIRA'S EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON MODERN LINES LED TO A 

BENERAL REORGANIZATION OF THE INSTITUTION. THE PUNITIVE PHILOSOPHY 

WHICH PREVAILED DID MUCH TO HINDER THE REORGANIZATION OF THE REFORMATORY, 



D.3 

NOT ONLY IN THE 1800's BUT WELL INTO THE "TWENTIETH CENTURY. 

IT WAS REALIZED THAT BEFORE REHABILITATION COULD OCCUR MAJOR EMPHASIS 

WOULD HAVE TO BE PLACED ON ABOLISHING BRUTALITY, IMPROVING LIVING CONDI­

TIONS, AND MAKING PRISON LIFE LESS DESTRUCTIVE AND EMBITTERING, SPEAKERS 

OF THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY DENOUNCED "THE BUCKET SYSTEM, STRIPES, 

THE SILENT SYSTEM, SUCH PUNISHMENTS AS THE LASH, STRINGING UP BY THE 

WRISTS AND THE WATER CURE, THE EVILS OF CONTRACT AND LEASE SYSTEMS AND 

SO ON." THERE WAS ALSO TALK OF ESTABLISHING OR IMPROVING SUCH PROGRAMS 

OF REHABILITATION AS EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND MEDICAL SERVICES. 

THE YEAR 1930 MAY BE CONSIDERED THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN ERA OF PRI­

SON PROGRESS. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TOOK THE INITIATIVE IN STARTING A 

AOMPLETE REORGANIZATION AND REFORM OF ITS PRISONS. THE RAPID PROGRESS 

MADE IN 1929-30 BY THE FEDERAL SYSTEM DEMONSTRATED THAT PRACTICAL REHABIL­

ITATION COULD BE OPERATED EFFECTIVELY WITH ADEQUATE FACILITIES AND 

QUALIFIED PERSONNEL. SEVERAL STATES, PARTICULARLY NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, 

PROGRESSED GREATLY TO ADD STRENGTH TO THE MOVEMENT. DURING THE DEPRESSION 

PRISONS WERE ABLE TO RECRUIT WELL-EDUCATED AND HIGHLY SKILLED PERSONNEL 

WHO AT OTHER TIMES WOULD BE UNWILLING TO WORK IN A PRISON. 

AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR, TWO CONTRASTING OCCURRENCES TOOK PLACE; THE 

FIRST WAS GREAT PROGRESS MADE IN TEXAS AND CALIFORNIA WHICH SET EXAMPLES 

FOR THE ENTIRE NATION; THE SECOND WAS A WAVE OF RIOTS AND MASS DISORDERS 

WHICH SWEPT OVER THE PRISONS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY IN THE 1950's, THE 

AMERICAN PRISON ASSOCIATION'S COMMITTEE ON RIOTS PUBLISHED A REPORT IN 

MAY '953STATING "THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES GIVEN OUT FOR PRISON RIOTS ARE ONLY 

SYMPTOMS OF MORE BASIC CAUSES...A. INADEQUATE FINANCIAL SUPPORT, AND 



D.4 

OFFICIAL AND PUBLIC INDIFFERENCE; B, SUBSTANDARD PERSONNEL; C. ENFORCED 

IDLENESS; D. LACK OF PROFESSIONAL LEADERSHIP AND PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMS; 

E. EXCESSIVE SIZE AND OVERCROWDING OF INSTITUTIONS; F, POLITICAL DOMINA­

TION AND MOTIVATION OF MANAGEMENT; G. UNWISE SENTENCING AND PAROLE 

PRACTICE." WITH REGARD FOR PROVIDING WORK FOR PRISONERS, EXCEPT FOR THE 

WAR PERIODS, THE STATE PRISONS HAVE BEEN "IDLE HOUSES", THOUSANDS OF 

PRISONERS HAVE NO WORK AT ALL, AND OTHERS HAVE NOTHING TO DO EXCEPT 

DAWDLE THROUGH THE YEARS IN SEMI-IDLENESS. THE USE OF PRISON LABOR UNDER 

GOOD MANAGEMENT, WITH INCENTIVE PROGRAMS, CAN LESSEN THE TAXBURDEN, AND 

PREPARE THE PRISONER TO EARN AN HONEST LIVING UPON RELEASE. A WORK-

FURLOUGH PUN WAS INITIATED IN WISCONSIN 30 YEARS AGO IN WHICH SELECTED 

PRISONERS ARE ALLOWED TO WORK IN THE COMMUNITY DURING THE DAY AND RETURN 

TO THE INSTITUTION AT NIGHT. 

DEVELOPMENTS OF MAJOR IMPORTANCE OF THE PAST 40 YEARS ARE THE DIVER­

SIFICATION OF ADULT CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS TO MEET VARYING NEEDS OF 

INDIVIDUAL PRISONERS, AND GREATER EMPHASIS ON REHABILITATION THROUGH 

INDIVIDUALIZED TRAINING AND TREATMENT. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN 

GROUP COUNSELING AND THERAPY TO DEAL WITH INDIVIDUAL PROBLEMS AS IT IS 

OFTEN THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE METHOD. THE PRIMARY DIVERSI­

FICATION OF INSTITUTIONS HAS BEEN WITH REGARD TO THE DEGREE OF CUSTODY. 

IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT ONLY A SMALL MINORITY OF OFFENDERS REQUIRE MAXIMUM-

SECURITY, AND AS A RESULT THERE HAS BEEN A STEADY INCREASE IN THE NUMBER 

OF MEDIUM AND MINIMUM-SECURITY UNITS IN THE PAST FOUR DECADES. MOREOVER 

AN INDIVIDUALS NEED OF MAXIMUM-SECURITY DOES NOT NEGATE THE NEED OF TREAT­

MENT AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING. TODAY REHABILITATION IS NO LONGER A 



D.5 

VAGUE, HAPHAZARD, AND LOOSELY DEFINED TERM, THE AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL 

ASSOCIATION HAS STATED THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A WELL-ROUNDED CORRECT­

IONAL PROGRAM OF INDIVIDUALIZED TRAINING AND TREATMENT FOR ADULT OFFEND­

ERS TO INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: "SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION AND PROGRAM-

PLANNING ON THE BASIS OF COMPLETE CASE HISTORIES, EXAMINATIONS, TESTS AND 

STUDIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL PRISONERS; ADEQUATE MEDICAL SERVICES, HAVING 

CORRECTIVE AS WELL AS CURATIVE TREATMENT AS THEIR AIM, AND MAKING FULL 

USE OF PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES, PROPERLY RELATED TO THE 

PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION, WORK ASSIGNMENT, DISCIPLINE AND PREPERATION FOR 

PAROLE; INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP THERAPY AND COUNSELING, AND APPLICATION OF 

THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY CONCEPT, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PSYCHIATRISTS, 

OR OTHER TRAINED THERAPISTS AND COUNSELORS; CASEWORK SERVICES, REACHING 

FAMILIES AS WELL AS PRISONERS; EMPLOYMENT AT TASKS COMPARABLE IN VARIETY, 

TYPE AND PLACE TO THE WORK OF THE WORLD OUTSIDE, AND ESPECIALLY TASKS 

WITH VOCATIONAL TRAINING VALUE; ACADEMIC AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, IN 

ACCORDANCE WITH THE INDIVIDUAL'S NEEDS, INTERESTS, AND CAPABILITIES; 

LIBRARY SERVICES, DESIGNED TO PROVIDE WHOLESOME RECREATIONAL AMD EDUCA­

TION; DIRECT RECREATION, BOTH INDOORS AND OUTDOORS, SO ORGANIZED AS TO 

PROMOTE GOOD MORALE AND SOUND MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH; A RELIGIOUS 

PROGRAM SO CONDUCTED AS TO AFFECT THE SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AS 

WELL AS THAT OF THE WHOLE GROUP; DISCIPLINE THAT AIMS AT THE DEVELOPMENT 

OF SELF-CONTROL AND PREPERATION FOR FREE LIFE, NOT MERELY CONFORMITY TO 

INSTITUTIONAL RULES; ADEQUATE BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE VARIED 

PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTION; AND, ABOVE ALL, ADEQUATE AND 

COMPETENT PERSONNEL, CAREFULLY SELECTED, WELL TRAINED, AND SERVING UNDER 

SUCH CONDITIONS AS TO PROMOTE A HIGH DEGREE OF MORALE AND EFFICIENCY".4 



MONTANA HISTORY 



E.1 

"THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA, CREATED IN 1864, HAD NO PRISON DURING THE 

CIVIL WAR AND GOLD RUSH DAYS. FEDERAL PRISONERS, CONVICTED OF VIOLATING 

THE LAWS OF CONGRESS, WERE BEING SENT UNDER CONTRACT TO THE NEBRASKA 

STATE PENITENTIARY; THOSE CONVICTED OF VIOLATING TERRITORIAL LAWS WERE 

IN COUNTY JAILS, MOSTLY IN MADISON COUNTY, A RUDIMENTARY FEDERAL PRISON 

EXISTED FOR A SHORT TIME IN VIRGINIA CITY, BUT IT WAS NOT ADEQUATE FOR 

THE DEMANDS OF THE TERRITORY, 

A PROPERLY EQUIPPED PENITENTIARY WAS DEMANDED BY TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR 

JAMES M, ASHLEY, AND ON JANYARY 27, 1869, CONGRESS APPROPRIATED MONEY 

FROM THE INTERNAL REVENUES TO ERECT A TERRITORIAL PRISON IN MONTANA. 

A TOTAL OF $39,500 WAS APPROPRIATED TO THE TERRITORY AND IMMEDIATELY 12 

ACRES WERE SET ASIDE FOR THE SITE ONE-HALF MILE FROM THE TOWNSITE OF DEER 

LODGE, CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST PRISON OFFICIALLY BEGAN ON MAY 3, 1870, 

DURING THE TRADITIONAL GROUND BREAKING CEREMONIES, APPOINTED CONTRACTOR 

MR. BIRNEY SPEEDILY PLACED THE WALLS OF THE 80'X40' 14-CELL BUILDING AND 

BY OCTOBER 1, 1870, THE WORK WAS COMPLETED. UPON COMPLETION, THE NEWLY 

APPOINTED BOARD OF PRISON COMMISSIONERS, CONSISTING OF CONRAD KOHRS, 

GRANVILLE STUART AND JOHN KINNA, MADE AN INSPECTION TOUR AFTER WHICH THEY 

DECREED THEIR FIRST MAJOR DECISION AS COMMISSIONERS. THE DECISION WAS 

THAT UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES WAS THE PRISON TO OPEN BECAUSE THE BRICK 

FLUES THAT PROVIDED HEAT TO THE CELLS WERE INSECURE AND IT WAS STATED 

THAT "A PRISONER, SHOULD HE ESCAPE THE VIGILANCE OF A GUARD FOR TWO HOURS, 

COULD ESCAPE THE PRISON WITH ONLY A PENKNIFE". 

WHEN OFFICIALLY OPENED ON JULY 2, 1871, IT WAS STAFFED BY SUPERINTENDENT 

W. K. WHEELER, A FEDERAL MARSHAL, DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT JAMES GILCHRIST, 



E.2  

A DEPUTY U. S. MARSHAL/ AND FOUR FEDRAL GUARDS, THE PRISON WAS TO OPEN 

AS A UNITED STATES PENITENTIARY, RECIEVING BOTH TERRITORIAL AND U, S. 

