Parametric study of cyclic loading effects on the creep behavior of polymers and polymer based
composites
by Shane Christian Schumacher
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Mechanical Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by Shane Christian Schumacher (2000)
Abstract:
An investigation of the cyclic loading effects on the time dependent response of Nylon 6/6 and a
piezoelectric Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) based composite material is presented. A consistent
experimental program has been developed with the main objective to determine the creep behavior of
the materials under cyclic loading conditions. An extensive testing procedure employed in this study
has involved multiple experimental stages consisting of tensile stress-strain tests, constant load creep
tests, and tests under sustained tensile loads with superimposed harmonic oscillations. The creep
behavior of Nylon 6/6 and the PVDF based composite has been investigated depending on three
loading parameters, mean stress, vibration frequency and amplitude. The study has been performed
over a wide range of temperature conditions. The results of this investigation have provided a general
view on the cyclic creep response of the materials under investigation, where Nylon 6/6 is a solid
polymer and PVDF is an electroded polymer. Nonlinear creep effects induced by cyclic loading
conditions have been observed in both materials. The results of the study have demonstrated the
limitations of linear viscoelastic theory and have served as a basis for constitutive model development
and microstructural analyses of polymers subjected to asymmetric cyclic loading regimes. 
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF CYCLIC LOADING 
EFFECTS ON THE CREEP BEHAVIOR OF 
POLYMERS AND POLYMER BASED COMPOSITES
by
Shane Christian Schumacher
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment 
of the requirements for the. degree
of
Master of Science 
in
Mechanical Engineering
Montana State University 
Bozeman, Montana
July 2000
© Copyright 
by
Shane Christian Schumacher 
2000
All Rights Reserved
ii
5 ^ ^
APPROVAL 
of a thesis submitted by 
Shane Christian Schumacher
This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and 
has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, 
citations, bibliographic style, and consistency and is ready for submission for the 
College of Graduate Studies.
Dr. Aleksandra Vinogradov July IljAooo 
Date(Signature)
Approved for the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 
Dr. Vic Cundy
(Signature)
Approved for the College of Graduate Studies
y / / ? / c ^
Date
Dr. Bruce McLeod
(Signature/ y Date
iii
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a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall 
make it available to borrowers under the rules of the Library.
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a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, 
consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requestfor 
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Signature
Date 7 -  / J - O O
Table of Contents
Page
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1
2. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS................................    4
Physical Properties of Polymers.............. 4
Instantaneous Elastic Behavior of Polymers....................................... 8
Creep Behavior of Polymers...........................   12
Fatigue Behavior of Polymers.............................................................25
3. OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE CYCLIC RESPONSE OF
POLYMERS AND POLYMER BASED COMPOSITES............................... 29
4. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES..............................   33
5. GENERAL APPROACH TO A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF CYCLIC
LOADING EFFECTS OF POLYMERS.........................................................34
Material Selection..... .................  :...34
Experimental Stages....................................................................:...........34
Tensile Testing................................................................................... 35
Constant Load Creep Testing.............................................................35
Vibrocreep Testing......................   36
Post Cyclic Testing............................................................................36
Testing Methodology................................................................................ 37
Tensile and Post Cyclic Testing..........................................................37
Constant Load Creep Testing.............................................................38
Vibrocreep Testing...........................................   40
Vibrocreep Criteria...................................................................................44
6. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND RESULTS FOR NYLON 6/6.............. 47
Properties and Applications of Nylon 6/6 •................................................ 47
Experimental Program.............................................................................47
Instrumentation, Equipment, and Data Acquisition............................47
Tensile Testing of Nylon 6 /6 ........................................................ 48
Constant Load Creep Testing of Nylon 6/6.................................. 49
Vibrocreep Testing of Nylon 6 /6 .................................................. 51
Testing Procedure............................  ....55
Tensile Testing Procedure for Nylon 6/6................................... ..55
Constant Load Creep Testing Procedure for Nylon 6 /6 ..............56
iv
Table of Contents - Continued
Page
Vibrocreep Procedure for Nylon 6/6............................................56
Post Cyclic Testing Procedure for Nylon 6/6........... ...................57
Experimental Results...............................................................................57
Tensile Testing at 23 °C................... ............................ ,....................57
Constant Load Creep Testing at 23 0C ..............................................58
Vibrocreep Testing at 23 0C............... ............................................... 59
Post Cyclic Testing at 23 °C .............................................................. 65
Tensile Testing at Elevated Temperatures........................................67
Constant Load Creep Testing at Elevated Temperatures................. 69
Vibrocreep Testing at Elevated Temperatures...................... ..........:.70
Post Cyclic Testing at Elevated Temperatures......... .........................79
Conclusions.................................................... 82
7. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND RESULTS FOR PVDF........................87
Properties and Applications of PVDF.........................................   87
Experimental Program.............................................................................88
Instrumentation, Equipment, and Data Acquisition............................ 88
Tensile Testing of Nylon PVDF.................................................... 89
Constant Load Creep and Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF............. 89
Testing Procedure....................    92
Tensile Testing Procedure for PVDF.......................................... 94
Constant Load Creep Testing Procedure for PVDF....................94
Vibrocreep Procedure for PVDF................................................. 94
Experimental Results.............................................  95
Tensile Testing at 23 °C......................................................................95
Constant Load Creep Testing at 23 °C...........................  98
Vibrocreep Testing at 23 0C..............................................................100
Constant Load Creep Testing at Low Temperatures....................... 104
Vibrocreep Testing at Low Temperatures........................................ 107
Conclusions............................................................................................ 116
8. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS............... :........................................................ 118
9. DISCUSSION..............................   121
10. CONCLUSION....................    127
11. FURTHER RESEARCH..............................   130
Table of Contents - Continued
Page
REFERENCES CITED.......................................................................................131
APPENDICES................................................................................ ' .................138
Appendix A Tensile and Constant Load Creep Testing Results
for Nylon 6/6..................................................................... 139
Appendix B Frequency Effects from Vibrocreep Testing
of Nylon 6/6....................................................................... 158
Appendix C Amplitude Effects from Vibrocreep Testing
of Nylon 6/6.......................................................................231
Appendix D The Influence of the Parameter p from Vibrocreep
Testing of Nylon 6/6'.........................................................301
Appendix E Mean Stress Effects from Vibrocreep Testing
of Nylon 6/6...............................................................  329
Appendix F Temperature Effects from Tensile, Constant
Load Creep and Vibrocreep Testing of Nylon 6/6............371
Appendix G Post Cyclic Testing Results.............................................404
Appendix H Tensile and Constant Load Creep Testing Results
for PVDF...................................................................  407
Appendix I Frequency Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF.....414
Appendix J Amplitude Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of P V D F .433
Appendix K Mean Stress Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF ...460
Appendix L Temperature Effects from Tensile, Constant Load
Creep and Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF..........................477
Appendix M Statistical Results..... ...................................................... 502
Appendix N Data Acquisition Programs..............................................539
Appendix O Macros For Data Management........................................597
Appendix P Manufacture Material Data for Nylon 6/6 and PVDF.......606
Appendix Q Instron 1350 Environmental Chamber Design................ 612
Appendix R Tensile and Creep Environmental Chamber Design.......633
Appendix S Creep Testing Equipment Design....................................643
Appendix T Creep and Vibrocreep Test Fixture for Thin Films...:......656
Appendix U Ongoing Microstructure Analysis and Model
Development Based on Current Work............................. 670
vi
vii
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1 Crystal Melt Temperatures of Some Polymer Materials.................. 7
Table 2 Glass Transition Temperatures of Some Polymers..................... ....8
Table 3 Testing Summary........................................................................... 37
Table 4 Preliminary Test Matrix for Creep Testing......................................39
Table 5 Preliminary Test Matrix for Vibrocreep...........................................42
Table 6 Tensile Properties for Nylon 6/6 at 23 0C ...................................... 58
Table 7 Batch Comparison at 23 °C............................................................58
Table 8 Test Matrix for Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C .................59
Table 9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after Cyclic
and Constant Loading at 23 °C .....................................................66
Table 10 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after Cyclic
and Constant Loading at 23 °C .... ................................................67
Table 11 Tensile Properties of Nylon 6/6 at 23 0C and
Elevated Temperatures...............................................%.................68
Table 12 Test Matrix for Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Testing at
Elevated Temperatures.................................................................71
Table 13 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after Cyclic
and Constant Loading at 41 °C ..... ,............................................. 80
Table 14 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after Cyclic
and Constant Loading at 41 °C .....................................................81
Table 15 Tensile Testing Results for PVDF at 23 °C ....................................96
Table 16 Test Matrix for Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF at 23 °C .................. 100
Table 17 Test Matrix for Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF at -25 0C ................. 108
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1 Lamella Formation............................................................................ 4
Figure 2 Fibril Formation........................................................................   5
Figure 3 Spherulite Formation.................................................  ,..-6
Figure 4 Brittle and Ductile Comparison.........................................................9
Figure 5 Temperature Effects on Elastic Modulus of Some Polymer
Materials..........................................................................................9
Figure 6 Strain Effects of Strain Rate on Polymer Materials.......................... 9
Figure 7 Deformation of spherulites in a Crystalline Structure..................... 10
Figure 8 Lamella Deformation Within a Spherulite...............   10
Figure 9 Deformation of Molecular Chains in a Amorphous Material........... 11
Figure 10 Fibril and Lamella Interconnection before Failure...........................12
Figure 11 Maxwell Model...........................     13
Figure 12 Creep Curve of the Maxwell Model..................................  13
Figure 13 Relaxation Curve of the Maxwell Model......................................... 14
Figure 14 Kelvin Model..............    14
Figure 15 Creep Curve of the Kelvin Model.................................................... 15
Figure 16 Relaxation Curve of the Kelvin Model............................................. 16
Figure 17 Burger Model...................................................................................16
Figure 18 Creep Curve of the Burger Model................................................... 17
Figure 19 Relaxation Curve of the Burger Model............................................ 17
Figure Page
Figure . Page
Figure 20 Step Load History and Resulting Strain......................................... 18
Figure 21 Continuous Loading History and Resulting Strain.........................19
Figure 22 Creep Curves of the Same Polymer at
Different Stress Levels................ 20
Figure 23 Normalized Creep Curves Showing Linear Viscoelasticity........... 21
Figure 24 Periodic Strain and Stress........................................................ .....22
Figure 25 Creep Strain at Multiple Temperatures..........................................24
Figure 26 Shifting the Temperature Curves to the Reference
Temperature..... ............................................     24
Figure 27 Stress Amplitude vs. Cycles to Failure..........................................28
Figure 28 Periodic Stress.............................................;............................... 43
Figure 29 Periodic Strain............................................................................... .44
Figure 30 Resulting Hysteresis Loop..............................................................44
Figure 31 Loading Diagram for Vibrocreep...........................   45
Figure 32 Vibrocreep Effect Above or Below the Linear
Viscoelastic Limit........... :..............................................................45
Figure 33 Normalized Vibrocreep Effect Within the Linear
Viscoelastic Limit...........................................................................46
Figure 34 Creep Test Fixture for Nylon 6 /6 ....................................................51
Figure 35 Vibrocreep Test Fixture for Nylon 6/6............................................ 54
Figure 36 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 23 °C .................................. 61
ix
List of Figures - Continued
List of Figures - Continued
Figure 37 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Frequencies at 23 0C.................................................................... 62
Figure 38 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Amplitudes at 23 °C.................. .......................................... .........63
Figure 39 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at . \
Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C ................................................. 64
Figure 40 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C..........................................65
Figure 41 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C ........................................ ..66
Figure 42 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures............... 67
Figure 43 Yield Stress and Elastic Modulus vs. Temperature ...:.................. 68
Figure 44 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at
Different Temperatures..............  70
Figure 45 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Frequencies at 35 °C......................................  72
Figure 46 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Amplitudes at 41 0C.......................................................................73
Figure 47 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Mean Stresses at 35 0C...................  74
Figure 48 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Temperatures......................    76
Figure 49 Vibroqreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Frequencies and Temperatures....................................................77
Figure Page
Figure 50 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Amplitudes and Temperatures.....................................................78
Figure 51 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Mean Stresses and Temperatures............................................... 79
Figure 52 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C,..........................................80
Figure 53 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C........ .............. ...................81
Figure 54 Thermal and Mechanical Dominated Failure Zones.......................83
Figure 55 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF with ©*a = 100 at 23 °C .............. 84
Figure 56 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with j_i=4 at 23 °C.....:............. 86
Figure 57 Vibrocreep and Creep Testing Fixture for PVDF........................... 90
Figure 58 PVDF Test Sample.........................................................................96
Figure 59 Tensile Test of PVDF Direction 1 at 23 0C ..............................   97
Figure 60 Tensile Test of PVDF Direction 2 at 23 °C ................ ........... :.......97
Figure 61 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at 23 0C ........................................ 99
Figure 62 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
. Frequencies at 23 0C...................................................................101
Figure 63 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Amplitudes at 23 °C..................................................................... 103
Figure 64 . Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Mean Stresses at 23 °C ..............................................................104
xi
List of Figures - Continued
Figure Page
Figure 65 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at -25 °C 105
Figure 66. Constant Load Creep of PVDF at Different
Temperatures:............................................................................. 107
Figure 67 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Frequencies at -25 °C.................................................................. 109
Figure 68 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Amplitudes at -25 °C.................................................  110
Figure 69 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Mean Stresses a t-25 °C .......................................................   111
Figure 70 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Temperatures ............................................................................. 112
Figure 71 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Frequencies and Temperatures .................................................113
Figure 72 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Amplitudes and Temperatures.......... ............................ ............114
Figure 73 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different
Mean Stresses and Temperatures..............................................115
Figure 74 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF with
Go*a = 100 at 23 0C ...................................................................... 117
xii
List of Figures - Continued
Figure Page
r
Abstract
xiii
An investigation of the cyclic loading effects on the time dependent 
response of Nylon 6/6 and a piezoelectric Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) based 
composite material is presented. A consistent experimental program has been 
developed with the main objective to determine the creep behavior of the 
materials under cyclic loading conditions. An extensive testing procedure 
employed in this study has involved multiple experimental stages consisting of 
tensile stress-strain tests, constant load creep tests, and tests under sustained 
tensile loads with superimposed harmonic oscillations. The creep behavior of 
Nylon 6/6 and the PVDF based composite has been investigated depending on 
three loading parameters, mean stress, vibration frequency and amplitude. The 
study has been performed over a wide range of temperature conditions. The 
results of this investigation have provided a general view on the cyclic creep 
response of the materials under investigation, where Nylon 6/6 is a solid polymer 
and PVDF is an electroded polymer. Nonlinear creep effects induced by cyclic 
loading conditions have been observed in both materials. The results of the 
study have demonstrated the limitations of linear viscoelastic theory and have 
served as a basis for constitutive model development and microstructural 
analyses of polymers subjected to asymmetric cyclic loading regimes.