PRISONERS, THE UNITED STATES OPERATED THE PRISON FROM THE OPENING TO 

MAY 15, 1873, WHEN THE TERRITORY FINALLY GAINED CONTROL. UNDER THE 

DIRECTION OF TERRITORIAL WARDEN C. B. ADRIANCE THE TERRITORY FOUND THE 

OPERATION TO BE BURDENSOME AND EXPENSIVE, SO AFTER FIFTEEN MONTHS RELIN­

QUISHED CONTROL BACK TO THE UNITED STATES AND ON AUGUST 1, 1874, MARSHAL 

WHEELER AGAIN TOOK CONTROL. THE FIRST MAJOR IMPROVEMENT TO THE INSTITU­

TION WAS ACCOMPLISHED UNDER FEDERAL CONTROL WHEN MR. WHEELER BUILT A 

FOOT BOARD AND LOG FENCE AROUND THE INSTITUTION. WITH THIS, FOURTEEN 

ADDITIONAL CELLS WERE PLACED IN THE THREE STORY BUILDING AND THE FOUR-

YEAR OLD PRISON TOOK ON A NEW LOOK THAT WAS TO LAST SOME 18 YEARS. 

IN THE EARLY PART OF 1890, THE STATE DREW A CONTRACT WITH ARCHIE 

MCTAGUE, A PRIOR DEPUTY OF THE PRISON, AND FRANK CONLEY, A GUARD OF THE 

PRISON SINCE 1886, BY WHICH THE ONLY OBLIGATION THE STATE WOULD HAVE WAS 

STANDARD FEE PER INMATE PER DAY. THE CONTRACT WENT ON FOR 18 YEARS DURING 

WHICH MOST OF THE MANY PRISON IMPROVEMENTS WERE ACCOMPLISHED. THE FIRM 

BUILT THE STONE WALL, SHICH STANDS TODAY, AND WITHIN THAT WALL PLACED 

MANY INDUSTRIES AND BUILDINGS. IN 1908, WHEN THE CONTRACT ENDED, FRANK 

CONLEY WAS RETAINED BY THE STATE AS WARDEN AND UNDER HIS DIRECTION THE 

PRISON CONTINUED TO PROGRESS. IN 1912, UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF CON­

STRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT, JAMES NULLUM, A LARGE 200-CELL BLOCK WAS 

BUILT, THE SAME BUILDING USED TODAY AS THE MAIN HOUSING AREA INSIDE THE 

MAXIMUM COMPOUND. APPROXIMATELY FOURTEEN BUILDINGS BUILT DURING CONLEY'S 

TENURE ARE STILL IN USE TODAY ALONG WITH ELEVEN AT WARM SPRINGS AND FOUR 

AT GALEN. 



E.3 

NO SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS WAS EVIDENT AT THE PRISON AFTER CONLEY's 

TENURE ENDED IN '921 UNTIL 1953, WHEN THE 30,000 ACRE DEER LODGE FARMS 

WERE PURCHASED BY THE STATE TO BECOME PART OF THE PRISON FACILITIES. 

CONSTRUCTION AT THE PRISON RANCH HAS PROGRESSED STEADILY SINCE THE 

PURCHASE OF THE LAND. AN ABATTOIR WAS BUILT IN 1953, FIRST UNITS OF THE 

200-MAN COMPLEX WERE BEGUN IN 1958 AND COMPLETED IN 1963, A TAG PLANT 

WAS BUILT IN 1965 AND A NEW DAIRY TO SERVE ALL INSTITUTIONS IN THE VALLEY 

WAS BEGUN IN THAT SAME YEAR. A MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER OPERATED JOINTLY 

WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA WAS COMPLETED IN 1968, CONCURRENTLY, 

SEVERAL FARM AND MAINTENANCE BUILDINGS, UTILITIES AND DISTRIBUTION 

SYSTEMS, ROADS AND FENCES WERE BUILT ON THE RANCH PROPERTY. LAND FOR ALL 

FUTURE NEEDS AND EXPANSION OR DEVELOPMENT IS AVAILABLE AT THE PRISON 

RANCH, ESPECIALLY THE SITE SELECTED, FOR MONTANA'S NEW CORRECTIONAL 

FACILITY."1 



CORRECTIONAL GOALS 



F .  1  

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, LIKE MOST ORGINIZATIONS, HAVE MULTIPLE GOALS. 

THESE GOALS MAY BE SUBDIVIDED INTO MANIFEST FUNCTIONS AND MORE SUBTLE 

LATENT FUNCTIONS. INITIALLY THE MAIN PURPOSE OF CONFINEMENT WAS THE EX­

PLOITATION OF PRISONERS AS LABORERS. REFORM MOVEMENTS, INSPIRED AT FIRST 

BY HUMANITARIAN SENTIMENTS AND LATER BY POLITICIAL PHILOSOPHIES AND 

SOCIAL THEORY, ATTEMPTED TO END THE EXPLOITATION. THE MANIFEST GOALS OF 

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THIS ERA ARE DUAL: PROTECTION OF THE COM­

MUNITY AND REHABILITATION OF THE OFFENDER. THESE GOALS CAN BE FURTHER 

DEFINED AS (A) DEFERENCE OF ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL OFFENDERS BY MAKING THEM 

FEAR PRISON SENTENCES; (B) INCAPACITATION OF KNOWN OFFENDERS BY HOLDING 

THEM IN CUSTODY; (c) REHABILITATION OF THESE OFFENDERS SO THEY CAN RETURN 

TO THE COMMUNITY AS FUNCTIONAL MEMBERS; (D) RETRIBUTIVE PUNISHMENT OF THE 

PRISONER FOR CRIMES COMMITTED. 

DETERRENCE THE PRISON SYSTEM ACTS TO DISSUADE THE INDIVIDUAL FROM COM­

MITTING A CRIME THROUGH THE THREAT OF CONFINEMENT IN AN UNDESIRABLE 

ENVIRONMENT AND THE LOSS OF PERSONAL LIBERTY. THE EFFECTIVENESS, HOWEVER, 

IS GREATLY EXAGERATED. IT IS CLEAR THAT WHEN A PERSON COMMITS A CRIMINAL 

ACT HE IS PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH THE RISKS OF BEING CAUGHT, RATHER THAN 

THE LENGTH OF PRISON SENTENCE, OR HE IS EMOTIONALLY INVOLVED IN THE ACT 

AND FAILS TO CONSIDER THE CONSEQUENCES. THE DISGRACE OF BEING CAUGHT IS 

AN ADEQUATE DETERRENT FOR THE AVERAGE CITIZEN. THEREFORE, THE GENERAL 

DETERRENT EFFECT OF IMPRISONMENT IS NOT AFFECTED AS MUCH BY THE CONDITIONS 

OF IMPRISONMENT AS BY EFFICIENT POLICING WHICH INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD 

OF BEING CAUGHT. 

INCAPACITATION INCAPACITATION IS THE FUNCTION IN WHICH THE CORRECTIONAL 

SYSTEM IS MOST SUCESSFUL IN ATTAINING. FEW PRISONERS ESCAPE; THOSE WHO 



F . 2  

DO ARE GENERALLY QUICKLY APPREHENDER, WHILE PRISONERS DO COMMIT SOME 

CRIMES AGAINST EACH OTHER/ AND AGAINST PRISON EMPLOYEES/ THE COMMUNITY 

IS PROTECTED FROM THE CRIMINAL FOR THE DURATION OF HIS TERM, INCARCERA­

TION IS NEEDED ONLY WHEN REHABILITATION IS NOT ACHIEVED. 

REHABILITATION REHABILITATION IS THE FAVORABLE CHANGE OF ATTITUDE OF A 

PERSON SO THAT HE MAY RETURN TO THE COMMUNITY AS A FUNCTIONAL MEMBER, 

BY THIS I MEAN THE CONVICT DOES NOT REVERT TO CRIMMINAL ACTIONS WHEN HE 

IS RELEASED, AND THAT THE SERVICES HE PROVIDES THE COMMUNITY ARE EQUAL 

OR GREATER THAN THE SUPPORT WHICH THE COMMUNITY PROVIDES HIM, IT IS 

BECOMING INCREASINGLY REPUGNANT TO THE CONSCIENCE OF SOCIETY TO IMPRISON 

AN OFFENDER MERELY BECAUSE HIS CONFINEMENT AFFORDS SOCIETY PROTECTION FOR 

A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. SOCIETY CAN NEVER TRULY BE PROTECTED 

BY A SYSTEM THAT DOES NOT DEAL JUSTLY AND WISELY WITH ITS MEMBERS. "THE 

THEORY THAT THE PRISON CAN MORE EFFECTIVELY REDUCE CRIME AND THUS PROMOTE 

THE PROTECTION OF SOCIETY BY SERVING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PUNISHMENT CAN­

NOT BE DISCUSSED WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE THEORY OF REHABILITATION/ FOR 

IN PRACTICE THE TWO THEORIES RUN COUNTER TO EACH OTHER AT SO MANY POINTS. 

THE DEBATE ON THE PUNITIVE VERSUS THE REHABILITATIVE THEORY HAS FILLED 

THE PAGES OF PENOLOGICAL LITERATURE FOR GENERATIONS... SO FAR AS THE 

U.S. IS CONCERNED/ HOWEVER/ IT IS ENDED.. .WHATEVER VALIDITY THE PUNITIVE 

PHILOSOPHY MAY HAVE IN THIS COUNTRY AND CENTURY IS SO FAR OUTWEIGHTED BY 

THE MERITS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF REHABILITATION THAT THE LATTER SHOULD TAKE 

UNQUESTIONED PRECEDENCE IN CURRENT PENAL THOUGHT." IT FOLLOWS THAT RE­

HABILITATION IS THE MOST ESSENTIAL GOAL OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS. IT 

ALSO JUSTIFIES TAKING SOME RISKS OF NOT ACHIEVING MAXIMUM ISOLATION IF 



THESE RISKS RESULT FROM MEASURES WHICH INCREASE THE PROSPECT OF REHABIL­

ITATION, 

RETRIBUTION IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES EACH INDIVIDUAL DF.LT WITH WRONGS 

DONE HIM OR HIS FAMILY IN HIS OWN WAY, THE VICTIM WAS MOTIVATED CHIEFLY 

BY IDEAS OF REVENGE/ RETRIBUTION, OR COMPENSATION FOR THE LOSS OF PERSONAL 

PROPERTY/ AS MODERN SOCIETIES DEVELOPED THROUGH THE COURSE OF TIME/ THE 

BASIC CONCEPT BEHIND GOVERNMENTAL INTERVENTION CONTINUED TO BE THAT OF 

RETRIBUTION, BALANCING OF THE SCALES OF JUSTICE. ON THE OTHER HAND 

RETRIBUTION IMPLIES THE PAYMENT OF ONES DEBT TO SOCIETY AND THE 

EXPIATION OF ONE'S OFFENSES, PAYMENT OF A DEBT CARRIES THE IMPLICATION 

THAT ONE IS FREE TO START RUNNING UP A NEW ACCOUNT, THIS MAY BE THE 

FEELING OF A PRISONER WHO HAS SERVED THE FULL LENGTH OF A SENTENCE, 

A SENSE OF RETRIBUTION OR REVENGE IS USUALLY FELT BY ONLY THE VICTIMS/ 

WITH THE SENTENCING OF THE OFFENDER, 

THE LATENT GOALS OR FUNCTIONS OF A CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION MAY 

HAVE MORE INFLUENCE ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE INSTITUTION OPERATES 

THAN DOES THE MANIFEST GOALS, THUS A PRISON INDUSTRY MANAGER'S INTEREST 

IN SHOWING A GOOD PRODUCTION RECORD MAY GUIDE THE ASSIGNMENTS HE GIVES 

WORKERS RATHER THAN AN INTEREST IN PREPARING THE INMATES FOR JOBS IN 

THE OUTSIDE WORLD, MORE COMMON/ THE INTEREST IN MAKING THEIR JOB 

EASIER CAN MOTIVATE PRISON PERSONNEL TO EXPECT ONLY THE MINIMUM EFFORT, 



GRAPHICS 



G .  1  

Prison 

!!!!""!"!!!! !!!i!!.!!!!! !!!!!!!?i!!i!!i:!:i::: 

I! !:!!!!it?!!!!!!!??**??!!!!!!!!! jjjjjjjijjjljjii'jii 

99% 

k - , >  

50 - 80% 

i'.ii.iiiiiiiiiiirr; 

Society 

""TVIE BEST SPECULATION PUCES RECIDIVISM RATES BETWEEN 50 AND 80%," 

"THE AVERAGE PRISONER IS BACK INTO SOCIETY WITHIN THREE YEARS/ REPEATING 

CRIMES WITHIN A YEAR." RONALD L. GOLDFARB, LINDA R. SINGER - AFTFR 

CONVICTION 



"THE DESIGNERS OF MOST CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS GENERALLY HAVE BEEN PRE­

OCCUPIED WITH SECURITY. THE RESULT IS THAT THEY CREATE DEMORALIZING AND 

DEHUMANIZING ENVIRONMENTS. THE FACILITY DESIGN PRECLUDES ANY EXPERIENCE 

THAT COULD FOSTER SOCIAL GROWTH OR BEHAVIORAL IMPROVEMENT. INDEED/ IN­

STITUTIONS MORE OFTEN BREED HOSTILITY AND RESENTMENT AND STRIP INMATES OF 

DIGNITY/ CHOICE/ AND A SENSE OF SELF-WORTH." NATIONAL ADVISORY COM­

MISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS - CORRECTIONS 



G.3 

"EXPECTATION OF AN ABILITY TO PUNISH AND CORRECT HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE 

INEFFECTIVENESS OF CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS, WITHOUT A CLEAR AND PRECISE 

DEFINITION OF GOALS IT IS UNREALISTIC TO EXPECT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES, 

PERSONNEL PRACTICES, PROGRAM RESOURCES AND DECISION MAKING PROCEDURES TO 

ACCOMPLISH A SPECIFIC PURPOSE," 

"MANY ADMINISTRATORS OF MAXIMUM AND MEDIUM SECURITY CENTERS STATE THAT 

ONLY 20 TO 25% OF THEIR INMATES NEED THAT LEVEL OF SECURITY." NATIONAL 

ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS -

CORRECTIONS 

"THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THE PRISON IS SECURITY; THE INMATES ARE WARDS OF 

THE STATE AND IT IS OUR PRIMARY FUNCTION TO PREVENT ESCAPES AND PROTECT 

SOCIETY," DEPUTY WARDEN OF SECURITY - MONTANA STATE PRISON 



G.4 

,.WE MUST CONCLUDE THAT THE (PRESENT) PRISON SYSTEM NOT ONLY DOES NOT 

WORK BUT WORKS AGAINST EVERY DECENT STANDARD SOCIETY SHOULD CONSIDER FOR 

ITS CORRECTION SYSTEM. IMPRISONMENT, WITH ITS PROGENY OF ACCOMPANYING 

PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES, IS A VICIOUS AND MEAN FORM OF PUNISHMENT THAT 

APPEALS TO OUR BASER, DARKER SIDE AND NOTHING MORE. " RONALD L. GOLD-

FARB, LINDA R. SINGER " AFTER CONVICTION 



G.5 

"IT IS NO PART OF ANY SENTENCE THAT A MAN SHOULD BE DEGRADED/ PERVERTED/ 

DEPERSONALIZED IN THE PROCESS OF SERVING HIS SENTENCE." 

"THE VERY NOTION THAT THE WAY TO PREPARE AN ASOCIAL PERSON TO BE A RE" 

SPONDIBLE CITIZEN IS TO ISOLATE HIM FROM HIS NATURAL COMMUNITY AND OPPOR­

TUNITIES AND NORMAL LIFE AND KEEP HIM FOR PROLONGED PERIODS/ EITHER ALONE 

OR WITH OTHERS WITH SIMILIAR OR WORSE PROBLEMS, DEFIES CREDIBILITY; YET/ 

IT IS THE BASIC PLAN, RONALD L, GOLDFARB/ LINDA R, SINGER - AFTER 

CONVICTION 

"OUR DISCUSSION INDICATES THAT CONFINING MEN IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS HAS 

SEVERAL CONSEQUENCES WHICH ARE INCONSISTENT WITH THE INTENTION THAT THEY 

SHOULD BE RESOCIALIZED AND ULTIMATELY RESETTLED IN THE COMMUNITY,., 

FINALLY/ IT HAS BEEN ARGUED THAT IMPRISONMENT HAS A CORROSIVE EFFECT UPON 

SOCIAL SKILLS/ WHICH ARE OF CRITICIAL IMPORTANCE IN RESETTLEMENT AFTER 

RELEASE FROM PRISON." GORDON TRASLER - THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF PERSIST­

ENT OFFENDERS 

"IT IS CONTRARY TO PROGRESSIVE CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND IS BECOMING 

INCREASINGLY REPUGNANT TO THE SOCIAL CONSCIENCE OF OUR PEOPLE TO IMPRISON 

AN OFFENDER FOR A LONG PERIOD/ WITHOUT REGARD FOR HIS PERSONAL CHARACTERIS­

TICS/ MERELY BECAUSE HIS CUSTODIAL SEGREGATION AFFORDS SOCIETY PROTECTION 

FOR THE TIME BEING, THERE IS A GROWING AWARENESS AMONG THOUGHTFUL PEOPLE 

THAT SOCIETY CAN NEVER BE TRULY PROTECTED BY ANY PROCEDURE THAT DOES NOT 

DEAL JUSTLY AND WISELY WITH ITS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS." AMERICAN CORREC­

TIONAL ASSOCIATION - DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CORRECTIONAL CONCEPTS AND 

STANDARDS 



G.6 

"A BASIC PRINCIPLE UNDERLYING THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS 

IS THAT ALL EFFORTS CONSISTENT WITH THE SAFETY OF OTHERS SHOULD BE MADE 

TO REDUCE INVOLVEMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL OFFENDER WITH THE INSTITUTIONAL 

ASPECTS OF CORRECTIONS," NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL 

JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS - CORRECTIONS 

"THE ADVENT OF THESE PROGRAMS (COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS) IN THE POSTWAR 

DECADES AMD THEIR RECENT GROWTH IN NUMBERS AND PROMINENCE ARE PERHAPS THE 

MOST PROMISING DEVELOPMENTS IN CORRECTIONS TODAY." THE PRESIDENTS 

COMMISSION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE - SPECIAI 

COMMUNITY PROGRAMS: ALTERNATIVES TO-INSTITUTIONS 



G.7 

"THE PUBLIC HAS NOT VET FULLY SUPPORTED THE EMERGING COMMUNITY-ORIENTED 

PHILOSOPHY. AN OUTDATED PHILOSOPHY CONTINUES TO DOMINATE THE ADULT IN­

STITUTION, THUS PERPETUATING A NUMBER OF CONTRADICTORY ASSUMPTIONS AND 

BELIEFS CONCERNING INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS." NATIONAL ADVISORY 

COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARSS AND GOALS - CORRECTIONS 



G . 8  

"MODERN PENAL PHILOSOPHY-A TRANSITIONAL STATE: A PHILOSOPHY WHICH WE ARE 

STILL TRYING TO TRANSLATE INTO NEW PROGRAMS, PERSONNEL/ AND ARCHITECTURE. 

SLOWLY THESE TWO BASIC CONCEPTS ARE CHANGING THE CHARACTER OF PRISON 

DISCIPLINE. I SAY "SLOWLY CHANGING" BECAUSE WE MUST RECOGNIZE THE PRESENT 

AS A TRANSITION STATE WHICH CONTAINS MUCH OF BOTH OLD AND NEW, IF WE ARE 

TO PLAN FOR THE FUTURE, ESPECIALLY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PENAL INSTITU­

TIONS WHICH WILL PERSIST LONG AFTER WE ARE GONE." HOWARD B. GILL -

CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE 



G . 9  

"OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE TO ANY PLANNING ARE THE VALUES AND ASSUMPTIONS 

DICTATING THE POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND STRUCTURAL RESPONCE ARE FIXED BY 

THOSE POLICIES, THEIR UNDERLYING VALUES AFFECT ALL SUBSEQUENT PLANNING 

AND IMPLEMENTATION." 

"EACH CORRECTIONAL AGENCY SHOULD IMMEDIATELY DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT 

POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES TO FULFILL THE RIGHT OF OFFENDERS 

TO REHABILITATIVE PROGRAMS," 

"A MAJOR ASSUMPTION THROUGHOUT THIS REPORT IS THAT MOST PERSONS COMMITTED 

TO CORRECTIONAL AUTHORITY CAN BE SERVED EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY IN 

COMMUNITY SETTINGS.,,IT SEEMS OBVIOUS THAT INSTITUTIONAL POPULATIONS WILL 

BE MADE UP INCREASINGLY OF HARD-CORE CRIMINALS AND PERSONS HARD TO CONTROL, 

PRISON WILL BECOME THE FINAL RESORT. HOWEVER, ALL BUT A VERY SMALL 

FRACTION OF INSTUTIONALIZED INDIVIDUALS ULTIMATELY RETURN TO THECOMMUNITY, 

AND IT IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL THAT INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS ALSO INVOLVE 

THE COMMUNITY." 

"THE ENTIRE INSTITUTIONAL STAY SHOULD BE ORIENTATED TOWARD THE OFFENDER'S 

RETURN TO "THE COMMUNITY AND THE PROBLEMS EXISTING THERE.. .CLOSED INSTI­

TUTIONS TEND TO CLOSE THE MINDS OF THEIR CAPTIVES BOTH OFFENDERS AND 

STAFF... THIS REPRESSION AND REGIMENTATION IS IRRELEVANT AND COUNTERPRO­

DUCTIVE TO THE OFFENDER'S ADOPTION OF A NONDELINQUENT LIFESTYLE IN THE 

COMMUNITY, WHERE HE MUST MAKE HIS OWN DECISIONS." NATIONAL ADVISORY 

COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS - CORRECTIONS 



G . 1 0  

"ONE MIGHT ATTEMPT NOT MERELY TO AUGMENT THE PRISON CULTURE, BUT TO 

SUPPLANT IT-TO SUBSTITUTE A NETWORK OF PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 

OFFICERS AND INMATES FOR THE CLOSED SOCIETY OF "THE INMATE GROUP." 