INTRODUCTION
1 .
At present, along with the increasing demand for materials with novel or 
improved characteristics, there is a growing concern regarding material longevity. 
In this regard, two major factors are of immediate importance: time-dependent 
material properties and operating conditions involving cyclic loading regimes.
The former represents an intrinsic material characteristic known as creep, which 
manifests itself through the development of time-dependent deformations under 
sustained loads. The second factor is associated with the loading conditions that 
cause material deterioration due to progressive damage processes. Apparently, 
certain interaction modes of these seemingly independent phenomena tend to 
produce qualitatively new effects altering the overall response and, ultimately, the 
life expectancy of materials.
The interaction effect of superimposed cyclic loads upon nonzero mean 
loads is a problem of immediate practical interest. This problem has been well 
studied in metals at high temperatures, however, fewer corresponding studies in 
polymers have been reported, and are practically non-existent in polymer based 
composites.
In the thesis, an experimental investigation of the time dependent 
response of Nylon 6/6 and a Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) based composite is 
presented. Experimental results and preliminary microstructural observations 
obtained in the course of the study provide new experimental evidence regarding
2cyclic loading effects on the long-term behavior of the materials under 
consideration.
The second chapter provides background information regarding the 
properties of polymers, in particular, their time dependent behavior. The 
microstructure and physical properties of polymers are described and a 
theoretical background of the fundamental concepts of linear viscoelastic theory 
is provided.
%
The third chapter provides a review of previously published results on 
creep and vibrocreep of polymers. Emphasis has been placed upon the cyclic 
loading effects on the creep response of polymers.
The fourth chapter outlines the main, objectives of the project. The goals 
are stated and progression toward these goals is set forth within the thesis.
The fifth chapter describes the general approach to a parametric study of 
cyclic loading effects on the behavior of polymers. The study involves the 
material selection, experimentation, And the criteria for vibrocreep analysis.
The sixth chapter describes the developed experimental program and 
provides a summary of the experimental results obtained from the experiments of 
Nylon 6/6 (DuPont Zytel®. 42A NC010 Polyamide 66).
The seventh chapter describes the experimental program and provides a 
summary of the experimental results obtained from the experiments of 
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) based composite laminate.
The eighth chapter contains the statistical analysis of the experimental 
data. The ninth chapter provides a general discussion of the results for both 
Nylon 6/6 and PVDF. The discussion leads to a number of conclusions 
formulated in the tenth chapter. The eleventh chapter describes further research
3
directions.
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
The development of an understanding of polymer materials can be 
achieved through the analysis of the physical properties and microstructure. The 
microstructure and the process by which the material has been created govern 
the physical properties. The physical properties dictate how the material, will 
perform in a working environment.
Physical Properties of Polymers
The broad class of polymers involves thermoplastics and thermosets that 
have different molecular structure and characteristics. The products necessary 
to form a thermoplastic or thermoset are raw materials such as coal, petroleum, 
and natural gas. The formation of polymers from monomers results in a 
microstructure with an amorphous form, crystalline form, or a combination of 
these two forms. The first stage of polymer development is characterized by the 
formation of lamella, small crystals, and molecular chains that align themselves 
in a zigzag pattern, Figure 1, Ref[16],
4
Figure 1 Lamella Formation
The Iamellas have a random orientation in all polymer materials. To promote the 
Iamellas growth, the temperature of the polymer is held just below the melt 
temperature. Once the lamella has started to grow, the second stage starts. The 
lamella interacts with other lamella, forming long chain branches or fibrils from 
the remaining molecular chain, Figure 2, Ref[16],
5
VZ Vz VZ 
ZN ZN ZN ZN ZN
Z \ ZN ZN ZN ZN
vy Vz vy
ZN ZN ZN ZN ZN
Vz VZ VZ
Figure 2 Fibril Formation
The fibrils form of inter lamella connections. As the Iamellas interconnect the 
fibrils fill the gaps between the lamella as shown in Figure 2. The fibrils can be 
said to "tie a knot" between each other and initiate the third stage of the 
formation of spherulites, Figure 3, Ref[16].
Figure 3 Spherulite Formation
The latter form, a large crystal that develops in radial directions. The final 
crystallization of the polymer is also dependent upon the temperature at this 
stage. As the temperature is lowered, spherulites begin to form. The amount of 
their growth is dependent once again on the hold time at a constant temperature. 
Once the polymer material is said to be past the glass transition temperature, 
then all movement of the molecular chains stops. The change in the specific 
volume of the polymer under the decreasing temperature makes the chains less 
mobile.
The development of crystals within these three stages determines the 
degree of crystallinity and orientation of the molecular structure. When 
microstructural analysis is performed lamella, fibrils, and spherulites can be 
observed. The orientation of spherulites or large crystals is dependent on hold 
times and additional mechanical means of molecular chain alignment. The 
molecular alignment and regularity directly depend on the degree of
7crystallization in a polymer material. Mechanical processes such as annealing 
the polymer material can be performed to promote the alignment of molecular 
chains. Without molecular regularity and proper alignment of molecular chains 
the polymer becomes amorphous. Such amorphous regions are voids or gaps 
between lamella and spherulites due to the fact that the fibrils or remaining parts 
of molecular chains could not align themselves within the process described 
above. The amorphous region is about 85% less dense then crystalline regions.
As the polymer cools from the melt temperature, the polymer progresses 
through thermal transitions. Purely crystalline polymers experience only a melt 
transition.
Table 1 Crystal Melt Temperatures of Some Polymer Materials, Ref[52]
Polymer Tm (°C)
Low Density Polyethylene 95-130
High Density Polyethylene 120-140
Polypropylene 168
Polyformaldehyde 181
Nylon 6 216
Polyethylene Terephthalate 245
Nylon 6/6 265
Polytetrafluoroethylene 327
When a polymer develops amorphous (semi-crystalline or mostly amorphous) 
regions, then the polymer tends to undergo three other transitions between the 
melt and glass temperatures. The first state of the polymer below the melt 
temperature is a viscofluid state. In this state the polymer exhibits properties of a 
viscous fluid with molecular chains having a high degree of mobility. The second
state is the rubbery state, in which the polymer is said to have segment mobility, 
but does not have molecular mobility. The final state of the polymer below the 
glass transition temperature is a glassy state, in which the motion of molecular 
chains cease to exist.
8
Table 2 Glass Transition Temperatures of Some Polymers, Ref[52]
Polymer Tg (0C)
Polyethylene -120
Polyisoprene -73
Polyformaldehyde -50, -85
Polypropylene -10, -18
Nylon 6/10 40
Polyvinyl Chloride 87
Polystyrene 100
Polycarbonate 150
Instantaneous Elastic Behavior of Polymers
The instantaneous elastic properties of polymers depends upon 
temperature and strain rate. For example, a polymer material at a high 
temperature tends to exhibit properties of a ductile material, whereas a polymer 
exhibits brittle properties at lower temperatures, Figure 4. The effects of 
temperature are graphically shown in Figure 5, Ref[16]. Note that where the 
curve knees represents a transition temperature such as the glass transition 
temperature of the polymer. The effect of increasing strain rate is also shown in 
Figure 6, Ref[49], It is important that experiments with polymers must be
9performed according to ASTM testing specifications that dictate the prescribed 
temperature and strain rates.
Brittle
Ductile
Figure 4 Brittle and Ductile Comparison
Temperature
Elastic Modulus
Figure 5 Temperature Effects on Elastic Modulus of Some Polymer Materials
Increasing Strain Rate
Figure 6 Strain Effects of Strain Rate on Polymer Materials
10
The elastic response of a crystalline polymer or crystalline region within a 
polymer material is stiff or brittle and does not produce large deformations. 
When deformation does occur the spherulites change in shape as a whole and 
not individually, Figure 7, Ref[16].
Figure 7 Deformation of spherulites in a Crystalline Structure
Amorphous polymers or regions in a polymer deform elastically by stretching of 
the bonds between the molecules in the molecular chain. The Iamellas start to 
unfold within the spherulite, and tilt to align with the applied load, Figure 8, 
Ref[16],
Figure 8 Lamella Deformation Within a spherulite
11
Thus, an amorphous polymer material or amorphous regions of a polymer 
deform by alignment and lengthening of the molecular chains, Figure 9, Ref[16].
>
Elongation of Bonds
<
Chain Alignment
Figure 9 Deformation of Molecular Chains in an Amorphous Material
The chain lengthening continues until molecular chains fail and the spherulites no 
longer exist, Figure 10, Ref[16],
12
Figure 10 Fibril and Lamella Interconnection before Failure 
Creep Behavior of Polymers
A polymer material that has properties with strain or stress rate 
dependence is considered to be viscoelastic, since it behaves as a viscous fluid 
or viscoelastic solid. Two types of tests can be performed to represent the 
viscous behavior of polymers, a creep test or relaxation test. A creep test is 
performed under a constant stress allowing strain to change over time, whereas 
a relaxation test is performed under a constant strain allowing stress to change in 
time. Models that represent the creep and relaxation behavior of a linear 
viscoelastic solid have been developed using linear springs and dashpots. An 
example of such a model is the Maxwell model shown in Figure 11, where a = 
applied stress ore = applied strain, Em, = linear elastic spring coefficient, and r)m
= viscosity coefficient.
13
E m 11 m
-7VWW-----=3-
G <—7WWV----- I—>
Figure 11 Maxwell Model
The creep and relaxation responses of the Maxwell model are shown in Figure 
12, and Figure 13. Equations 1 and 2 represent the constitutive law, 
respectively, for creep and relaxation of the Maxwell model.
e(t)
Figure 12 Creep Curve of the Maxwell Model
s(t)
a O
+
a O
% m
Equation 1
14
a(t)
Figure 13 Relaxation Curve of the Maxwell Model
-t
a( t ) = E m's o'e T
Equation 2
Another viscoelastic material model is the Kelvin model shown in Figure 11.14, 
where a  = applied stress ore = applied strain, Ek = linear elastic spring 
coefficient, and % = viscous coefficient.