GORDON TRASLER " THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF PERSISTENT OFFENDERS 

"FEW DECISIONS (IN THE OUTSIDE) ARE UNCOMPLICATED BY THE DESIRE TO PLEASE 

OTHERS, TO FULFILL OBLIGATIONS, TO ACHIEVE PLACE OR PROFIT; WHY SHOULD 

THE PRISONER BE SO PROTECTED FROM SANCTIONS AND INCENTIVES TO PARTICIPATE 

IN PROGRAMS WHICH ARE FOR HIS OWN GOOD AS WELL AS OURS?" NORVAL 

MORRIS - THE FUTURE OF IMPRISONMENT 



DESIGN CRITERIA 



H .  1  

THE MODERN ERA OF PRISON REFORM ESTABLISHED ITSELF IN THE 

1930'S. IT WAS AT THIS TIME THAT CURRENT CORRECTIONAL PHI­

LOSOPHIES BEGAN TO CHANGE FROM THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF 

PUNISHMENT TOWARD A MORE HUMANE TREATMENT BASED ON REHABIL­

ITATING THE INDIVIDUAL AND RETURNING HIM TO SOCIETY AS A 

RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL. UNFORTUNATELY, THE WHEELS OF PROG­

RESS ARE SET INTO MOTION VERY SLOWLY, EVEN TODAY THERE ARE 

PRISONS IN OPERATION WHICH ARE NO MORE ADVANCED IN THEIR 

CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHIES AND PROGRAMS THAN THE PENAL IN­

STITUTIONS OF A CENTURY AGO. HOWEVER, WITH EVER INCREASING 

MOMENTUM THESE MODERN PHILOSOPHIES ARE BEGINNING TO BE IN­

CORPORATED INTO THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRISON SYSTEM. THE 

VAST MAJORITY OF PRISONS IN OPERATION TODAY STRIVE TO ENSUE 

THE PHILOSOPHY OF REHABILITATING THE CRIMINAL TO SOME EX­

TENT. 

THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN CAUGHT UP IN 

THE PERNICIOUS MOMENTUM OF CHANGE, THE BASIC PROBLEM IS 

THAT THE CORRECTIONAL AND PENOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHIES ARE IN 

SUCH A RAPID STATE OF METAMORPHOSIS THAT IT HAS BECOME IM­

POSSIBLE FOR THE PHYSICAL FACILITIES OF THE INSTITUTION TO 

KEEP PACE. THIS METAMORPHOSIS ACCENTUATES THE COSTLINESS 

OF BUILDINGS WHICH ARE NOT DESIGNED AND BUILT OVERNIGHT, 

DO NOT READILY ADAPT TO DIFFERENT PROGRAMS, AND ARE NOT 

EASILY DESTROYED. FOR EXAMPLE, EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA STATE 



H . 2  

PRISON WAS CLOSED IN 1966, BUT TEN YEARS LATER, IT IS STILL 

STANDING BECAUSE OF THE HIGH COST OF RAZING THE STRUCTURE. 

MOST OF THE PRISONS BEING BUILT ACROSS THE COUNTRY OVER THE 

LAST FIFTEEN YEARS, THOUGH DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE TO CUR­

RENT CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHIES OF THE TIME, THEY ARE AL­

READY OUT OF DATE IF MEASURED STRICTLY BY CURRENT REFORM 

THINKING, SOME ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN WERE OUTDATED BEFORE 

THE FUNDS COULD BE APPROVED IN THE LEGISLATURE, AND THE 

FACILITY CONSTRUCTED. IN LIGHT OF THE UNSTABLE SITUATION 

SURROUNDING THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM, CORRECTIONAL EXPERTS 

ARE APPEALING TO THE GOVERNMENT AND PRISON ADMINISTRATORS 

TO HALT ALL CONSTRUCTION OF NEW JAILS AND PRISONS. THE 

ANTI-CONSTRUCTION PHILOSOPHY IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH A 

GROWING MOVEMENT TO REVOLUTIONIZE THE ENTIRE CRIMINAL JUS­

TICE SYSTEM, IN WHICH ALL ASPECTS OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS, 

FROM ARREST TO IMPRISONMENT, ARE BEING CRITICIZED. A SIG­

NIFICANT PROTEST AGAINST IMPRISONMENT WAS HEARD IN JUNE OF 

1972 WHEN 54 DISTINGUISHED LAWYERS AND CRIMINOLOGISTS CON­

VENED AT A MEETING SPONSORED BY THE ROSCOE POUND AMERICAN 

TRIAL LAWYERS FOUNDATION. THE LAWYERS AND CRIMINOLOGISTS 

CONCURRED THAT IMPRISONMENT AS A CRIMINAL SANCTION BE 

SHARPLY CURTAILED, AND USED SOLELY AS A LAST RESORT.1 THE 

CURRENT MORATORIUM ON PRISON CONSTRUCTION HAS BEEN EFFEC­

TIVE TO THE EXTENT THAT ACROSS THE NATION THERE ARE ONLY 



H . 3  

THREE PRISONS BEING PLANNED OR CONSTRUCTED, ONE OF WHICH IS 

THE NEW FACILITY IN MONTANA, BEFORE THE MORATORIUM THE 

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ALONE SPENT 251 MILLION DOLLARS ON CON­

STRUCTION PROGRAMS FOR CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, BETWEEN 

1970 AND 1973, 

MONTANA'S NEED FOR A NEW CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION HAS 

LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED, AND IS MANY YEARS PAST DUE, MONTANA 

STATE PRISON, AS WITH MANY OF THE PRISONS BUILT IN THAT 

PERIOD (1890's); WAS BUILT WITH LITTLE INSIGHT INTO THE 

CHANGING PHILOSOPHIES AND CHANGING PROGRAM NEEDS OF A COR­

RECTIONAL INSTITUTION. ITS MAIN HOUSING UNIT INSIDE THE 

WALLS, BUILT IN 1912, ARE OF SUCH DESIGN THAT THE IMPLEMEN­

TATION OF ADVANCED PRACTICES OR TECHNIQUES IS NOT FEASIBLE, 

THE PROGRAM STRUCTURE AND INDUSTRY HAS LONG SURPASSED THE 

LIMITED FLEXIBILITY OF THE PHYSICAL PLANT TO THE POINT OF 

IT BEING AN INHIBITING FACTOR TO THE TRAINING AND RESOCIAL" 

IZATION OF THE INMATE POPULATION. 

THE MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISON IS IN SUCH A STATE OF DEPRE­

CATION AND DISREPAIR BOTH PHYSICALLY AND MECHANICALLY, THAT 

FURTHER FINANCIAL INVESTMENT INTO ITS MAINTENANCE IS NOT 

ONLY PAINFUL, BUT OF QUESTIONABLE VALUE IN TERMS OF BEING A 

WISE USE OF TAX DOLLARS. THE LIVING QUARTERS PROVIDED FOR 

THE INMATES ARE SMALL; THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ARE OVER­

LOADED; FIRE PROTECTION IS LIMITED; PLUMBING AND UTILITY 



H.4 

CARRIERS ARE DETERIORATED, RESULTING IN LOSS OF SERVICE AND 

CAPACITY, SUCH AS HOT WATER SERVICE IN INDIVIDUAL CELLS; THE 

ROOFS LEAK WITH THE USUAL INTERIOR DAMAGE, AND THE BOILERS 

ARE OF SUCH AGE AND CONDITION THAT THEY MAY BREAK DOWN AND 

BECOME TOTALLY UNREPAIRABLE AT ANY TIME.2 

IN VIEW OF THE RAPID CHANGE WHICH THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM 

IS GOING THROUGH, IT WOULD BE UNWISE TO INVEST UPWARD OF 

SIX MILLION DOLLARS ON A STRUCTURE WHICH WILL BECOME OUT­

DATED LONG BEFORE THE EXPECTED LIFE OF THE BUILDING. IN MY 

OPINION THE SOLUTION IS TO DESIGN THE INSTITUTION IN SUCH A 

MANNER THAT IT WILL SERVE THE PRESENT NEEDS OF THE SYSTEM, 

AND AT THE SAME TIME BE FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO ADAPT TO THE NEW 

CRITERIA WHICH WILL BE FORMULATED AS THE SYSTEM CONTINUES 

THROUGH ITS METAMORPHIC PROCESS. TO ACCOMPLISH THIS THE 

DESIGNER MUST ANTICIPATE WHAT CHANGES WILL OCCUR IN THE 

CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM IN THE FUTURE. BECAUSE WE ARE IN THE 

MIDDLE OF THE PROCESS, ONE IS ABLE TO PREDICT THE CHANGES 

TO TAKE PLACE THROUGH A COMBINATION OF LOGIC, EVALUATION 

OF CURRENT TRENDS AND HOPEFUL EXPECTATION. 

l) FEWER OFFENDERS, AND ESPECIALLY THE YOUNGER ONES, WILL 

BE CONFINED FOR LONG PERIODS IN CUSTODIAL INSTITUTIONS. 

EXPERIENCE HAS DEMONSTRATED TIME AND TIME AGAIN THAT CON­

FINEMENT FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME DOES NOTHING TO RE­

ORIENTATE THE INMATE BACK INTO SOCIETY. IT IS INEVITABLE 



H. 5 

THAT AN INDIVIDUAL PLACED IN A SMALL, ISOLATED AND RELA­

TIVELY STABLE COMMUNITY WILL BE REQUIRED TO EMPLOY A 

SMALLER RANGE OF SOCIAL SKILLS THAN WOULD BE NECESSARY IN 

A NORMALLY ACTIVE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT. IN PRISON THE PAT­

TERN OF LIFE AND WORK IS SIMPLE AND UNVARYING, AND AS A RE­

SULT THE RANGE OF SOCIAL RESPONSES REQUIRED OF HIM SIMILAR­

LY ARE RESTRICTED AND PREDICTABLE, AFTER PROLONGED OR RE­

PEATED IMPRISONMENT A MAN'S SOCIAL REACTIONS BECOME BLUNTED; 

HE BECOMES CLUMSIER, LESS PERCEPTIVE OF OTHERS, AND HE 

LOSES CONFIDENCE IN HIS ABILITY TO DEAL WITH OTHERS, AT THE 

SAME TIME A PRISONER LOSES ALL MEANINGFUL CONTACT WITH HIS 

FRIENDS AND FAMILY IN THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND THE RELATION­

SHIPS BECOME ATTENUATED AND UNREAL. IN CONCLUSION, EX­

TENDED CONFINEMENT IS INCONSISTENT WITH RESOCIALIZATION AND 

REINTEGRATING THE EX-CONVICT INTO THE COMMUNITY.3 

2) THE NEW CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE FUTURE WILL BE 

MUCH SMALLER, WITH PERHAPS ONLY A FRACTION THE PRESENT IN­

MATE POPULATION. OTHER ALTERNATIVES WILL BE EMPLOYED FOR 

THOSE PRISONERS WHICH DO NOT BELONG IN A CORRECTIONAL FA­

CILITY. DRUG TREATMENT PROGRAMS ARE BEING ESTABLISHED 

AROUND THE NATION TO DEAL WITH OFFENDERS HAVING DRUG RE­

LATED PROBLEMS. THE MENTALLY ILL WILL BE DIVERTED FROM THE 

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM UPON DIAGNOSIS OF THE PROBLEM, WILL 

ELIMINATE A CRIMINAL RECORD AND IS CONSIDERED MORE HUMANE 



H . 6  

AND EXPEDIENT. COMMUNITY BASED PROGRAMS ARE BEING ESTAB­

LISHED AND UTILIZED BY THOSE PERSONS WHO WOULD DESIRE 

GREATER BENEFIT BY MAINTAINING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL TIES 

WITH THE COMMUNITY/ AND ARE NOT A THREAT TO THE COMMUNITY, 

AS A RESULT OF THE DIVERSION OF MANY INDIVIDUALS TO OTHER 

PROGRAMS,, THE REMAINING POPULATION WILL BE THOSE PERSONS 

WHO ARE THE MOST DANGEROUS TO SOCIETY; THE GROUP OF REPETI­

TIVELY VIOLENT.OFFENDERS, "THE STATUTORY MODELS AND DRAFTS 

OF THE LAST FEW YEARS HAVE PROPOSED/ AND MANY STATES HAVE 

ADOPTED/ SENTENCING STRUCTURES PROVIDING FOR SHORTER SEN­

TENCES FOR MOST INDIVIDUAL CONVICTED OF CRIMES, HOWEVER/ 

WHILE DECREASING THE PERIODS OF IMPRISONMENT FOR THE RUN-

OF-THE-MILL CRIMINAL/ THESE CODES AUTHORIZE EXTENDED SEN­

TENCES/ TYPICALLY UP TO TWICE THE MAXIMUM SENTENCE FOR THE 

COMMITTED/ FOR A GROUP OF OFFENDERS WHICH IS DIFFERENTLY 

DESCRIBED IN THE VARIOUS CODES BUT WHICH GENERALLY INCLUDES 

THE PERSISTENT/ THE PROFESSIONAL/ AND THE DANGEROUS OF­

FENDER/'4 FEWER INDIVIDUALS WILL BE INCARCERATED/ BUT 

THOSE IMPRISONED WILL BE SERVING LONGER SENTENCES ON THE 

AVERAGE, 

3) THE PROGRAMS THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM OFFERS IN THE FU­

TURE WILL PLACE GREATER EMPHASIS ON PREPARING THE INMATE 

FOR RELEASE AND REINTEGRATION INTO THE FREE SOCIETY. THE 

EMPHASIS ON ESCAPE AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTION/ UNLESS IT 



H.7  

CONTRIBUTES TO THE PRISONER'S RESOCIALIZAT ION., WILL BE DE­

PRECIATED, SOCIAL SKILLS COULD BEST BE MAINTAINED THROUGH 

MEANINGFUL CONTACT BETWEEN PRISONERS AND THEIR FAMILIES, 

FRI ENDS AND COMMUNITIES, SUCH CONTACT WILL NECESSITATE 

HOME LEAVES, IMPROVED VISITING FACILITIES, RELAXED MAIL 

CENSORSHIP, AND IMPROVED FAMILY WELFARE COUNCILING. A 

GREATER DIVERSITY OF SOCIAL INTERACTION BETWEEN INMATES 

WILL COERCE THEM TO EXERCISE THE IR SOCIAL SKILLS TO A 

GREATER EXTENT. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, BOTH ACADEMIC AND 

VOCATIONAL, AS WELL AS A BROADER SPECTRUM OF PROGRAMS, FROM 

RECREATIONAL TO SOCIAL SERVICES, MAY BE EXPECTED TO BE OF­

FERED BY THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM IN THE NEAR FUTURE, THE 

RESPONSIBILITY AND THE DECISION TO PARTICIPATE IN SUCH PRO­

GRAMS SHOULD BE THE INMATE'S, AND MADE OF HIS OWN FREE WILL. 

THE INSTITUTION MAY ATTEMPT TO PERSUADE HIM TO PARTICIPATE, 

TELL HIM OF THE ADVANTAGES, YET IN THE END THE DECISION 

WILL BE THE INDIVIDUAL'S, INSTITUTIONS OF THE FUTURE WILL 

NO LONGER FUNCTION AS AN INMATE'S ESCAPE FROM RESPONSIBIL­

ITY, AS IS THE CASE IN THE OUTSIDE WORLD, THE INMATE WILL 

HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS WHICH AFFECT HIS LIFE AND HE WILL 

HAVE TO LEARN TO ACCEPT THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THOSE DE­

CISIONS, 

4) IT IS FORESEEN THAT THERE WILL BE A REDUCTION OF THE 

DICHOTOMY BETWEEN INCARCERATION AND PAROLE, AN ASSORTMENT 



H.8 

OF PROGRAMS WILL BE EMPLOYED TO ALLOW THE PRISONER TO MAKE 

THE TRANSITION TO LIVING IN A FREE COMMUNITY MORE SMOOTHLY. 

SOME SUCH PROGRAMS WOULD INCLUDE WORK AND EDUCATION FUR­

LOUGHS WHERE THE PRISONER IS ALLOWED TO FUNCTION IN THE 

COMMUNITY DURING THE DAY, BUT MUST RETURN AT NIGHT, WEEK­

END LEAVES TO BE WITH HIS FAMILY, AND HALFWAY HOUSES AND 

OTHER SIMILAR COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS WILL BECOME MORE 

COMMON IN A VARIETY OF FORMS, 

5) THE COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMS WILL TAKE MORE ADVANTAGE 

OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES, BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. WITHIN 

EACH COMMUNITY, THE CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS WILL BE COORDI­

NATED AND MANAGED TO REDUCE OR ELIMINATE THE INEFFICIENT 

DUPLICATION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES AND SERVICES. THERE IS 

NO VIABLE REASON A COMMUNITY SHOULDN'T USE RECREATIONAL FA­

CILITIES OF A HALFWAY HOUSE, OR CORRECTIONAL DETAINEES 

SHOULDN'T USE THE EDUCATIONAL AND MEDICAL RESOURCES OF A 

COMMUNITY. 

6) PROBATION AND PAROLE PROGRAMS WILL EXPAND AND PROVIDE 

A GREATER VARIETY OF PROGRAMS TO FIT THE INDIVIDUAL'S NEEDS. 

SOME OF THE PROGRAMS WHICH MAY BE OFFERED INCLUDE - HOSTELS, 

GROUP HOMES, TRAINING PROGRAMS, JOB PLACEMENT, WORKSHOPS, 

PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES AND PROFESSIONAL COUNSELING. THE IDEA 

BEHIND THESE PROGRAMS IS TO ALLOW THE PRISONER TO ADAPT TO 



H.9 

FRtE SOCIETY MORE SMOOTHLY AND THUS REDUCE HIS CHANCES OF 

RECIDIVISM, 

7) THE CHARACTER, COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF PAROLE 

BOARDS WILL CHANGE TO REPRESENT QUALIFIED PERSONS, THE DE­

CISIONS OF THE BOARD WILL BE BASED ON REHABILITATION AND 

THE INDIVIDUAL'S READINESS TO BE RELEASED, RATHER THAN RE­

ACTIONARY INFLUENCES OF THE TIME BASED ON RETRIBUTION. 

ALSO NEW FORMS OF DISPOSITION TRIBUNALS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED 

AS SUBSTITUTES FOR THE TRADITIONAL "SENTENCING" BY JUDGES 

AND ARBITRARY DECISIONS OF PAROLE BOARDS, 

8) FINALLY THROUGH THESE STEPS, THE NEW CORRECTIONAL SYS­

TEM WILL BE MORE DIFFICULT FOR THE OFFENDER, WHO SEEKS TO 

ESCAPE THE CONSEQUENCES OF HIS BEHAVIOR, TO EVADE, CON-• 

VERSELY, THE INDIVIDUAL WHO SEEKS HELP WILL BE MORE READILY 
5 

PROVIDED WITH ASSISTANCE. IF ONE IS TO ASSUME THESE 

CHANGES IN THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE 

FUTURE, THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE INSTITUTION WILL HAVE 

TO CHANGE TO ADAPT TO THE NEW DESIGN CRITERIA. AT PRESENT, 

HOWEVER, THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITU­

TIONS REFLECT THE CURRENT ATTITUDES AND DESIRES OF THE 

PEOPLE, THE GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS OF THE STATE AND THE 

PRISON ADMINISTRATIONS. IF THE ARCHITECT ATTEMPTS TO DE­

SIGN AN INSTITUTION WHICH MEETS THE DESIGN CRITERIA OF THE 



H.10 

FUTURE WITHOUT ANSWERING THE PRESENT NEEDS OF THE SYSTEM, 

HE WILL ONLY BE MET WITH RESENTMENT, CONFRONTATION AND THE 

DISSATISFACTION OF THE CLIENT, AS A RESULT HIS DESIGN HAS 

A SLIM CHANCE OF EVER BEING CONSTRUCTED. IN MY OPINION THE 

BEST SOLUTION IS FOR THE ARCHITECT TO DESIGN A FACILITY 

WHICH MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE SYSTEM AT PRESENT, BUT IS DE­

SIGNED SO THAT IT CAN ADAPT TO THE CHANGING NEEDS OF THE 

ADMINISTRATION AS THEY BECOME APPARENT. TO DO SO REQUIRES 

THE DESIGN OF A FLEXIBLE INSTITUTION WHICH STRIVES TO SAT­

ISFY BOTH DESIGN CRITERIA. THE GREATER EXTENT TO WHICH THE 

FUTURE DESIGN CRITERIA CAN EITHER BE MET OR PARTIALLY RE­

SOLVED, THE EASIER AND MORE LIKELY A TRANSITION WILL BE 

MADE BETWEEN THE TWO SYSTEMS. ONE OF THE MOST COMMON EX­

CUSES A BUREAUCRATIC INSTITUTION WILL MAKE FOR REMAINING 

UNCHANGED IS ITS LACK OF FUNDING, OR THE INAPPROPRIATENESS 

OF THE EXISTING FACILITY TO ACCOMMODATE THE CHANGE. 

IN ASSUMING THAT THE POPULATION OF THE PRISON WILL BE 

DRASTICALLY REDUCED, ONE IS IMMEDIATELY CONFRONTED WITH ONE 

OF THE MOST DIFFICULT PROBLEMS: WHAT TO DO WITH THE BUILD­

INGS WHICH ARE NO LONGER NEEDED OR USED. FOR MANY OF THE 

FUNCTIONS THERE IS NO REAL CONFLICT BECAUSE THE SQUARE 

FOOTAGE IS DETERMINED MORE BY FUNCTION THAN BY POPULATION. 