Ek
HjWVW-I
I r
r 6 "
r - ^ W V - i
O <-
'Ir
Figure 14 Kelvin Model
15
The Kelvin model represents creep behavior but cannot represent the relaxation 
behavior of polymers. The creep and relaxation curves produced by the Kelvin 
model are shown in Figure 15, and Figure 16, respectively. The constitutive law 
for creep and relaxation of the Kelvin model are provided in Equations 3 and 4.
c ( t )
Figure 15 Creep Curve of the Kelvin Model
e
-t
Equation 3
16
CT(t)
t
Figure 16 Relaxation Curve of the Kelvin Model
cr(t) = S'(E k'H(t) + r) k-s(.t))
Equation 4
The third, more realistic viscoelastic model is the Burger model that represents a 
linear viscoelastic solid shown in Figure 17, where a = applied stress ore = 
applied strain, Em = Maxwell linear elastic spring coefficient, Ek = Kelvin linear 
elastic spring coefficient and % = Kelvin viscous coefficient
m
-^ WVW—
r^ VWW-| 
3 -
*-AAAAA^
r
—zWVNAz-  
Eu
I r
Figure 17 Burger Model
17
The creep and relaxation curves for the Burger model are shown in Figure 18, 
and Figure 19, respectively. The constitutive law are provided in Equations 5 
and 6, respectively.
Figure 18 Creep Curve of the Burger Model
Figure 19 Relaxation Curve of the Burger Model
18
-t
tf(t) = E m's 0-e T
Equation 6
A more complex model representing the response of polymers is based on 
the Boltzmann superposition principle which states that the response of a 
material to a complex loading history can be presented as the sum of individual 
increments at each load step. This principle applies to loading histories involving 
both step load increments and continues loading function as shown in Figures 
20-21, Ref[49,24],
Time, u
Figure 20 Step Load History and Resulting Strain
19
(7
Figure 21 Continuous Loading History and Resulting Strain
For a step load history, the material response in terms of strain is defined in the 
form of Equation 7, Ref[12], For a continuous loading history the strain 
deformation in time is represented by the hereditary integral, in the form of 
Equation 8 and 9 for creep and relaxation, respectively, Ref [12].
n
s(t)= y  o 
i = 0
1
1 F 7O
Equation 7
rt
s(t) =
+- -  CO
-------- '-------- ' - C r ( U )  du
E(t - u) du
Equation 8
20
rt
a(t) =
^  -  CO
E(t - u)'— s(u) du 
du
Equation 9
Through creep testing a variety of creep curves can be generated at 
different stress levels, Figure 22.
Increasing Stress
Figure 22 Creep Curves of the Same Polymer at Different Stress Levels
Once the data is generated, the normalization process is performed to determine 
the linear viscoelastic limit and the creep compliance. In the linear viscoelastic 
range, normalized creep curves at different stress levels produce one single 
curve defined as the creep compliance, Figure 23.
21
Figure 23 Normalized (Creep Compliance) Creep Curves Showing Linear
Viscoelasticity
The single normalized creep curve indicates that the creep behavior of the 
material is stress independent. In the case of stress dependency of the creep 
response of polymers, nonlinear viscoelastic theories are required to adequately 
represent the material behavior.
Typically, dynamic testing methods are being used to characterize linear 
viscoelastic properties of polymers Ref[13,61], Dynamic tests are generally 
performed by applying a sinusoidal strain and measuring the respective stress. 
The phase shift between the stress and strain sinusoidal waves represents the 
amount of viscous damping in the material, Figure 24.
22
S
Figure 24 Periodic Strain and Stress
On this basis, the relaxation, storage moduli and compliances are determined in 
the form illustrated by Equations 10 and 11, Ref[21], where <j0 = stress amplitude 
and s0 =Strain amplitude.
E p=— 'Cos( 8)
s O
E PP
a o—  ■ Sin(S)
5 O
a o—  Sin(S)
5 O
a o—  Cos(S)
5 O
Tan(S)
Equations 10
23
I
D PP
E PP
i + (Tan(S)2)
I
E P
i + Tan(S)2
Equation 11
The storage, loss moduli, and compliances calculated above are defined in the 
frequency domain. The material behavior in the time domain can be 
characterized in terms of relaxation function and creep compliance by using the 
following equations, Ref[21], where co = frequency.
Creep E(t) = E p(w) - /TEpp(ZPw) + .014 Epp(IO w)
Relaxation D(t) = D p(w) + /TD pp(ZTw)- .014 D pp( 10 w)
Equation 12
The time-temperature analogy is used to characterize the response of 
thermorheologically simple materials. By using a temperature dependent shift 
factor that relates the properties of the material at any temperature T to the 
properties at a reference temperature T0, the curves at different temperatures are 
shifted by a factor (aT(T)) coinciding with the reference curve at temperature T0 
as shown in Figure 25-26.
24
Figure 25 Creep Strain at Multiple Temperatures
Figure 26 Shifting the Temperature Curves to the Reference Temperature
Note that in Figures 25 -26, sc(t) denotes the creep strain, defined by Equation 
13, where £T is the total strain, £c is the creep strain, and sE is the instantaneous 
elastic strain
F j ( t )  = 5 c(t) - S E
Equation 13
25
Fatigue Behavior of Polymers
Fatigue testing of polymer materials is conducted by two test methods, 
stress controlled experiments or strain controlled experiments. A stress 
controlled test is performed by applying cyclic stress in tension, compression, or 
both, whereas a strain controlled system is performed by applying cyclic strain in 
tension, compression, or both. The variables of stress controlled experiments 
are:
o Cyclic Stress Aa 
o Corresponding As 
o m Level
o Corresponding em, Level 
o Frequency .
o Wave Form (sine, square, etc.) 
o Temperature 
o Specimen Size
The influence of the above fatigue test variables on a molecular level within a
polymer material is broken into seven categories.
o Molecular Characteristics 
o Chemical Changes 
o Elastic Deformation 
o Non Elastic Deformation
o Morphological Changes '
o Transition Phenomena 
o Thermal Effects
The molecular characteristics of polymer materials are dictated during the
formation of the polymer, molecular weight, molecular composition, etc. The
molecular characteristics influence the effects of fatigue testing on the remaining
categories. The chemical changes in a polymer incorporate bond breaking and
26
stress cracking. Bond breaking (mainly C-C bonds) can be produced by crack 
propagation or induced during processing, flaw creation. Bond breaking energy 
in relation to fracture energy is more significant in crystalline (102 -103 J/m2) or 
thermoset polymers than in amorphous polymers (.1 J/m2). Even though the total 
energy due to bond breakage makes up about 10% of the fracture energy in a 
crystalline polymer, the distribution of the stresses due to bond breakage is of 
consideration. A crystalline or thermoset polymer transfer the stresses to 
neighboring molecules or crystals while an amorphous polymer has the ability to 
transfer the stress through entanglements of chains thus allowing an improved 
stress distribution. Stress cracking within a polymer is due to environmental 
effects. A good example of this is a dashboard within a car, where cracks are 
induced due to sunlight effecting the polymer material.
Elastic deformation is the elastic behavior of the polymer under cyclic 
stresses. The elastic behavior being that the material can recover all 
deformation, elastic and visco-elastic, or strain if the testing has stopped. Non 
elastic deformation would include plastic and visco-plastic deformation, where the 
deformation is not recoverable if the fatigue testing were stopped. The 
nonelastic deformation is shown in a polymer by the formation of crazes or shear 
bands. Crazing develops at a O0 angle relative to the applied load where shear 
bands develop at 38°- 45° angles to the applied load. The two differ in that 
crazing develops cavitation with molecular chain orientation, and shear banding 
develops molecular chain orientation only. If the stress is applied in a manner of
which the material is unloaded for duration of time, then the material is allowed to 
relax. The relaxation period allows molecular chain alignment preventing 
deformation during the next cycle. Consequently if the stress is applied in a 
manner in which relaxation cannot occur, then the cycles to failure is greatly 
increased.
Morphological changes in a polymer material dictate the history of the 
processing of the polymer. The changes are noted by thermal and mechanical 
histories, by which drawing, chain orientation promotion techniques, or 
crystallization dictate the polymers history, in the case of PVDF polymer heating 
and stretching of the polymer creates a thermal and mechanical history.
The thermal and transition properties of polymers during fatigue testing are of 
high importance. The effects of fatigue, mechanical deformations due to cyclic 
stresses, induce energy into a polymer material that is partially transformed into 
thermal energy, called hysteric heating. The hysteretic heating process produces 
accelerated failure of a polymer material due to low thermal the thermal 
conductivity of polymers Figure 27, Ref[29].
The thermal energy produced is highly dependent upon the varied stress, 
frequency, wave pattern, and specimen size. High varied stresses and high 
frequencies develop the highest mechanical energy input into the polymer, thus 
elevating the probability of hysteric heating. Changing the wave pattern of the 
applied stress by allowing the polymer to rest or dissipate heat between cycles 
decreases hysteric heating. The specimen size, large surface area and small
27
thickness, contributes to the ability of a polymer to dissipate the heat generated.
28
Through the heating of a polymer, a transition from glassy to rubbery phases 
may occur. For a crystalline or thermoset, the polymer may simply just melt 
away.
Where V-> □ -> o ->A is an increase in frequency.
Failure of the material is dependent upon the rate at which the stress is 
applied and temperature, as described above in tensile properties. A high stress 
rate at low temperatures, promotes brittle type of failure, whereas a low stress 
rate and high temperature dictate ductile failure. If a crack is developed during 
fatigue, then the thermal energy within the polymer may allow mobility of 
molecular chains to prevent further crack propagation. The molecular chains 
may reduce the stress concentration at the crack tip.
Stress Amplitude
Log Cycles To Failure
Figure 27 Stress Amplitude vs. Cycles to Failure, Ref[29]
29
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE CYCLIC RESPONSE OF POLYMERS 
AND POLYMER BASED COMPOSITES
The effects of creep and cyclic load interaction, for polymers and polymer 
matrix composites has not been investigated to the same degree as for metals at 
high temperatures, Ref[59]. These effects lead to a phenomena defined as 
vibrocreep, Ref[46, 47]. Ref[46], the vibrocreep effect is quantified using a 
specific parameter defined as vibrocreep coefficient to predict vibrocreep from 
experimental data. With the increased use of polymers, such as PVDF, Ref[62] in 
vibration environments, the characterization of cyclic creep effects in polymers 
and polymer matrix composites is particularly important. The vibrocreep effect in 
glass fiber reinforced composites has been studied in Ref[66]. The effect of 
creep on polymers and polymer matrix composites has been investigated in 
Ref[21, 24]. Recent aspects of creep analysis are aimed at new polymers and 
polymer matrix composites, Ref[25, 31, 38, 41,44, 47]. The same techniques 
are used to characterize the new materials. Recent advances in creep 
assessment involve the use of damage analysis to predict creep in structures, 
Ref [8].
Multiple authors have addressed the effect of cyclic loading on the 
response of polymer materials. The effect of creep in cyclic loading conditions 
has been investigated by Ref[22] for an PoIy(DimethyIsiIoxane) elastomer where 
the results contradicted the Boltzmann Superposition Principle. In Ref[54, 57], 
various factors are considered that determine the cyclic behavior of polymers.
30
Such as wave form, frequency, geometry, etc.. It has been observed that the 
effect of high stresses and frequencies lead to thermal failure, of polymers, 
whereas crack initiation and propagation results in mechanical failure. Research 
has been performed in the thermal failure regime through observations of 
hysteresis heating of polymers, Ref[30, 65], along with model development in 
Ref[51]. It has been observed that an increase of cyclic frequency lead to 
accelerated deformation and shorter fatigue life of polymers. The results shown 
in Ref[14], indicate that thermal failure has been observed at an increased . 
frequency in glass fiber composite materials. The effect of frequency has been 
analyzed in Ref[72] in regard to a polyethylene copolymer. An increase in 
frequency was observed to increase the number of cycles to failure up to a 
certain frequency limit beyond which the number of cycles to failure decreased.
In Ref[53], it has been observed that an increase of frequency in the sonic region 
produced increased deformation rate of several polymers. An increase in 
amplitude of the cyclic load has produced similar effects as frequency increases, 
Ref[36]. The problem of fatigue crack propagation rates in polymers depending 
on the cyclic frequencies has been studied in Ref[17], The increase of the 
amplitude and frequency under cyclic loading conditions is also seen in Ref[68], 
The effects of amplitude and frequency combined are quantified and related to 
the shear rate of deformation under relaxation conditions. The effect of the mean 
stress upon the deformation and failure of polymer materials is discussed in 
Ref[60], It has been observed that under fully reversed cyclic conditions an
31
increase in the mean stress results in a increase in the number of cycles to 
failure. These results have been also analyzed using microscopic techniques to 
assess the formation and propagation of crack growth. Other researchers have 
analyzed the effects of temperature under cyclic loading conditions. In Ref[70], 
the assessment of crack growth showed that the crack propagation and initiation ' 
are highly temperature dependent. In Ref[43], the combined effect of 
temperature and humidity are analyzed. The increasing temperature and 
humidity has lead to a decrease in the strength, stiffness and fatigue life of 
polymers, under cyclic loading conditions.
Ref[4, 58] further verifies the alignment of the molecular structure during 
deformation within a polymer material. The alignment of the molecular structure 
during deformation within a polymer material is further verified by the result of 
molecular nonhomogenities and surface microcracks due to processing, Ref[17]. 
From the initial material defects, crazing initiation and propagation occurs first,
Ref[45, 56, 42], until crack formation and propagation begins. Once the crack 
propagates, the crack generally arrests repeating the process Ref[11]. Methods 
to represent the behavior of crack growth under cyclic conditions have been 
performed by many researchers Ref[20, 29, 48, 71]. The damage accumulation 
due to the craze formation and crack growth under cyclic loading conditions has 
been studied by Ref[55, 63, 64].
In Ref[39], it is shown that the effect of cyclic deformation leads to 
softening in the thermal dominated regime, whereas hardening is shown in the
32
mechanical dominated regime for Nylon 6/6. Strain rate analysis has been 
performed using impact testing to asses response of Nylon 6/6, Ref[1], The 
results are used to compare to the cyclic loading tests using linear elastic fracture 
mechanics. The effects of the crystallinity and molecular weight are analyzed in 
Ref[67]. The results show that the crystallinity showed effects upon the strength 
and stiffness of the material, while the molecular weight showed effects upon the 
ultimate strength. The effect of the residual strain is described as the effect of 
the Van der Waals and covalent bonding. The increase in strength and stiffness 
is a result of the molecular alignment where the covalent bonds are aligned about 
the loading direction adding reinforcement. The effect of the crystallinity was 
also studied in Ref[37]. The effect of time and temperature are also analyzed for 
a Nylon 6/6 glass fiber reinforced polymer composite under tension-tension cyclic 
loading, Ref[35]. The effects of crystallinity as related to the effect increasing 
amplitude where the increase in amplitude resulted in the crystalline deformation 
and amorphous regions.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
33
It is well known that polymeric systems tend to exhibit creep behavior at 
room temperature that can be accurately predicted within the linear range of 
stress-strain relations based on linear viscoelastic theory. However, the 
synergistic interactions of creep and damage evolution processes in these 
materials are far from being well understood. The goal of the thesis is to bridge 
this gap and enhance the understanding of the cyclic loading effects on the time 
dependent behavior of polymers and polymer based composites.
34
GENERAL APPROACH TO A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF CYCLIC LOADING
EFFECTS ON POLYMERS .
Material Selection
In order to conduct a parametric study of vibrocreep effects in polymers,
material selection has been performed based on three criteria. The first criteria
concerning the applications of a material in industry and/or research. The
second criteria takes into account the physical properties of the candidate
material. The third criteria is based on the material.
The first criteria involves two questions:
o Is the material used in a wide range of applications where the cyclic loading 
effects might be considerable?
o Why is this material more significant that.any other in a cyclic loading 
environment?
The second criterion involves a evaluation of the physical properties through 
reference materials, Ref[2, 3, 6, 10, 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 28, 34, 69], The third 
criterion involves considerations of properties of polymers such as molecular 
network crystallinity, transition temperatures, etc..
Experimental Stages
The following experimental stages have been implemented in the developed 
experimental program.
35
Tensile Testing
The objective of the tensile testing is to assess the instantaneous 
mechanical properties of polymer materials. The strength and stiffness 
characteristics obtained from the tensile testing are related to creep and 
vibrocreep testing. The temperature influences on the strength and stiffness of 
the material can also be analyzed through tensile testing. The experimental 
standards for tensile testing are outlined by the American Society for Testing and 
Materials. For solid polymers and thin plastic sheeting the ASTM standards are 
D638-96 and 0882-953; respectively. Tensile testing requires at least 5 test 
specimens for analysis. The magnitude of the elastic modulus determined is 
somewhat approximate due to the presence of creep effects. The degree of 
these effects depend upon the material chosen. Note, the best methodology for 
determination of the elastic modulus of polymers is by dynamic methods.
Constant Load Creep Testing
In this program, the objectives of creep testing of polymer materials are 
the determination of the linear viscoelastic limit and the creep compliance. The 
knowledge of the linear viscoelastic limit allows reference to the applicability of 
linear viscoelastic theory. With the knowledge of linear viscoelastic limit, 
vibrocreep testing can be performed within the linear bounds. The verification of 
the vibrocreep phenomena requires creep testing to assess the degree of the
36
vibrocreep effect and also the determination if the effect is present in the 
behavior of a particular polymer. '
Vibrocreep Testing
In this program, the objectives of the vibrocreep testing are to assess the 
effect of the four parameters, frequency, amplitude, mean stress and 
temperature on the response of the polymer. The degree of influence that each 
parameter has on the creep behavior of polymers vibrocreep is the main 
objective of the parametric study conducted within this program. The influence of 
each parameter separately may help determine the intensity of the vibrocreep 
effect. Ultimately the vibrocreep effect may be classified by the influence of 
these parameters separately or combined.
Post Cyclic Testing
In this program, following the stages of creep and vibrocreep testing 
material specimens are further tested in tension at the same feed rate as that 
maintained at the stage of tensile testing. The objective of the post cyclic tests 
are to determine the changes in material properties due to creep deformations 
under constant and cyclic loading conditions.
The experimental stages described above are summarized in Table V.3. 
This table also provides information regarding the objectives of each 
experimental stages, the number of samples tested in each individual experiment 
and the result obtained at each stage.
Table 3 Testing Summary
37
Test Type Motivation # of Specimens to 
Represent One 
Curve
Information
Obtained
Tensile Instantaneous
Material
Response
5 Yield Stress, 
Elastic Modulus, 
and Maximum 
Stress
Constant Load 
Creep
Viscoelastic
Properties
5 Linear Viscoelastic 
Limit and Creep 
Compliances
Cyclic Load 
Testing
Vibrocreep Effect 3 Freguency, 
Amplitude, Mean 
Stress and 
Temperature 
Effects
Post Cyclic 
Testing
Monitor Changes 
in the
Instantaneous
Properties
3 or 5 Yield Stress, 
Elastic Modulus, 
and Maximum 
Stress
Testing Methodology
Tensile Testing and Post Cyclic Testing
The results of the tensile test data are averaged and condensed using the 
tensile and tensile average macros in Excel provided in Appendix 0. The final 
result is strain at every .01 mm/mm. This result is plotted instead of a large 
number of data points at once to provide a clear and accurate representation of 
the test data.
Non contact strain and temperature measurements are strongly 
encouraged through the development of the creep and vibrocreep experimental 
procedures. The influence of attachments on the test specimens is not a variable
that needs to be added to the study of vibrocreep. All strain measurements are 
calculated from position measurements a LVDT1 position transducer, etc. 
Temperatures are measurements of the atmospheric temperature about the test 
specimen except for the infrared temperature measurement system for 
monitoring the surface temperature of the polymer materials.
Constant Load Creep Testing
The experimental program for creep testing requires two stages, 
preliminary and final creep testing. The preliminary creep testing is designed to 
scan a material for the linear viscoelastic limit and more importantly be used for 
comparison to vibrocreep testing. The specimen geometry should be kept 
consistent throughout the testing procedure, for tensile, creep and vibrocreep 
testing. The test specimens chosen for solid polymer testing abide by the tensile 
testing ASTM D638-96 and for thin plastic sheeting D882-95a for thin films.
The preliminary testing matrix is shown below in Table 4. Typically one 
specimen is used for each test at the preliminary stage of the program. 
Assessment of an approximate linear viscoelastic limit can be made and also 
comparison of the vibrocreep effect can be assessed. The second stage of 
creep testing requires verification of the linear viscoelastic limit approximated at 
the preliminary stage. The tests are performed about the linear viscoelastic limit 
with the addition of 4 specimens to compose a total of 5 specimens. Once the 
linear limit is verified, stress levels for vibrocreep need to be analyzed for testing
38
below or above the linear viscoelastic limit. To verify the vibrocreep phenomena, 
testing within the linear viscoelastic limit is performed to show that the vibrocreep 
phenomena cannot be analyzed with linear viscoelastic theory. Creep testing 
above the linear viscoelastic limit provides reassurance of the linear viscoelastic 
limit and also allows approximation of the effect of the vibrocreep effect.
39
Table 4 Preliminary Test Matrix for Constant Load Creep Testing
Creep Testing 
10% of Yield Stress 
20% of Yield Stress 
30% of Yield Stress 
40% of Yield Stress 
50% of Yield Stress 
60% of Yield Stress 
70% of Yield Stress 
80% of Yield Stress 
90% of Yield Stress 
100% of Yield Stress
The results of the creep test data are therefore averaged and condensed 
using the 5 Sample and Average 5 macros in Excel provided in Appendix O. The 
final results are expressed in time at every 12 min. This result is therefore 
plotted instead of a large number of data points at once to provide a clear and 
accurate representation of the test data.
A few comments about the application of the static load to produce a 
creep test are needed. In theory, the load is fully applied at the time t = 0. This 
is physically impossible, since impacting the test specimen will occur. If the load 
is applied at a slower rate, then the initial elastic response may not be correct.
40
Efforts to perform a perfect creep test only become more complicated at lower 
stress levels. Non contact strain and temperature measurements are strongly 
encouraged through the development of the creep and vibrocreep experimental 
procedures. The influence of attachments on the test specimens is not a variable 
that needs to be added to the study of vibrocreep. All strain measurements are 
calculated from position measurements a LVDT, position transducer, etc. 
Temperatures are measurements of the atmospheric temperature about the test 
specimen except for the infrared temperature measurement system for 
monitoring the surface temperature of the polymer materials.
Vibrocreep Testing
The experimental program for vibrocreep testing also requires two stages, 
preliminary and final creep testing. The preliminary creep testing is designed to 
scan a material for the vibrocreep phenomena and approximate the effect of 
frequency, amplitude, and mean stress. The specimen geometry should be kept 
consistent throughout the testing procedure, for tensile, creep and vibrocreep 
testing. The test specimens chosen for solid polymer testing abide by the tensile 
testing ASTM D638-96 and for thin plastic sheeting D882-95a for thin films.
The preliminary testing matrix is shown below in Table 5. Typically one 
specimen is used for each test at the preliminary experimental stage.
Assessment of each of the parameters can therefore be analyzed for the 
direction testing should be pursued in the second stage or if testing should
41
cease. The second stage of vibrocreep testing requires the decision of testing 
below or above the linear viscoelastic limit. If testing is performed within the 
linear viscoelastic limit, then the maximum stress should not exceed this limit. 
Mean stress and amplitudes must be selected to not violate this condition. 
Hysteresis heating effects may occur with the selection of the testing amplitude 
and frequency. If thermal or mechanical dominated failure regions are of 
particular interest, then the selections of the amplitude and frequency should be 
selected accordingly. Three test specimens are used to represent a mean 
stress, amplitude, frequency, and temperature. Three specimens reduce testing 
time since multiple parameters are being analyzed. The temperature effects 
upon the vibrocreep phenomena need to be analyzed by keeping the mean 
stress, amplitude, and frequency constant over a chosen temperature range. A 
reference temperature should be chosen for comparison. Typically the room 
temperature is taken since special equipment is not needed such as 
environmental chambers to test at this temperature, but another reference 
temperature may be chosen. Once these parameters are held constant, the 
linear limit may be violated at higher temperatures other than the reference 
temperature, since the linear viscoelastic limits decrease relative to reference 
temperature. Decreasing the temperature may be assumed, to have the opposite 
effect with an increase in the linear viscoelastic limit relative to the reference
temperature.