THE SIZE OF KITCHEN WOULD NOT HAVE TO CHANGE GREATLY TO 

SERVE 300 PRISONERS, OR HALF THAT MANY. THE SIZE OF 



H.11 

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES SUCH AS BASKETBALL COURTS AND OUT­

DOOR PLAYING FIELDS WILL REMAIN UNAFFECTED, THOUGH THEIR 

USAGE MAY BE REDUCED. PERHAPS VACANT RECREATION FACILITIES 

WILL ENCOURAGE GREATER COMMUNITY USE OF THESE FACILITIES, 

BEING A BUREAUCRACY, THERE WOULD BE VERY LITTLE REDUCTION 

IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTION OF THE PRISON WITH A MAJOR 

REDUCTION IN INMATES AND AN INCREASE IN THE QUALITY OF 

SERVICES, 

THE MAJOR AREA OF CONFLICT WOULD BE HOUSING, IF HALF OF 

THE PRISON POPULATION WERE TO BE DIVERTED TO OTHER STATE 

FACILITIES, HALF OF THE HOUSING UNITS, AND THEIR SUPPORTIVE 

FACILITIES SUCH AS HOBBY AREAS, DINING AREAS AND UTILITY 

AREAS WOULD STAND VACANT. THERE ARE SEVERAL SOLUTIONS TO 

THE SITUATION. THAT PERCENTAGE OF HOUSING UNITS WHICH ARE 

ANTICIPATED TO BE VACATED SHORTLY SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED QN 

A TEMPORARY BASIS, THE SIMPLIST OF THESE SOLUTIONS WOULD 

INVOLVE THE USE OF MOBILE HOMES AS TRUSTEE HOUSING, TRUST­

EES COULD LIVE IN GROUPS OF 3 OR 4 TO A UNIT AND WOULD HAVE 

THE OPTION OF PREPARING THEIR OWN MEALS OR EATING AT THE 

CENTRAL CAFETERIA. THIS SOLUTION WOULD INCREASE THE TRUST­

EES' RESPONSIBILITY AND WOULD REDUCE DIFFICULTIES IN AD­

JUSTING TO SOCIETY WHEN HE WAS PAROLED. AS THE POPULATION 

WAS DECREASED THE MOBILE HOMES COULD BE SOLD OR USED ELSE­

WHERE BY THE STATE, A SIMILAR SOLUTION, THOUGH LESS 



H. 12 

TRANSIENT IN APPEARANCE, WOULD EMPLOY THE USE OF MODULATED 

HOUSING UNITS SIMILAR TO THE PERMANENT UNITS. THE PRIMARY 

DIFFERENCE WOULD BE THAT AS COMMUNITY REHABILITATION CEN­

TERS WERE ESTABLISHED ACROSS THE STATE, THE TEMPORARY HOUS­

ING UNITS COULD BE DISASSEMBLED AND TRANSPORTED TO THE VAR­

IOUS CITIES WHERE THEY WOULD BE REASSEMBLED, WITH MINOR AD­

JUSTMENTS WHERE NECESSARY, AND USED A3 COMMUNITY CORREC­

TIONAL CENTERS. THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS SOLUTION WOULD BE 

QUESTIONABLE AND AN IN-DEPTH ECONOMIC OR STRUCTURAL STUDY 

WOULD BE NECESSARY. THE STRUCTURES MAY ADAPT MORE READILY 

TO STATE AND LOCAL OFFICE BUILDINGS AS A SECOND FUNCTION. 

A THIRD POSSIBILITY WOULD BE TO CONSOLIDATE THE JUVENILE 

AND ADULT CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES INTO A CENTRAL LOCATION, 

BUT OPERATE EACH AS SEPARATE ENTITIES. THIS SOLUTION, I 

FEEL, WOULD ELIMINATE MUCH OF THE CURRENT DUPLICATION OF 

ADMINISTRATION AND SERVICES. BECAUSE OF THE CONSOLIDATION 

IT WOULD BE ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE TO EMPLOY A MORE QUALI­

FIED STAFF. A FOURTH SOLUTION WOULD BE TO RELOCATE SOME 

OTHER INSTITUTION TO THE PRISON SITE, BUT TO BE HONEST, I 

CAN THINK OF NO SUCH FACILITY WHICH WOULD JUMP AT THE OFFER 

OF SHARING A SITE WITH THE STATE PRISON. ONE STATE CORREC­

TIONAL FACILITY RECENTLY DESIGNED WAS CONSTRUCTED WITH THE 

INTENTION OF REMODELING IT INTO A VOCATIONAL TRAINING 
6 

SCHOOL WHEN IT BECOMtS OBSOLETE AS A PRISON. 



H. 13 

IN THE FUTURE, CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS WILL PLACE 

GREATER AND GREATER EMPHASIS ON REINTEGRATING THE PRISONER 

INTO NORMAL SOCIETY. TO FACILITATE THIS THE PHYSICAL SET­

TING AND ATMOSPHERE OF THE PRISON WILL CHANGE. SOME OF 

THESE CHANGES ARE CURRENTLY PRACTICED IN INSTITUTIONS 

ACROSS THE UNITED STATES AND WOULD BE READILY ACCEPTED IN 

MONTANA NOW; FOR OTHERS IT WILL TAKE CONSIDERABLE TIME TO 

GAIN ACCEPTABILITY. THE FOLLOWING FACTORS DEAL WITH THE 

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND THE SOCIAL INFLUENCES OF REHABILITATION. 

PRIVACY IS CONSIDERED AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN MAINTAIN­

ING ONE'S EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING, YET IT IS A MERE COMMODITY 

IN AN INSTITUTION WHOSE PRIMARY CONCERN IS SECURITY. ADE­

QUATE PRIVACY LEVELS NOT ONLY ARE CONDUCIVE TO RESTORING 

A MAN'S DIGNITY AND SENSE OF INDIVIDUALITY, BUT ALSO GIVE 

HIM A PLACE TO GO TO BE ALONE AND MAKE DECISIONS, AND GET 

HIS HEAD TOGETHER. TO CREATE A MORE HUMANE INSTITUTION 

EACH INMATE SHOULD HAVE A TERRITORY OF HIS OWN TO STORE 

POSSESSIONS AND USE AS A RETREAT FREE FROM INTRUSION. I 

FEEL THERE ARE SEVERAL VERY WORKABLE ALTERNATIVES IN 

ACHIEVING THIS SOLUTION. THE FIRST IS TO PROVIDE EACH IN­

DIVIDUAL WITH A PRIVATE LOCKABLE ROOM. THE INMATE WOULD 

HAVE A KEY AND THE STAFF WOULD HAVE AN OVERRIDING KEY IF IT 

BECAME NECESSARY TO ENTER OR CONFINE THE INMATE IN HIS ROOM. 



H.14 

SPECIAL PROVISIONS WOULD BE NECESSARY FOR THE MAXIMUM SECUR­

ITY PRISONER. 

MINIMUM AND SOME MEDIUM SECURITY INMATES COULD LIVE IN 

RESIDENTIAL TYPE UNITS, IF THESE SOLUTIONS WERE ENACTED 

THE GENERAL ATMOSPHERE OF THE FACILITY WOULD BE LESS INSTI­

TUTIONAL AND MORE REPRESENTATIVE OF NORMAL SOCIETY. LESS 

PRIVATE AREAS COULD ALSO BE DEVELOPED BY THE ARRANGEMENT 

OF SEATING AND SCREENS IN LOUNGE AREAS AND DEVELOPMENT OF 

SMALL ALCOVES WHERE SMALL GROUPS COULD SIT AND TALK. A 

FLEXIBLE PLAN COULD BE REARRANGED LATER TO PROVIDE SUCH 

SPACES. LARGE OUTDOOR AREAS WITH TREES AND PLANTING WOULD 

ALLOW AN INMATE TO BE ISOLATED BY DISTANCE. THOUGH UNDER 

A GUARD'S EYE FROM A DISTANCE, HE COULD BE VERY MUCH ALONE 

WITH HIMSELF. CONCERN FOR PRIVACY IN THE VISITING FACILI­

TIES IS ESSENTIAL IN MAINTAINING FAMILY TIES AND FRIEND­

SHIPS. LARGE VISITING AREAS SHOULD BE PARTITIONED AND FUR­

NISHED TO CREATE A RESIDENTIAL ATMOSPHERE ORIENTATED TOWARD 

SMALL PRIVATE GROUPS. SUPERVISION WHERE NECESSARY SHOULD 

BE PLACED IN UNOBTRUSIVE LOCATIONS WITHIN VISUAL BUT NOT 

ACOUSTICAL RANGE. IF GLASS BARRIERS ARE NECESSARY IN MAXI­

MUM SECURITY VISITING AREAS, PARTITIONS SHOULD BE PROVIDED 

TO ALLOW PRIVACY BETWEEN VISITING GROUPS. IT IS HOPEFUL 

THAT IN THE FUTURE CONJUGAL VISITS AND FURLOUGHS WILL BE 

PERMITTED. 



H .  1 5  

TRADITIONALLY, PRISONS HAVE SOUGHT TO STRIP PRISONERS OF 

ALL ASPECTS OF PERSONAL IDENTITY AND IMPRESS UPON THEM 

THEIR UNIMPORTANCE AND ANONYMITY, THIS APPROACH IS IN DI­

RECT CONTRAST TO THE NEW PHILOSOPHY TO RE"INTEGRATE THE 

PRISONER INTO SOCIETY AS A SELF-RELIANT AND PRODUCTIVE IN­

DIVIDUAL. POSSESSION OF A POSITIVE SELF-IMAGE IS ESSENTIAL 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CRIMINAL INTO A NORMAL FUNCTIONING 

PERSON, THE PHYSICAL DESIGN CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE ESTAB­

LISHMENT OF SELF-IDENTITY IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS. THE IN­

MATE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO PERSONALIZE HIS QUARTERS TO HIS 

PERSONAL TASTE. HE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO ACCUMULATE PERSON­

AL PROPERTY WITHIN SPECIFIED RESTRICTIONS TO MAKE HIS STAY 

IN PRISON A HUMANE LIVING EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN AN ANONY­

MOUS EXISTENCE. SUCH PERSONAL ITEMS MAY INCLUDE PAINTINGS, 

TAPESTRIES, PILLOWS, ETC. EVEN MAXIMUM SECURITY INMATES 

SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO ACCUMULATE PERSONAL POSSESSIONS, BUT 

LESS RESTRICTIONS WOULD BE PLACED ON THE INMATES WITH 

GREATER RESPONSIBILITY. THE PRISONER'S QUARTERS SHOULD BE 

DESIGNED WITH THE INTENT OF ALLOWING HIM TO SELECT FURNI­

TURE ARRANGEMENTS AND WALL COLOR TO SUIT HIS TASTES. THE 

INMATE SHOULD ALSO HAVE RESTRICTED FREEDOM OF PERSONAL EX­

PRESSION THROUGH THE CLOTHES HE WEARS. A PERSON'S IDENTITY 

COULD BE REINFORCED BY MINIMIZING THE NEED FOR REGIMENTA­

TION AND CLOSE SUPERVISION BY THE PROPER ARRANGEMENT OF 



H.  16 

SPACES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE THE CLOSE CONNECTION OF EATING 

AND SLEEPING AREAS, CENTRALLY LOCATED STAFF OFFICES, AND 

SHARED STAFF-INMATE RECREATION FACILITIES, 

IN THE FUTURE THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM WILL ATTEMPT TO IM­

PROVE THE INMATE'S SELF-IMAGE. A MAN'S IMAGE OF HIMSELF, 

ACCURATE OR NOT, IS A PRIMARY DETERMINANT OF HIS OUTLOOK ON 

LIFE. INSTILLING WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL A SENSE OF SELF-

WORTH SHOULD BECOME AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE TRANSFORMING 

AN OFFENDER INTO A PRODUCTIVE MEMBER OF SOCIETY. THE PRES­

ENT SYSTEM ACTS TO DEGRADE A PRISONER AND LOWERS HIS FEEL­

ING OF SELF-WORTH. ALTHOUGH TREATING A PERSON AS A RESPON­

SIBLE HUMAN BEING DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN THAT THEY ARE 

GOING TO ACT AS SUCH, I BELIEVE IT IS AN ESSENTIAL FIRST 

STEP IN ENCOURAGING A PRISONER TO REHABILITATE HIMSELF. 