42
Table 5 Preliminary Test Matrix for Vibrocreep Testing
Mean Stress Amplitude Frequency
20% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 10Hz
40% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 10Hz
60% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 10Hz
80% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 10Hz
20% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 20Hz
40% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 20Hz
60% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 20Hz
80% of Yield Stress +-20% of Yield Stress 20Hz
20% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 10Hz
40% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 10Hz
60% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 10Hz
80% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 10Hz
20% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 20Hz
40% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 20Hz
60% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 20Hz
80% of Yield Stress +-10% of Yield Stress 20Hz
The results of the vibrocreep test data are therefore averaged and 
condensed using the 3 Sample Dynamic and 3 Average Dynamic macros in 
Excel provided in Appendix 0. The final results are expressed in time at every 
12 min. This result is therefore plotted instead of a large number of data points 
at once to provide a clear and accurate representation of the test data.
Non contact testing for strain and temperature measurements is strongly 
encouraged through the development of the creep and vibrocreep experimental 
procedures. The influence of attachments on the test specimens is not a variable 
that needs to be added to the study of vibrocreep. All strain measurements are 
calculated from position measurements using a LVDT1 position transducer, etc.
Temperatures are measurements of the atmospheric temperature about the test 
specimen except for the infrared temperature measurement system for 
monitoring the surface temperature of the polymer materials
Knowledge of the hysteresis loop is necessary to obtain the proper mean 
strain values. If the hysteresis loop is “wide” then the mean strain will not be 
recorded properly. This is due to acquiring many data points and searching for 
the maximum and minimum values using the techniques described above. Other 
methods of acquiring the mean strain value during periodic loading have been 
investigated, but computer runtime becomes a factor. If the hysteresis loop is 
wide then averaging of the maximum and minimum strain values is only 
applicable if the hysteresis loop is symmetric. This technique is shown in Figures 
28-30. These are simple guidelines for vibrocreep testing that have been 
developed from experience.
43
max
mean
Figure 28 Periodic Stress
44
e
max
mean
Figure 29 Periodic Strain
O
max
mean
e min £ mean e max
Figure 30 Resulting Flysteresis Loop
Vibrocreep Criteria
The criteria used to detect the presence of vibrocreep effects are 
illustrated in Figures 30-31, and in particular, if the mean strain from vibrocreep 
testing resides between the minimum and maximum resulting creep stain curves 
the vibrocreep effect does not exist. Alternatively, the vibrocreep effect is
present if positioned above the creep curve obtained under maximum constant
45
stress. Normalization of the creep and vibrocreep results, further emphasizes 
the vibrocreep effect in the linear viscoelastic regime only. Specifically, the 
normalized vibrocreep curve that deviates from the creep compliance of the 
material indicates the presence of vibrocreep results shown in Figure 32. The 
normalization calculation for the vibrocreep result is shown by Equation 14.
max
mean
t
Figure 31 Loading Diagram for Vibrocreep
Possible Vibrocreep Result
max
Possible Vibrocreep Result
Figure 32 Vibrocreep Effect Above or Below the Linear Viscoelastic Limit
46
e(t) I Normalized Vibrocreep Result
Creep Compliance
Figure 33 Normalized Vibrocreep Effect within the Linear Viscoelastic Limit
g(t) 
a mean
mean(t)
° max + ° min
Equation 14
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND RESULTS FOR NYLON 6/6 
Properties and Applications of Nylon 6/6
In this study, Nylon 6/6 (DuPont Zytel® 42A NC010 Polyamide 66) has 
been selected as a test material since it is commonly used in engineering 
applications. Typical applications of Nylon 6/6 are gears, bearings, bushings, 
sprockets, and housings for power tools, Ref[12], Recently, Nylon 6/6 has been 
used as a matrix in glass reinforced composites for application in automotive 
transmission gears, Ref[35].
Nylon 6/6 exhibits superior physical properties of stiffness, strength and 
fracture toughness. General and physical properties of Nylon 6/6 used in this 
program are described in Appendix P. In general, Nylon 6/6 can be , 
characterized as a highly crystalline thermoplastic polymer.
Experimental Program
Instrumentation. Equipment and Data Acquisition
In this program, computer aided data acquisition has been performed 
using National Instruments signal conditioning equipment and windows based 
data acquisition programming, LABView, version 5.0. The National Instruments 
signal conditioning equipment involves the following components:
47
O SCXI 1000 Chassis
48
© SCXI 1200 module with SCXI 1302 attachment
© SCXI 1100 module with SCXI 1303 attachment
o SCXI 1121 module with SCXI 1321 attachment
The signal conditioning system allows data sampling at 333,000 samples per 
second with 12 bit resolution. This system provides excitation and the ability to 
monitor all types of components. The LABView program for data acquisition 
provided the interface between the measured voltage and the final experimental 
data.
Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6. Tensile testing of Nylon 6/6 has been 
performed using an Instron 4206 screw type tensile testing machine. The 
displacements have been measured and converted to strain using the crosshead 
displacement. The load was measured using the 30,000 Ibf load cell connected 
to signal conditioning equipment. The mechanical grips that are used for the 
creep testing of polymer materials are used is conjunction with the round 
specimen attachments of the testing apparatus to accommodate the 
environmental chamber. The environmental chamber was not designed for use 
with the Instron 4206, so revisions were made. The environmental conditions are 
monitored using type J thermocouples with an Instron 311T environmental 
chamber. The signal conditioning equipment is connected through the control 
panel of the Instron 4206 test machine. The environmental conditions have been 
monitored using data acquisition equipment. The position and load are
49
connected to the SCXI 1321 attachment channels 0 to 1 respectively. The 
thermocouples are connected to the SCX1 1303 attachment.
The post cyclic testing of solid polymers is performed using the Instron 
1350 test machine. The instrumentation and equipment is exactly the same as in 
vibrocreep testing of polymer materials. The only changes that are performed is 
output from the 8500 plus control panel which is switched to 12.7 mm/Volt (.5 
in/Volt) to accommodate the longer movement required during the tensile test.
The data acquisition program for tensile and post tensile cyclic loads has 
been programmed to record displacement and load over the duration of the 
tensile test. The program reads the displacement voltage and converts the 
reading into strain and the strain is then recorded. The load reading has also 
been converted from voltage to a load value and recorded. Temperature 
measurement have been performed using a simple temperature data acquisition 
program that is executed before the tensile test to verify the steady state 
temperature conditions in the environmental chamber. An environmental 
chamber has been used for testing at elevated temperatures.
Constant Load Creep Testing of Nylon 6/6. Creep testing of solid 
polymers has been performed using an in house built test fixture that has allowed 
the application of high static loads for testing of Nylon 6/6. Test specimen grips 
for creep testing of Nylon 6/6 were specially designed and built in order to
provide a high clamping force and axial alignment. Working drawings of the grips 
and load trays are provided in Appendix S.
A Pentium 120 computer with 40 MB of RAM and a 500 MB hard disk has 
been used to performed the data acquisition. The data acquisition program has 
been written for load and displacement measurements. The load has been 
measured by an Interface 1210 2225 N (500 lbf.) load cell connected to the SCXI 
1121 with the SCXI 1321 attachment. Displacement has been measured using a 
LVDT built by Data Instruments connected to the SCXI 1200 with the SCXI 1302 
attachment. The test fixture has been modified to incorporate the environmental 
chamber. Four thermocouples have been used to*measure the environmental 
conditions. Three thermocouples have been located inside the environmental 
chamber and the fourth has been used to measure the atmospheric temperature. 
National Instruments SCXI 1100 with the SCXI 1303 attachment has been used 
to measure the type J thermocouple voltage. One of the two environmental 
chambers designed and built by Shane Schumacher, has been used for creep 
testing and tensile testing using the Instron 4206 screw type testing machine. 
Working drawings are provided in Appendix Q.
50
51
Figure 34 Creep Test Fixture for Nylon 6/6
Vibrocreeo Testing of Nylon 6/6. The vibrocreep testing of Nylon 6/6 has 
been performed using an Instron 1350 servo hydraulic fatigue apparatus with an 
8500 Plus control system update from lnstron. The Instron 8500 Plus control 
system has the capability of measuring four test variables. A Pentium 120 
computer with 40 MB of RAM and a 500 MB hard disk has been used to 
performed the data acquisition. The load and displacement have been measured 
by a data acquisition system at 889 N/Volt (200 Ibf/Volt) and 5.08 mm/Volt (.2 
in/Volt) respectively using outputs on the 8500 Plus control system control panel. 
The displacement has been recorded via channel 0 and load has been recorded 
via channel 1 of the SCXI 1100 attachment. Displacement measurements have
been taken in 3 parts, maximum, mean, and minimum. The displacement data 
has been converted into strain data and recorded. An initial offset for 
displacement, approximately 25.4 mm (1 in.), has been found to be necessary 
since the displacement of failure exceeds the 50.8 mm (2 in.) downward stroke 
from 0 of the 1350 Instron testing machine allowing a total displacement of 76.2 
mm (3 in.) downward movement. The load followed a path'similar to that of the 
displacement, respectively the maximum and minimum values are recorded. An 
environmental chamber has been designed and built specifically for testing using 
the Instron 1350 test machine by Shane Schumacher. The environmental 
chamber did not surround the hydraulic grips, but rested between them, heating 
the test specimen only. The environment remained constant by forced 
convection. The environmental chamber requires two holes, top and bottom, for 
specimen placement in the grips. There was a possibility for a temperature 
gradient due to the exposure to the atmosphere, therefore thermocouples are 
placed near the holes, and the temperature difference from the center to either 
hole does not fluctuate by more than .2 °C. Working drawings of the 
environmental chamber are provided in Appendix Q.
The monitoring of the environmental conditions and specimen conditions 
has been performed with infrared temperature measurement, a humidity 
transmitter, and type J thermocouples. The infrared temperature measurement 
system has been manufactured by Omega engineering (Model OS65 complete 
NEMA system). The IR measurement system has provided a 3:1 field of view to
52
focus a 6.35 mm (.25 in) spot size at 25.4 mm (1 in). The output was measured 
in terms of volts (0 to 5 volts) over a temperature range of -57 to 250 °C. The 
humidity transmitter has been also manufactured by Omega Engineering. The 
transmitter (Model HX92V) that provides an output from 0 to 1 Volt over a range 
of 0 to 100% relative humidity. The infrared temperature measurement system 
connects to channel 2, and the humidity transmitter connects to channel 3 of the 
SCXI 1100 attachment. The temperature measurement of the sample from the 
IR system has been converted from voltage to 0C and recorded. The humidity 
transmitter measured the relative humidity of the testing room and has also been 
converted from voltage measurements to % relative humidity and recorded. The 
type J thermocouples have been used to measure the temperature within the 
environmental chamber channels Oto 2 and the thermocouple at channel 3 
measures the testing room temperature. The type J thermocouples allow 
temperature measurement from 0 to 750 0C.
The programming of the data acquisition system using LABView has been 
accomplished through the development of case structures, similar to a “Do Loop” 
where the loop control represents the execution of a task. A case structure was 
needed to separate the gathering of data from the separate modulus, since data 
must be acquired form each module separately. The dynamic testing of solid 
polymers requires two case structures, one to control data acquisition of the 
hysteresis loops and the second to monitor the displacement, load and 
environmental changes in time. The hysteresis case structure has been
54
executed every 100 cycles of the second case structure, thus monitoring the 
changes in the hysteresis loop approximately every hour. The second structure 
has been designed to monitor the change in strain approximately every 30 
seconds. A 30 second execution of the second case structure is controlled by a 
Do While loop while a time wait function has been used to control the 
accumulation of data. The Do while loop is also the control for the initial case 
structure that is executed every 100 cycles. The time to execute the case 
structures has been recorded along with the wait time to obtain readings with an 
accuracy of .001 sec..
Figure 35 Vibrocreep Test Fixture for Nylon 6/6
55
Testing Procedure
The specimen geometry used in all experiments has been completed 
according to ASTM D638-96 Type Il standards. All test specimens have been 
prepared using a CNC milling machine by Technical Services at Montana State 
University, Bozeman. The material has been purchased from Laird Plastics with 
the properties shown in Appendix P. Nylon 6/6 has not necessarily been 
purchased from the same batch of processed material, therefore the effects of 
batch sensitivity may have effected some results. Testing temperature has been 
varied from room temperature of 23 0C to 50 °C, with increments of 9 °C. Once 
the environmental chamber for vibrocreep testing was designed and built, the 
temperature chamber maintained a temperature of 35 °C with the blower fan in 
operation by. conduction of heat from the motor to the environmental chamber. 
Nylon 6/6 was first tested in tension to determine the strength and stiffness 
properties, secondly creep tests were performed, and thirdly the vibrocreep and 
post cyclic testing were completed.
Tensile Testing Procedure for Nylon 6/6. Tensile testing has been 
performed at a strain rate of .875 mm/mm * min (in/in * min) or a feed rate of 
44.45 mm/min (1.75 in/min) for all temperatures ranging from .5 min at 23 °C to 5 
min at 68 °C abiding by the ASTM 638-96 standard. The strength and stiffness 
calculations are also performed according to the ASTM D638-96 standard.
56
Constant Load Creep Testing Procedure for Nylon 6/6. The preliminary 
creep testing for Nylon 6/6 has been performed for 24 hrs. Further creep tests 
have been performed at a minimum of 9 hours where at least five test specimens 
were used to represent each resultant curve. The linear viscoelastic range has 
been determined for each temperature at 23 °C, 35 °C, 41 0C1 50 °C, 59 °C, and 
68 °C. The environmental chamber used for tensile testing of Nylon 6/6 was also 
used for creep testing of Nylon 6/6 with a temperature fluctuation of not more 
than +-.5 °C. At 23 °C creep testing was performed for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 
and 50% of the yield stress. The cross-section was considered to remain 
constant as the material deformed in time (engineering stress). The feed rate 
during loading of the test specimen was controlled by the use of a hydraulic jack.
Vibrocreep Procedure for Nylon 6/6. The sample geometry was kept the 
same as in the previous test cases (ASTM D638-96 Type II). The relative 
humidity was monitored during vibrocreep with readings of 15% +-5% during 
testing. Approximately in the middle of the vibrocreep. testing, the test machine 
was relocated to another room. The humidity levels remained the same between 
the two rooms. All testing of Nylon 6/6 was performed in tension-tension mode 
within the linear viscoelastic regime of the polymer determined from the above 
creep testing except at elevated temperature, where testing was performed at 
stress levels relative to the yield stress at 23 °C. Nylon 6/6 specimens have 
been also monitored for the effects of hysteresis heating where thermal effects
can contribute to deformation over time. Hysteresis heating was. not observed, 
so the deformation of the polymer was considered to be in the mechanically 
dominated regime.
Post Cyclic Testing Procedure for Nylon 6/6. After creep and vibrocreep 
programs had been completed, specimens were tested in tension at the same 
feed rate as that of the initial tensile testing described above. The vibrocreep 
specimens were tested in tension directly after cyclic tests using the 1350 
lnstron, where creep test specimens were stored and tested in tension later on 
the same testing machine. The effect of recovery was initially of great concern 
for the creep test specimens, but the effect of recovery (testing immediately after 
completion of a creep test or after storage for weeks or months) did not show an 
effect on the post tensile properties of the material at 23 0C. At higher 
temperatures the effect of recovery upon the test specimens has not been 
investigated
57
Experimental Results
Tensile Testing Experimental Results at 23 °C
Tensile testing of Nylon 6/6 provided the values of the instantaneous 
elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength of the polymer. Nylon 6/6 
that was used for the project is an isotropic material, therefore directionality of
the tensile testing relative to the microstructure was not necessary. The results 
of the tensile testing are provided in Table 6.
58
Table 6 Tensile Properties of Nylon 6/6 at 23 °C
Yield Stress 
(MPa)
Maximum
Strength
(MPa)
Elastic
Modulus
(GPa)
Yield Strain 
(mm/mm)
OOCOCM 70 78 1.42 .0642
Tensile testing of Nylon 6/6 has been performed for two separate batches of 
material from Laird Plastics. The feed rates have been kept consistent for all 
samples. A comparison of the material properties depending on the particular 
batch is provided in Table 7.
Table 7 Batch Comparison
Yield Strength 
(MPa)
Elastic Modulus 
(GPa)
Batch 1 70 1.42
Batch 2 72 1.42
Constant Load Creep Test Results of Nylon 6/6 at 23 0C
As indicated in the previous chapter, the objectives of creep testing have 
been to determine the vibrocreep effect, and the linear viscoelastic limit. The 
results have been also used for the vibrocreep model development. After the 
preliminary creep testing of Nylon 6/6, the linear viscoelastic limit has been 
determined to be 30% the yield stress at 23 °C, shown in Figure 36. The 
complete results of the creep testing at 23 °C are provided in Appendix A.
Vibrocreep Experimental Results at 23 °C
59
The vibrocreep results for Nylon 6/6 have been divided into three 
categories that determine the influence of frequency, amplitude, mean stress, 
respectively. The preliminary vibrocreep testing was performed for 24 hrs. The 
tests have been used for verification of the vibrocreep in the selected polymer. 
Nylon 6/6 has demonstrated the effect of vibrocreep, therefore testing was 
pursued further. A parametric study of vibrocreep effects has been conducted 
following the test program summarized in Table 8.
Table 8 Test Matrix for Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C
Mean Stress 
(% of gv)
Superimposed 
Cyclic Load
12 Stress Amplitude
(% of Gv)
4 7.5 10
Frequency (Hz) 1 10 20 1 10 20 1 10 20
16 Stress Amplitude 
(% of gv)
4 7.5 10
Frequency (Hz) 1 10 20 1 10 20 1 10 20
20 Stress Amplitude
(% of Gv)
5 7.5 10
Frequency (Hz) 1 10 20 1 10 20 1 10 20
The testing matrix shown is a compact representation of the experimental 
loading conditions performed. For example, testing was performed at 12%±4% 
of the yield stress at 1, 10, and 20 Hz to describe frequency effects. Testing is 
also performed at 12%±7.5% and ±10% of the yield stress at 1, 10, and 20 Hz to 
further investigate the frequency effects. Once these tests were completed, the
60
mean stress was changed from 12% to 16% and the same sequence was 
executed, then from 16% to 20%. Once the testing has been completed, 
amplitude and mean stress effects can also be investigated with substantial 
supporting data. All test matrices within the thesis are provided in this format 
with similar interpretation. The influence of the frequency in the vibrocreep effect 
shown in Figure 37. The complete results of the frequency effects at 23 °C are 
provided in Appendix B.
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
iin
 (m
m
/m
m
) 
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
61
Time (hrs)
Figure 36 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 23 °C 
1- (0.10)ay; 2- (0.20)oy; 3- (0.30)ay; 4- (0.40)ay; 5- (0.50)ay; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
S
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
Time (hrs)
62
% 0.8
B 0.7
I  0.5
ft  0.4
Time (hrs)
Figure 37 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: (0.16±0.075)ay; 1- 1 Flz, 2- 10 Hz, 3- 20 Hz;
Constant Load Creep : 4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
It has been shown that an increase in the loading frequency resulted in an 
increase in the vibrocreep effect. An increase in amplitude has also resulted in 
an increase in the vibrocreep effect, as shown in Figure 38. Complete results of 
the amplitude effects at 23 °C are provided in Appendix C. The effect of the 
mean stress upon the creep behavior of Nylon 6/6 is not apparent. As an 
example, the influence of the mean stress can be observed in Figure 39. 
Complete results of the mean stress effects at 23 °C are provided in
Appendix E.
St
re
ss
 (I
 /P
a)
 * 
10
 
St
ra
in
 (m
rrV
m
m
)
63
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
S  0.5
Time (hrs)
Figure 38 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, at 20 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep : 4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
IO
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
64
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
°  -  -
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 39 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at 
Different Mean Stresses at 23 0C
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.12±0.10)ay, 2- (0.16±0.10)oy, 3- (0.20+0.10)ay, at 20 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep : 4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
65
Post Cyclic Testing at 23 °C
The post cyclic testing is described as tensile testing following creep and 
vibrocreep experiments. The result is a measure of the changes in the material 
properties in the polymer due to cyclic loading effects. Testing has been 
performed for all test specimens with an example shown in Figure 40 and the 
results summarized in Table 9.
90000
80000
70000
60000
Q5 50000 
I 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 40 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: (0.16±0.075)ay, 1- 1 Hz; 2- 10 Hz; 3- 20 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep : 4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay; 6- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
66
Table 9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
Curve # Yield Stress Yield Strain Maximum Stress Elastic Modulus
(MPa) (mm/mm) (MPa) (GPa)
1 79.697 .06164 83.877 1.56
2 80.754 .06042 84.414 1.47
3 77.394 .06105 82.676 1.44
4 65.567 .06515 74.543 1.33
5 63.171 .06885 76.427 1.35
6 70 .06420 78.000 1.42
As shown in Figure 40, the strength and stiffness of the material can be seen to 
increase after the cyclic testing. The effects of recovery after vibrocreep testing 
has also been determined using post cyclic testing as shown in Figure 41 and 
summarized in Table 10.
90000
80000
70000
60000
a, 50000 
2 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 41 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After 
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 1- Recovered, 2- Immediate; 
Constant Load Creep : 3- (0.16)ay ; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
67
Table 10 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After 
_______Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
Curve # Yield Stress Yield Strain Maximum Stress Elastic Modulus
(MPa) (mm/mm) (MPa) (GPa)
1 71.718 .06104 75.233 1.44
2 82.397 .06593 85.779 1.49
3 65.567 .06515 74.543 1.33
4 70 .06420 78.000 1.42
After approximately one month of recovery, specimens tested under cyclic 
loading conditions have shown marginal changes in the tensile properties over 
that of the constant load creep and virgin specimens.
Tensile Testing Results at Elevated Temperatures
Tensile test results at elevated temperatures are shown in Figure 42.
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 42 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures 
1- 23 °C; 2- 35 0C; 3- 41 °C; 4- 50 0C; 5- 59 0C; 6- 68 °C;
All calculations of the strength and stiffness have been performed 
according to the ASTM 638-96 standard. The elastic modulus, yield stress, and 
ultimate stress are tabulated in Table 11.
68
Table 11 Tensile Properties of Nylon 6/6 at 23 0C and Elevated Temperatures
Yield Stress 
(MPa)
Ultimate 
Stress (MPa)
Elastic
Modulus
(GPa)
Yield Strain 
(mm/mm)
23 °C 70 78 1.42 .0642
35 °C 55.2 70.2 1.21 .0544
O O 44.9 65 .96 .0551OOOm 22 57.5 .708 .0332
O
l
C
D O 19 52.4 .548 .0368
68 0C 10 48.9 .459 .0238
The strain values at the given temperatures are provided in engineering 
strain. The results of the tensile testing of virgin specimens at different 
temperatures are shown in Figure 43. Complete results of the tensile testing of 
Nylon 6/6 are provided in Appendix A.
Elastic Modulus 
Yield Stress
Temperature (C)
Figure 43 Yield Stress and Elastic Modulus vs. Temperature
69
Constant Load Creep Testing Results at Elevated Temperatures
The creep tests at elevated temperatures has been performed at 20%, 
30%, 40% and 50% of the yield stress at the respective temperature. Complete 
creep testing results for Nylon 6/6 are provided in Appendix A. As stated above 
the cross section of the test specimen is assumed to remain constant through the 
duration of the test (engineering stress) even at elevated temperatures. The 
linear viscoelastic limit remains at an approximate 30% of the yield stress at their 
respective temperature.
For Nylon 6/6, stress levels of 16% and 20% with respect to the yield
stress at 23 °C is performed at each temperature. The effect of temperature on
creep at 20% relative to the yield stress at 23 °C can be observed in Figure 44.
From the figure shown, the creep rate is shown to increase with increasing
temperature. Complete results of the temperature effect for Nylon 6/6 are
provided in Appendix F.
0.080 
0.075 
0.070 
0.065 
0.060 
0.055 
-g 0.050 
I  0.045 
£  0.040
• | 0.035
® 0.030
0.025 
0.020 
0.015 
0.010 
0.005
Time (hrs)
70
S g g S S g .S-S s g R g g g^g:e=e=»
Time (hrs)
Figure 44 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.20)ayat 23 °C; 2- (0.20)oy at 35 0C; 3- (0.20)ay at 41 0C;
4- (0.20)ay at 50 °C; 5- (0.20)oy at 59 °C; 6- (0.20)oyat 68 °C;
oy =70 MPa at 23 °C
Vibrocreep Testing Results at Elevated Temperatures
Two test temperatures have been used to characterize the vibrocreep 
effects, 35 °C and 41 °C at elevated temperatures. The temperatures chosen 
allowed testing in the linear viscoelastic regime of Nylon 6/6. Testing at stress 
levels relative to the test temperature is not easily accommodated at the higher 
temperatures, since amplitude loads at and below 100 N (22.5 lbf) are not 
executable due to testing machine limitations. Therefore at 41 °C, 4% amplitude 
relative to the yield stress at 41 0C was not executable.