THIS MAY BE BEST ACHIEVED BY ENCOURAGING THE INMATE TO DE-

VELOPE ABILITES WHICH WARRANT SELF-CONFIDENCE. WORK PRO­

GRAMS BY WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL'S SELF-WORTH IS REINFORCED 

WOULD INCLUDE JOBS OR TRAINING FOR JOBS WHICH ENCOURAGE THE 

INMATE TO HAVE PRIDE IN HIS ROLE IN THE COMMUNITY. SUCH 

PROGRAMS SHOULD PERMIT THE INMATE TO WORK FOR DECENT WAGES 

THROUGH WHICH HE COULD SUPPORT HIMSELF, AND CONTRIBUTE TO 

THE SUPPORT OF HIS FAMILY. THE PRISON WOULD OFFSET THE FI­

NANCIAL LOSS OF INCREASED PRISONER WAGES BY CHARGING AN IN-

MATE FOR BOARD, ROOM AND CLOTHING, PRIVATE COMPANIES MAY 



H.  17 

BE CONVINCED TO DEVELOP PRISON TRAINING PROGRAMS, WHICH 

WOULD BE LINKED WITH POST-RELEASE WORK OPPORTUNITIES. A 

PRISONER WITH NO PLACE TO GO WHEN HE IS RELEASED WILL MORE 

THAN LIKELY RETURN TO PRISON, ALL OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL. 

EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL ACHIEVEMENT CREATE OPPORTUNITIES 

THROUGH WHICH A PERSON RAISES HIS SELF-IMAGE. PROGRAMS AND 

PROJECTS SHOULD BE INITIATED WITH THESE GOALS IN MIND. 

PRISONS TEND TO BE EXTREMELY DEPRESSING. A MAJOR CAUSE 

OF THIS ATMOSPHERE IS THE ALMOST TOTAL LACK OF SENSORY 

STIMULATION. MUCH EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT MAN'S MENTAL 

HEALTH IS HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT AND TYPE OF STIM­

ULATION AVAILABLE TO HIS SENSES.7 THIS AREA IS MORE DI­

RECTLY INFLUENCED BY THE DESIGN OF AN INSTITUTION THAN THE 

ADMINISTRATION, AND SPECIAL CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN 

IT BY THE ARCHITECT. LIVING AREAS AND ESPECIALLY INDIVID­

UAL QUARTERS SHOULD BE FURNISHED ATTRACTIVELY AND IN A 

VARIETY OF WAYS. BRIGHT ACCENT COLORS, VARIED TEXTURES, 

CHANGING LEVELS OF LUMINESCENCE AND A WIDE DIVERSITY OF 

OR I FACTORY AND AUDIO STIMULATION SHOULD BE INCORPORATED 

INTO THE PRISON DESIGN. PERHAPS ONE OF THE MOST SATISFAC­

TORY MEANS TO ACCOMPLISH THIS IS TO ALLOW THE PRISONERS 

SOME LATITUDE IN DECORATING THEIR SOCIAL REALM. CONTACT 

WITH THE "OUTSIDE WORLD" SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO GIVE THE 

PRISONER SOME GOAL OR INCENTIVE, RATHER THAN ACCEPTING A 



H.18 

TIMELESS EXISTENCE. INTERACTION WITH THE COMMUNITY AND 

NATURE MAY BE MAINTAINED THROUGH A VARIETY OF RECREATIONAL 

ACTIVITIES, WORK LEAVES, EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGES, FURLOUGHS, 

ETC, AMPLE READING AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL SHOULD BE PRO­

VIDED IN AN ATMOSPHERE WHICH ENCOURAGES ITS USE, AND FI­

NALLY, THE PRISONER SHOULD BE GIVEN A VOICE IN THE FUNCTION 

AND MAINTENANCE OF THE INSTITUTION. 

AN INDIVIDUAL IS INCARCERATED BECAUSE HE FAILS TO ASSOCI­

ATE WITH OR CONFORM TO THE NORMS OF SOCIETY. TO ADJUST TO 

SOCIETY A PRISONER MUST DEVELOP HIS ABILITY TO RELATE TO 

AND RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE, THEREFORE, HEALTHY INTERPERSONAL 

INTERACTION IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF AN INMATE'S RESOCIAL-

IZATION. POSSIBLY THE STRONGEST SOCIAL INFLUENCE ON A 

PRISONER IS EXERTED BY HIS PEER GROUP. ATTEMPTS ARE BEING 

MADE IN VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS TO DIVERT THESE SOCIAL PRES­

SURES IN A POSITIVE CORRECTIONAL DIRECTION AND DEVELOP 

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS WHICH ARE NECESSARY IN COPING WITH THE 

COMMUNITY AT LARGE. CLASSIFICATION AND SEGREGATION WILL 

PROBABLY BE USED TO ACHIEVE THIS END IN THE FUTURE MORE IN­

TENSIVELY THAN AT PRESENT. CURRENTLY THE PRIMARY CONCERN 

OF SEGREGATION IS TO PREVENT THE CRIMINALIZATION OF THE 

YOUNG AND/OR RELATIVELY INNOCENT OFFENDER BY THE HARD-CORE 

RECIDIVIST. 



H.19 

TO ACHIEVE THIS END, THE PHYSICAL PLANT SHOULD PROVIDE 

AMPLE LOOSELY STRUCTURED, RECREATIONAL'FACILITIES WHICH 

ARE ACCESSIBLE TO INMATES DURING THEIR FREE HOURS, THE 

PRISON POPULATION SHOULD BE DIVIDED INTO SMALL LIVING 

GROUPS OF 10 TO 20 INMATES, THESE GROUPS WITH PROPER CLAS­

SIFICATION WILL BECOME COHESIVE AND SUPPORT ONE ANOTHER 

SOCIALLY, PHYSICALLY AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY. MEALS SERVED IA 

A SMALL, INFORMAL ATMOSPHERE, WHERE THE TABLES CAN BE 

GROUPED AS DESIRED, WILL SUPPORT THE COHESIVE GROUPS. 

IDEALLY A PRISONER SHOULD BE ABLE TO ENTER THE INSTITUTION, 

BE ASSIGNED TO A GROUP AND SERVE HIS ENTIRE SENTENCE WITH­

OUT EVER COMING INTO CONTACT WITH THOSE PRISONERS THE AD­

MINISTRATION FEELS WILL HAVE A NEGATIVE INFLUENCE ON HIM. 

ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN, NEGATIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION 

MAY BE DISCOURAGED OR PREVENTED BY PROVIDING STRICT SEGRE­

GATION BETWEEN FIRST TIME OFFENDERS AND RECIDIVISTS, LOW 

SECURITY AND MAXIMUM SECURITY, ETC. 

PERSONAL YET UNOBTRUSIVE OBSERVATION OF PRISONERS BY THE 

STAFF IS A SENSITIVE MATTER. IN THE FUTURE I  BELIEVE THERE 

WILL BE LESS OF A DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN CUSTODIAL AND 

PROFESSIONAL STAFF. RECENT PROGRAMS HAVE SUCCESSFULLY AT­

TEMPTED TO CREATE MORE POSITIVE STAFF INMATE RELATIONSHIPS 

BY DE-EMPHASIZING THE STAFF ROLE OF GUARD AND EMPHASIZING 

THEIR ROLE AS COUNSELLORS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE STAFF AND 



H.20 

INMATE TO LIVE AND WORK TOGETHER HAVE BEEN MADE POSSIBLE 

BY PROVIDING COMMON RECREATIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES 

FOR STAFF AND INMATES. SOME INSTITUTIONS HAVE A COUNSELLOR 

LIVING IN RESIDENTIAL GROUPS OF 15 MEN WHO, BY HIS PRES­

ENCE, IS ABLE TO MAINTAIN ORDER AND SECURITY WITHIN THE 

GROUP, 

ONE OF THE DOMINANT EMERGING CORRECTIONAL BELIEFS IS THAT 

THE REINTEGRATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL INTO A COMMUNITY CAN 

BE BEST ACCOMPLISHED BY MAINTAINING CONTACT BETWEEN THAT 

PERSON, AND THE OUTSIDE SOCIETY, BOTH HIS FAMILY AND THE 

COMMUNITY AT LARGE. FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS ARE OFTEN 

STRESSED DURING IMPRISONMENT, AND THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A 

STRONG FAMILY TIE CAN BE A TREMENDOUS ASSET UPON RELEASE 

AND IN COPING V/ITH PRISON PROBLEMS. COMMUNICATION IS THE 

BASIS FOR MAINTAINING FAMILY TIES. THEREFORE, VISITING FA­

CILITIES SHOULD PROVIDE SECURITY IN A MANNER SENSITIVE TO 

THE FAMILY'S NEED FOR PRIVACY. INDOOR AS WELL AS OUTDOOR 

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES SHOULD BE ADAPTABLE TO VISITOR USE, 

SO AS TO PROVIDE A MORE RELAXED ATMOSPHERE. I BELIEVE IN 

THE FUTURE CONJUGAL VISITS AND HOME FURLOUGHS FOR LOW 

SECURITY INMATES WILL BE POSSIBLE IF HANDLED SENSITIVELY. 

IN LIEU OF PHYSICAL CONTACT, GREATER USE OF TELEPHONES, 

LETTERS AND TAPES SHOULD BE ALLOWED WITHOUT FEAR OF CENSOR­

SHIP. 



H . 2 1  

IN THE PAST AND PRESENT., PRISONS HAVE EXISTED AS AN ISO­

LATED COMMUNITY WITHIN A COMMUNITY, GREATER INTEGRATION OF 

THE TWO SOCIETIES WOULD BE ENCOURAGED BY ALLOWING FREER USE 

OF RESOURCES BY THE TWO GROUPS, 

EACH COULD BENEFIT FROM THE INTERACTION AND SHARING OF 

RECREATIONAL, SOCIAL, MEDICAL AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. 

IN CONCLUSION, THE ENTIRE PERIOD OF INCARCERATION IN A COR­

RECTIONAL INSTITUTION SHOULD BE ORIENTATED TOWARD THE PROB­

LEMS OF RETURNING THE OFFENDER TO THE COMMUNITY. AT PRES­

ENT THE ENTIRE SYSTEM, BOTH STAFF AND INMATES, IS PREOCCU­

PIED WITH THE PROBLEMS OF DAILY ROUTINES AND THE BUREAU­

CRATIC DEMANDS OF THE INSTITUTIONAL PROCESS. 

TODAY CORRECTIONAL AGENCIES CLAIM TO SERVE TO TREAT THE 

CONVICT, HOWEVER, THE INSTITUTIONS ARE RULED BY PUNITIVE 

LAWS, OPERATE IN AGENCIES ORGANIZED TOWARD PUNISHMENT, AND 

PERFORM THEIR FUNCTIONS IN A MANNER THAT REINFORCES PUNI­

TIVE ATTITUDES. A MAJOR DECISION FOR PRISON ADMINISTRATORS 

TO MAKE IS WHETHER THEIR PROGRAM OBJECTIVE IS PUNISHMENT OR 

REINTEGRATION. THIS ISSUE HAS BEEN IGNORED AND HIDDEN IN 

A CORNER FAR TOO LONG AND HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE INEFFEC-
8 

TIVENESS OF CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS. THE MORE EXPLICIT THE 

GOALS OF AN INSTITUTION, THE MORE DEFINITE THE ARCHITECTUR­

AL DESIGN WILL BE, 



I SITE ANALYSIS 





THE PROPOSED SITE FOR THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION LIES ON THE 32,500 

ACRE PRISON RANCH, THE RANCH IS STATE-OWNED AND LOCATED THREE MILES WEST 

OF THE CITY OF DEER LODGE IN THE BROAD CLARK FORK VALLEY, NEAR TIN CUP 

JOE CREEK/ ONE OF THE RIVER'S TRIBUTARIES, ALL OF THE RANCH OPERATIONS/ 

MAINTENANCE AND PROPOSED PROGRAM SOURCES LIE WITHIN A 4,000 FOOT RADIUS 

OF THE PROPOSED SITE, 

THE BUILDING SITE IS SERVED BY WATER LINES FROM A PRIVATE 70,000 GALLON 

RESERVOIR PLUS A JOINT USE TWELVE INCH WATER MAIN SHARED WITH THE CITY OF 

DEER LODGE, A HIGH PRESSURE NATURAL GAS MAIN/ AND A 12,000 VOLT THREE 

PHASE LINE ALSO SERVE THE SITE. THE ENTIRE COMPLEX DISCHARGES SEWAGE AND 

WASTE INTO AN INADEQUATE FIVE ACRE SEWAGE LAGOON. HARD SURFACE ROADS 

CONNECT THE RANCH WITH DEER LODGE AND WITH CONLEY LAKE RESERVOIR. 