71
The remainder of the testing within the linear viscoelastic regime provided 
the same results for all temperatures. The influence of temperature resulted in a 
decrease in the vibrocreep effect where the stress level is held constant over the 
temperature range. The results of the temperature effect for Nylon 6/6 are 
provided in Appendix F. The effect of the frequency at 35 °C at the yield stress 
relative to 35 °C and 23 °C upon the vibrocreep effect can be shown in Figure 45. 
The results of the frequency effects at 35 °C and 41 0C are provided in Appendix 
B. The effect of increasing amplitude at 41 °C at the yield stress relative to 41 °C 
and 23 °C is shown in Figure 46. The results of the amplitude effects at 35 °C 
and 41 0C are provided in Appendix C. The effect of the mean stress at 35 °C at 
the yield stress relative to 35 0C and 23 °C is shown in Figure 47. The results of 
the mean stress effects at 35 °C and 41 °C are provided in Appendix D.
Table 12 Test Matrix for Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Testing at Elevated Temperatures
Mean
Stress
(% of av)
Superimposed 
Cyclic Load
16 Stress Amplitude
(% of CTv)
4 10
Frequency (Hz) 1 10 1 10
20 Stress Amplitude
(% of CTv)
5 10
Frequency (Hz) 1 10 1 10
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
72
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
w 0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure 45 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 0C
Vibrocreep: (0.20±0.10)ay, 1- 1 Hz, 2- 10 Hz;
Constant Load Creep: 3-  (0.20)ay, 4 -  (0.30)ay;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
73
0 .0 2 0
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 46 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 0C
Vibrocreep: 1-  (0.20+0.05)ay, 2 -  (0.20±0.010)ay at 10 Hz;
Constant Load Creep: 3-  (0.20)cjy, 4 -  (0.30)oy;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
IO
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
nV
m
m
)
74
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
#  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure 47 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different
Mean Stresses at 35 °C
Vibrocreep: 1-  (0.16±0.10)ay, 2-  (0.20+0.10)ay, at 10 Hz;
Constant Load Creep: 3-  (0.16)ay, 4 -  (0.20)ay, 5-  (0.30)ay;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
From the results shown in the figures above, the effect of increasing 
frequency, amplitude, and mean stress show similar results as seen from testing 
at 23 °C. Through the temperature range this effect is emphasized at the stress 
levels where the yield stress is relative to the test temperature, but is not evident 
at the higher stress levels where the yield stress is relative to the 23 0C. The 
influence of temperature is evident from Figure 48. The result of the temperature 
effects are provided in Appendix F. An example of the influence of the 
frequency, amplitude, and mean stress where the yield stress is relative to 23 C 
is shown in Figures 49-51. From the results, the influence of these parameters 
has been analyzed above and below the linear viscoelastic limit, and also the 
influence of temperature.
75
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
co 0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
76
£  1.6
£  1.4
(75 1.0
Time (hrs)
Figure 48 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures 
Vibrocreep: (0.16±0.10)cry, 10 Hz, 1- 23 °C, 2- 35 0C1 3- 41 °C; 
Constant Load Creep: (0.16)oy 4- 23 °C, 5- 35 °C, 6- 41 °C;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
0.025
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
77
%  1.25
I  0.75
Time (hrs)
Figure 49 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies and
Temperatures
Vibrocreep: (0.20±0.10)ay, 1- 1 Hz at 23 0C1 2- 10 Hz at 23 °C;
3- 1 Hz at 35 °C, 4- 10 Hz at 35 0C1 5- 1 Hz at 41 °C, 6- 10 Hz at 41 °C
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
0.030
0.025
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
78
Time (hrs)
Figure 50 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes and
Temperatures
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.20±0.05)oy at 10 Hz, 23 °C, 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, at 10 Hz, 23 0C; 
3- (0.20±0.05)ay at 10 Hz, 35 °C, 4- (0.20±0.10)ay, at 10 Hz, 35 °C;
5- (0.20±0.05)ay at 10 Hz, 41 °C, 6- (0.20±0.10)ay, at 10 Hz, 41 0C;
CTy =70 MPa at 23 °C
0.030
0.025
u-o -^ -rr
D O 0
0.015
0.005
Time (hrs)
79
• * . .
Time (hrs)
Figure 51 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different 
Mean Stresses and Temperatures 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 2- (0.20+0.10)ayi at 10 Hz 23 °C; 
3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 4- (0.20+0.10)ayl at 10 Hz 35 °C;
5- (0.16±0.10)ay, 6- (0.20+0.10)ay, at 10 Hz 41 0C;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
In Figures 49-50, an increase in temperature with an increase in frequency or 
amplitude resulted in an increase in the vibrocreep effect. In Figure 51, the effect 
of increasing mean stress is shown to have a decrease in the vibrocreep effect.
Post Cyclic Testing at Elevated Temperatures
The post cyclic testing is performed for all test specimens at 35 °C and 41 
°C. The effect of recovery was not tested for higher temperatures, since this is 
not possible with the current test equipment. The specimen would be cooled and 
then reheated. Therefore storage of the creep test specimens is justified. An
80
example of the post tensile testing at 41 °C at the yield stress relative to 41 °C 
and 23 0C is summarized in Tables 13-14 and shown in Figures 52-53, 
respectively.
Table 13 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
Curve # Yield Stress Yield Strain Maximum Stress Elastic Modulus
(MPa) (mm/mm) (MPa) (GPa)
1 66.541 .06424 68.399 1.32
2 65.318 .05940 68.372 1.31
3 57.034 .05005 64.950 1.27
4 44.600 .05510 65.000 .96
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 52 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after Cyclic and Constant
Loading at 41 °C
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, at 10 Hz;
Constant Load Creep: 3- (0.20)ay; 4- Virgin Specimens; 
ay = 45 MPa at 41 °C
81
80000
70000
60000
50000
'DT 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 53 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after Cyclic and Constant
Loading at 41 °C
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, at 10 Hz;
Constant Load Creep: 3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Table 14 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens after
Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
Curve # Yield Stress 
(MPa)
Yield Strain 
(mm/mm)
Maximum Stress 
. (MPa)
Elastic Modulus 
(GPa)
1 65.360 .06073 67.891 1.29
2 66.485 .06185 68.080 1.29
3 52.006 .04425 65.787 1.23
4 57.299 .05005 64.950 1.27
5 44.6 .05510 65.000 .96
In the figures shown, at elevated temperatures the strength and stiffness 
of the constant load creep and cyclic experiments have similar results. The yield 
stress is lower, but the elastic moduli have marginal differences.
Conclusion
82
Vibrocreep effects in Nylon 6/6 are evident from the results obtained in 
this study. Vibrocreep effects have been obtained at the temperatures of 23, 35 
and 41 °C, above and below the linear viscoelastic limit. The observable 
difference between creep and vibrocreep of Nylon 6/6 demonstrates that the 
vibrocreep phenomena is not predictable by current viscoelastic theories.
Tensile test results of Nylon 6/6 show a definite dependence upon test 
temperature. Increases of 9 °C have a dramatic effect on the tensile properties 
of the polymer in terms of decreasing elastic modulus and yield stress. The 
viscoelastic linearity limit remained at approximately 30% of the yield stress over 
the experimental temperature range. A correlation between stress and 
temperature effects on the creep behavior of Nylon 6/6 has been observed in all 
experiments leading to the belief that the material response can be modeled with 
time-temperature and stress-time analogies. An effect of the glass transition 
temperature has been shown in Figure 43 over the temperature range.
The degree of vibrocreep effects depending on the mean stress, 
frequency, amplitude, and temperature of the cyclic loading has been 
determined. The vibrocreep effect has been shown to increase with increasing 
frequency or amplitude. Alternatively, the vibrocreep effect has been shown to 
decrease with increasing mean stress and temperature range below the linear
viscoelastic limit.
Typically, polymers have either thermally or mechanically dominated 
regimes or a combination of the two when subjected to cyclic loading condition, 
Figure 54, Ref[29]. In the case of Nylon 6/6, hysteresis heating of the polymer 
has not been observed within the experimental test range studied. This indicates 
that the observed vibrocreep effects result from damage development and 
evolution due to the presence of cyclic loading.
83
Thermal Transition Mechanical
Cycles To Failure
Figure 54 Thermal and Mechanical Dominated Failure Zones 
The vibrocreep effects appear to be directly dependent upon the product 
of the amplitude and frequency of the cyclic load. As shown in Equation 15, this 
product defines the amplitude rate of loading. As can be observed from Figure 
55, vibrocreep effects are directly dependent on the product of the frequency and 
amplitude.
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
84
0.020
0.018
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 55 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with to*a = 100 at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.20±0.10)cy at 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.05)ay at 20 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep : 3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
85
a ( t) = a m + a a ■ Si n (a) ■ t)
d— a 
Cit
>yCos(wt)
Equation 15
Another factor considered in this study represents the ratio of the mean 
stress to the amplitude of the cyclic load. This factor can be related to the R ratio 
typically considered in the studies of fatigue, Equations 16.
°  max + °  min -] + °  m'n 
°  mean 2 °  max 1 + R
°  amp a  max ~ °  min ^ 0  min 1 -  R
2 a  max
°  min 
°  max
Equations 16
The result of this correlation factor combines the amplitude and mean stress 
effects together as shown in Figure 56. From this figure, p = 4, an increase in 
mean stress and amplitude correlates with approximately the same difference 
between the creep and vibrocreep creep compliance curves. The results of p=4 
for Nylon 6/6 are provided in Appendix D.
in 
(m
m
/m
m
8 6
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 56 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep : 3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
' EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND RESULTS FOR PVDF 
Properties and Applications of PVDF
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) is a piezoelectric polymer used 
extensively for sensors and actuators in dynamic environments, Ref[61], PVDF 
material is considered a sandwich composite where the PVDF polymer lies 
between two surface layers of electrode for electrical connection, thus making a 
laminate composite.
PVDF testing is performed with the electrodes since this is the most widely 
used form of the material. Piezoelectric properties of PVDF are produced by 
deforming a polymer material resulting in a permanent dipole polarization within 
the polymer, through mechanical deformation of the molecular orbitals. The 
deformation process is performed above the glass transition temperature, where 
the dipoles are constrained after cooling and dissipation of the dipole is less likely 
to occur.
In this study, PVDF is chosen for its physical properties, applications, and 
microstructure. The material is anisotropic, due to drawing the material to obtain 
piezoelectric properties, therefore the strength and stiffness of PVDF is 
dependent upon the loading direction. General and physical properties are 
provided from the manufacturer in Appendix P. The glass transition temperature 
of is about -50 0C, therefore the polymer is in the rubbery region at room 
temperature of 23 °C. The microstructure of PVDF is semi-crystalline. PVDF is
87
88
the first commercial piezoelectric material on the market, and there is a high 
demand for characterization of its properties. The investigation of cyclic loading 
effects for PVDF has not been performed even though the material is used in 
cyclic loading environments.
Experimental Program
Instrumentation. Equipment, and Data Acquisition
Computer aided data acquisition is performed with National Instruments 
signal conditioning equipment and windows based data acquisition programming 
language called LABView. The National Instruments signal conditioning . 
equipment consists of the following: 
o SCXI 1000 Chassis
o SCXI 1200 module with SCXI 1302 attachment
o SCXI 1100 module with SCXl 1303 attachment
o SCXI 1121 module with SCXI 1321 attachment
The signal conditioning system allows data sampling at 333,000 samples per 
second with 12 bit resolution. This system provides excitation and the ability to 
monitor all types of components. The LABView program for data acquisition 
provides the interface between voltages and usable data. The version of 
LABView is 5.0, which is used for all of the data acquisition programming.