THE SITE HAS A GRADUAL BUT DEFINITE GRADE DESCENT TO THE EAST. A TEST 

PIT GUG AT THE PRESENT DAIRY LOCATION/ WHICH IS LOCATED APPROXIMATELY 

ONE-HALF MILE FROM THE PROPOSED SITE/ INDICATED THAT THE GENERAL AREA 

HAS A GOOD BUILDING BASE AND AN ALLOWABLE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY OF 5,000 

POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT. THIS FLAT BASE IS IDEAL FOR RECREATION FIELDS 

ALONG WITH AND/OR ADJACENT TO THE PROPOSED SITE.1 

THE FOLLOWING TWO GRAPHS REPRESENT THE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AND THE 

SOLAR ANGLES OF THE SITE OF THE NEW FACILITY. 





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J GOALS AND CONCEPTS 



J . I  

GOALS: 

TO PROVIDE A SAFE AND HUMANE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE CONVICTED INDIVIDUAL 

MAY REDIRECT HIS LIFE, 

TO PROVIDE A REAL WORUD ENVIRONMENT/ MODIFIED TO ACHIEVE CONTROL WITHOUT 

BEING PHYSICALLY OBVIOUS. 

TO ALLOW FOR THE PRIVACY OF THE INDIVIDUAL INMATE, 

TO ALLOW FOR THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT OF EACH INMATE, 

TO PROJECT AN NONANOMIC, NONINSTITUTIONAL IMAGE. 

TO INTEGRATE INMATES WITH THE STAFF. 

TO PROVIDE FOR AN INITIAL 300 INMATES AND ADAPT TO INCREASES OR DECREASES 

IN THE POPULATION, 

TO BE FLEXIBLE IN ADAPTING TO CHANGING PENAL PHILOSOPHIES. 



J  . 2  

CONCEPTS: 

PROVIDE CONSTANT CASUAL SURVEILLANCE BY PROVIDING AN OPEN ATMOSPHERE, 

ELIMINATE DESIGN ELEMENTS WHICH REMIND INMATES THEY ARE IN PRISON. 

REDUCE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALE OF THE INSTITUTION BY ESTABLISHING SMALL 

DECENTRALIZED LIVING UNITS WHICH SERVE AS AN INDIVIDUALS HOME BASE, 

TO ACCENTUATE THE PRISONERS CONTACT WITH NATURE. 

TO MAXIMIZE SENSORY STIMULATION. 

TO AVOID INSTITUTIONAL ATMOSPHERE AND IMAGERY. 

TO CREATE A PHYSICIAL SETTING SIMILIAR TO A FREE COMMUNITY THROUGH THE 

DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE/ SOCIAL/ RECREATIONAL/ LIVING, EDUCATIONAL, 

AND INDUSTRIAL ZONES. 

TREATMENT SHOULD BE DIFFUSED THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE COMPLEX, WHILE THE 

ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTION ACTS AS THE PRIMARY LINK WITH THE FREE COMMUNITY. 

MECHANICAL SYSTEM - CENTRAL HEATING PLANT SUPPLYING STEAM TO VARIOUS 

BUILDINGS WHICH TRANSFER ENERGY IN A MECHANICIAL ROOM BENEATH THE BUILDING, 

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - CREATE UNIVERSAL SPACES WHICH CAN ACCEPT CHANGES IN 

PROGRAM THROUGH THE USE OF AN OPEN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM, 

EMPLOY A DECENTRALIZED PLAN WHICH PROVIDES A LESS RESTRICTED ATMOSPHERE, 

AND MORE EFFICIENT SEGREGRATION. 

TO CREATE PRIVATE OUTDOOR SPACES. 

TO DESIGN THE HOUSING UNITS SO AS TO FACILITATE THEIR TRANSPORTATION TO 

VARIOUS COMMUNITIES IN ESTABLISHING COMMUNITY CORRECTIONAL CENTERS. 

TO CREATE A RELAXED IMAGE THROUGH THE USE OF WARM MATERIALS SUCH AS HEAVY 

WOOD FRAMING, BRICK AND PLANTING. 

TO EXPRESS THE DUALITY OF THE FUNCTION OF THE INSTITUTION IN THE ARCHITEC­

TURE. 



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FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 



L . I  

FOOTNOTES 

B PROPOSAL 

'NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND 
GOALS, CORRECTIONS (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, '973), p. 349, 

2HOWARD B. GILL, "CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE," IN 
CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, ED. ROBERT M. CARTER, DANIEL GLASER AND 
LESLIE T. WILKINS (NEW YORK: J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, '972), p, 110, 

D UNITED STATES HISTORY 

'CHARLES DICKENS, AMERICAN NOTES, PP. 155-156 QUOTED IN RONALD L. 
GOLDFARB AND LINDA R. SINGER, AFTER CONVICTION (NEW YORK: SIMON AND 
SCHUSTER, '973 ), p, 26, 

2AMERICAN CORRECTIONAL ASSOCIATION, "DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CORRECTION­
AL CONCEPTS AND STANDARDS, IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, ED. ROBERT M. 
CARTER, DANIEL GLASER AND LESLIE T. WILKINS (NEW YORK: J.B. LIPPINCOTT 
COMPANY, 1972), pp, 25-28, 

3IBID., P. 30, 

4IBID., PP, 33-34. 

E MONTANA HISTORY 

'"PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROGRAM FOR MONTANA STATE PRISON" MONTANA 
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS (MIMEOGRAPHED) 

H DESIGN CRITERIA 

"'PUSHING PRISONS ASIDE", THE ARCHITECTURAL FORUM, MARCH, '973 , p. 29, 

PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROGRAM FOR MONTANA STATE PRISON" MONTANA 
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS (MIMEOGRAPHED) 

3GORDON TRASLER, "THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF PERSISTENT OFFENDERS," IN 
CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, ROBERT M. CARTER, DANIEL GLASER AND LESLIE T. 
WILKINS (NEW YORK: J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, '972), p, 210, 

4NORVAL MORRIS, THE FUTURE OF IMPRISONMENT (CHICAGO: THE UNIVERSITY 
OF CHICAGO PRESS, '974), p, 87, 

5ROBERT M. CARTER, DANIEL GLASER AND LESLIE T. WILKINS, CORRECTIONAL 
INSTITUTIONS (NEW YORK: J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, '972), pp, PREFACE XVI" 
XVIII 



L.2 

^WILLIAM G. NAGEL, THE NEW RED BARN: A CRITICIAL LOOK AT "THE MODERN 
AMERICAN PRISON (NEW YORK: WALKER AND COMPANY/ '973)7 p. 73, 

'DOUGLAS RAND, SOCIAL CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN ON IMPRISONMENT FACIL­
ITIES IN MONTANA, (1972),P .  2 3 ,  

8NATI0NAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND 
GOALS, CORRECTIONS (U. S, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, '973), p, 365, 

I SITE ANALYSIS 

1" PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROGRAM FOR THE MONTANA STATE PRISON" MONTANA 
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS (MIMEOGRAPHED) 



L . 3  

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

CARTER, ROBERT; GLASER, DANIEL; WILKINS, LESLIE; CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS• 
NEW YORK: J.Bi LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, 1972, 

MORRIS, NORVAL; THE FUTURE OF IMPRISONMENT. CHICAGO: THE UNIVERSITY OF 
CHICAGO PRESS, 1974, 

NAGEL, WILLIAM; THE NEW RED BARN: A CR1TICIAL LOOK AT THE MODERN AMERICAN 
PRISON. NEW YORK: WALKER AND COMPANY, 1973, 

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS; 
CORRECTIONS. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, '973, 

GOLDFARB, RONALD; SINGER, LINDA; AFTER CONVICTION. ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, N.J.: 
PRENTICE-HALL INC, '969, 

JOHNSTON, NORMAN; THE HUMAN CAGE: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRISON ARCHITECTURE. 
NEW YORK: WALKER AND COMPANY, '973, 

HONORICH, TED; PUNISHMENT, THE SUPPOSED JUSTIFICATIONS. NEW YORK: 
HUTCHINSON AND COMPANY, 1969, 

DUFFEE, DAVID; CORRECTIONAL POLICY AND PRISON ORGINIZATION• NEW YORK: 
SAGE PUBLICATIONS, '975, 

SYKES, GRESHAM; THE SOCIETY OF CAPTIVES: A STUDY OF A MAXIMUM SECURITY 
PRISON. NEW YORK: ATHENEUM, '966, 

WILLIAMS, VERGIL-' FISH, MARY; CONVICTS, CODES AND CONTRABAND. CAMBRIDGE: 
BALLINGER PUBLISHING COMPANY, '974, 

MILTON, ROBERT; INSIDE PRISON AMERICAN STYLE. NEW YORK: RANDOM HOUSE, 
1971 ,  

SOMMER, ROBERT; PERSONAL SPACE THE BEHAVIORAL BASIS OF DESIGN. ENGLE­
WOOD CLIFFS, N. J.: PRENTICE-HALL INC., 1969, 

SOMMER, ROBERT; TIGHT SPACES: HARD ARCHITECTURE AND HOW TO HUMANIZE IT. 
ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, N. J.: PRENTICE"HALL INC., 1974, 

SEVERINO, RENATO; EQUI POTENTIAL SPACE: FREEDOM IN ARCHITECTURE. WASHINGTON: 
PRAEGER PUBLISHERS, '970, 

REIDEBACH, J, A. JR.; MODULAR HOUSING 1972 STATISTICS AND SPECIFICS. 
ANNANDALE, VIRGINA: MODCO INC., 1972, 

HO I LAND ZUCCONI ARCHITECTS; PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF A FIRST OFFENDERS 
rnpRFfTTinNAL FACILITY. MONTANA: BY THE AUTHOR, 1968, 



L.4 

VENTURI / ROBERT; COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ARCHITFCTI1RF. NEW YORK: 
THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, '966. 

ALEXANDER, CHRISTOPHER; "THE CITY AS A MECHANISM FOR SUSTAINING HUMAN 
CONTACT , WORKING PAPER #50, '966, 

MONTANA STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; "PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROGRAM FOR 
THE STATE OF MONTANA , (MIMEOGRAPHED) 

"PUSHING PRISONS ASIDE", THE ARCHITECTURAL FORUM (MARCH 1973) 

"PRISONS: THE CHANGING OUTSIDE VIEW OF THE INSIDE", AIA JOURNAL 
(SEPTEMBER '971) 

NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE; 
CORRECTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS. UNITED STATES: NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE 
FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, '973, 

CAUDILL ROWLETT SCOTT ARCHITECTS PLANNERS AND ENGINEERS; "FEDRAL YOUTH 
CENTER BASTROP TEXAS HOUSTON: BY THE AUTHOR, '976, 





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