89
t
Tensile Testing of PVDF. The tensile testing of PVDF was also performed „ 
on the 4206 Instron where a 20 Ibf load cell is placed in series with the existing 
load cell. The mechanical grips from the creep and vibrocreep test fixture are 
used, since position transducer attachments are required along with provisions 
for the alternate load cell. A Data Instruments FS1000 Fastar A/C transducer 
monitors the displacement. The transducer is connected to a SP200A signal 
processor that allows zero and span setting and temperature compensation. The 
load cell is provided with excitation and monitored through the data acquisition 
system. The SCXI 1321 module is used with channel one connected to the 
displacement and channel two connected to the load. The Instron testing 
machine provided the constant strain rate necessary to abide by the ASTM 882- 
95a standards.
Constant Load Creep and Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF. Frank Halloway, a 
former graduate student, first built the test fixture for relaxation testing of thin 
films. Extensive modification has been done to the test fixture for creep testing.
\
A pulley system was incorporated to apply the static load or mean load. The 
second modification was the attachment of a crosshead for axial alignment. The 
crosshead is adjustable and rolls on rails with steel ball bearings. At the interface 
of the steel rails and steel ball bearings friction is further minimized with light 
weight oil. The test fixture was found to have a static frictional force of .45 N.
With the use of a dynamic shaker, the sinusoidal waveform could be
superimposed on the static load. Adjustable legs were installed on the dynamic 
shaker for proper axial alignment. The test fixture is easily portable for the 
purpose of testing in small rooms such as offices or cold rooms. An 
environmental chamber manufactured by Instron 3111 is also used for room and 
high temperature testing. This test fixture is diverse, in that creep and vibrocreep 
testing can be performed with one fixture instead of two.
90
Figure 57 Constant Load Creep and Vibrocreep Testing Fixture for PVDF 
Data acquisition for the creep testing of PVDF has been performed with a 
Gateway 486 computer with 32 MB of RAM and a 2.1 GB hard disk. The 
components for acquiring data for PVDF are a load cell, position transducer, 
accelerometer, and thermocouples. The displacement voltage is measured 
using a Data Instruments FS1000 Fastar A/C transducer. The transducer is 
connected to a SP200A signal processor that allows zero and span setting and
temperature compensation. The transducer and signal processor allows static 
and dynamic measurements from 0 to 15,000 Hz. The output voltage is +10 
Volts to -10 Volts, therefore a circuit was built to reduce the voltage to +5 Volts to 
-5 Volts to connect SCXI data acquisition system. The position measurement is 
connected to channel 0 of the 1321 SCXI attachment and converted to mm and 
then recorded. The load measurements are acquired from an 88.9 N (20 lbf) 
fatigue rated Interface load cell model 1500. A gain of 100 is necessary to 
receive the greatest resolution from the load cell. The load cell is connected to 
the SCXI 1321 attachment and also excited with 10 Volts from this attachment. 
The voltage measurement is converted to load and recorded. The influence of 
outside vibration is measured with a +10 g to -10 g Sensotec JTF flat pack 
accelerometer perpendicular to the base or floor. The accelerometer is 
connected to channel 2 of the 1321 SCXI attachment and also excited with 10 
Volts from this attachment. The voltage measurement is converted to g’s and 
then recorded. The environmental temperature was measured using type T 
thermocouples. Type T thermocouples allow temperature measurement from - 
270 to 400 °C. The thermocouples are connected to channels 0 to 1 of the SCXI 
1100 attachment. One thermocouple measures the temperature within the 
Instron 3111 environmental chamber, and the other measures the testing room 
temperature.
The programming of the data acquisition system with LABView is 
accomplished through the development of case structures. The creep testing of
91
92
PVDF only requires one case structure. The time calculations and time wait 
functions are calculated along with the necessary physical measurements of 
load, position, acceleration and temperature. The vibrocreep testing of PVDF 
requires two case structures, one to control data acquisition of the hysteresis 
loops and the second to monitor the displacement, load and environment 
changes in time. The hysteresis case structure is executed every 100 cycles of 
the second case structure; thus monitoring the changes in the hysteresis loop 
approximately every hour. The second structure is designed to monitor the 
change in strain approximately every 30 seconds of clock time. A 30 second 
execution of the second case structure is controlled by a Do While loop. A time 
wait function is used to control the accumulation of data. The Do while loop is 
also the control for the initial case structure that is executed every 100 cycles.
The time to execute the case structures is recorded along with the time wait to 
accurately record time to a 1 thousandth of a second.
Testing Procedure
PVDF material was the first material to be investigated for the vibrocreep 
effect. The first step was the selection of the sample size for the material. - 
Tensile and creep testing has been performed on 7.62 mm x 76.2 mm specimens 
with an aspect ratio of 10:1, abiding by the ASTM D882-95a standard. This 
sample geometry ,has been therefore adopted for all testing of PVDF, tensile, 
creep and vibrocreep. PVDF thin film have been produced by Measurement
93
Specialties, Inc. with a continuous electrode pattern over an area of 8.5 in x 11 
in. The PVDF film is 28-31 microns thick with approximately 10 microns of silver 
electrode on each face, thus making the film thickness an average of 51 microns. 
The copper electrode film was also 28-31 microns of PVDF, but the copper 
electrode on each face is only approximately 1 micron. The copper electrode film 
provided a much more challenging task of thickness measurement; therefore a 
thickness of 31 microns is used to represent the film and electrodes. The PVDF 
film used for all testing is produced from the same batch of Bulk polymer, thus 
minimizing batch sensitivity problems.
To reduce the grip effects, the PVDF material was tabbed with 
posterboard. The tabbed test specimen provides three benefits for testing of the 
material, the first being the ability to reduce the grip effects, the second allowing 
measurement of gage length of the test specimen with a caliper, and finally 
insulating the polymer from the metallic grips.
The material chosen for creep and vibrocreep testing is the silver 
electroded PVDF. Reasons for choosing the silver electroded material over the 
copper is that batch sensitivity did not exist for the silver where the copper was 
questionable. Also, the NASA micro-g group was also using the silver electrode 
PVDF, therefore the experimental results would benefit the group. Testing 
temperatures for PVDF are 23 °C and -25 °C. The room temperature of 23 °C 
was chosen, as a base for the vibrocreep study, since special testing equipment 
would not be required at this temperature. The temperature of -25 0C was
chosen since cooling the material allowed closer proximity to the glass transition 
temperature o f-50 °C. The cold room allowed the testing apparatus to be 
moved within the room where the instrumentation and testing apparatus were 
cooled to the temperature of -25 °C. Recalibration of the instruments was 
necessary, but all instruments had the ability to work properly at -25 0C.
Tensile Testing Procedure for PVDF. The tensile testing was performed 
at a strain rate of .5 mm/mm * min of 38.1 mm/min (1.5 in/min) according to the 
ASTM D882-95a for both.material directions. The strength and stiffness 
determination for PVDF in both directions of the material has been performed 
abiding by the ASTM 882-95a standard stated above.
Constant Load Creep Procedure for PVDF. The creep testing was 
performed at stresses 30%, 45%, and 60% of the yield stress at 23 °C and at 
temperatures of 23 °C and -25 °C. The same specimen geometry has been 
used for creep testing as in the tensile and vibrocreep testing of PVDF. After 
months of experimentation, the test fixture proved to be accurate and reliable.
Vibrocreep Testing Procedure for PVDF. The vibrocreep testing was 
performed at the same means stresses as in creep testing, and at multiple 
amplitudes, frequencies, and at the temperatures 23 0C and -25 °C. The same 
specimen geometry used for tensile and creep testing has-been also used for 
vibrocreep testing of PVDF. The vibrocreep testing of PVDF proved to be
94
challenging also. The limitations of the combination of frequency and amplitude 
within the testing fixture proved to be the greatest challenge. Unlike an Instron or 
MTS testing machine, the load and frequency are controlled through the manual 
application of electromagnetic motion and weight. The lowest amplitude and 
frequency that the test fixture can accommodate is 5% and 5 Hz respectively. 
Below these values, the electromagnetic shaker that provides the oscillatory 
motion does not work properly. Ah amplitude and frequency to high will also 
pose a problem, since the crosshead will “jump”. When the settings are too high, 
PVDF emits a sound of a twanging guitar string. The colder temperature within 
the cold room simply magnified the limitation, but high and low amplitude and 
frequency limitations did not pose as large limitation as can be seen from the 
data.
95
Experimental Results
I
Tensile Testing Results at 23 °C
Tensile testing has been performed to calculate the strength and stiffness 
of PVDF. The tensile testing of PVDF was performed on both the silver and 
copper electrode materials. PVDF is an anisotropic material, therefore tensile 
testing in two directions was performed. A diagram of the directionality is shown 
in Figure 58.
96
3
Figure 58 PVDF Test Sample
The results of the tensile testing for both the silver and copper electrode PVDF 
are shown in Table 15.
Table 15 Tensile Testing Results for PVDF at 23 °C
Yield Stress Elastic Modulus
(MPa) (GPa)
Silver Electrode
Direction 1 30.428 1.96
Direction 2 23.498 1.69
Copper Electrode
Direction I 46.568 3.42
Direction 2 37.935 2.84
The results of the tensile testing of the silver electrode PVDF are shown in Figure 
59 for direction 1 and Figure 60 for direction 2.
(k
Pa
)
97
2.25x10s
1.25x10s
1.00x10s
0.75x10'
0.50x10s
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 59 Tensile Test of PVDF Direction I at 23 °C
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure 60 Tensile Test of PVDF Direction 2 at 23 °C
98
From the figures shown above, the anisotropic behavior of the material can be 
easily seen. During the tensile testing of PVDF along direction 1, shear banding 
is not seen through the deformation process, but in direction 2, shear bands 
occur once the stress level surpasses the yield stress. Complete results of the 
tensile testing for PVDF are provided in Appendix H. Tensile testing at -25 °C 
was not performed for PVDF, since the temperature could not be accurately 
controlled with the present equipment.
Constant Load Creep Testing Results at 23 °C
The test specimen geometry used for creep testing was also the test 
specimen used for the tensile testing of PVDF, therefore geometric effects can 
be neglected. The same batch of PVDF from Measurement Specialties is also 
used in the creep testing. The stress levels used for creep testing are 30%, 45% 
and 60% of the yield stress at 23 °C for all temperatures. The linear viscoelastic 
limit was found to be 60% by a former graduate student Frank Halloway. 
Verification of the linear viscoelastic limit was performed since the materials were 
not from the same batch of material and the specimen geometry was also 
different. The results of the creep testing are shown below in Figure 61. 
Complete results of the creep testing for PVDF at 23 °C is provided in Appendix
H.
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
99
0.012
9 v  9 v  V V y  v
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
q O O q O O O O
£  0.005
CA)
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 61 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at 23 0C 
1- (0.30)oy; 2- (0.45)ay; 3- (0.60)ay; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
Through creep testing, verification of the linear viscoelastic limit of at least 60% is 
shown. The normalization techniques are similar to that of Nylon 6/6 where the 
strain is divided by the stress to test for stress dependence. Complete results of 
the creep testing for PVDF are provided in Appendix H.
Vibrocreep Testing Results at 23 °C
The vibrocreep testing of PVDF is performed after the creep testing where 
one test fixture is used for the testing of creep and vibrocreep testing. The test 
matrix for vibrocreep testing is shown in Table 16.
100
Table 16 Test Matrix for Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF at 23 °C
Mean 
Stress 
(% of av)
Superimposed 
Cyclic Load
30 Stress Amplitude 
(% of av)
10 20
Frequency (Hz) 5 10 20 5 10 20
45 Stress Amplitude
( %  O f (Tv)
10 20 35 40
Frequency (Hz) 5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10
60 Stress Amplitude
( %  O f (Tv)
10 20 40 50
Frequency (Hz) 5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10
The amplitudes and frequencies are chosen by the capabilities of the testing 
fixture. Testing at higher frequencies such as 100 Hz and 5% amplitude has 
been performed, but lower frequencies were chosen to correlate with Nylon 6/6.
101
The frequency effect can be seen from Figure 62. Complete results of the 
frequency effect for PVDF at 23 °C are provided in Appendix I.
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
R R S RM 0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure 62 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 0C 
Vibrocreep: (0.45+0.10)ay; 1- 5Hz; 2- 10 Hz; 3- 20 Hz;
Constant Load Creep; 4- (0 .45)ay, 5- (0.60)ay;
Ctv = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
102
At 23 °C the amplitude of 10% is included to further verify the vibrocreep effect 
and allow for further testing within the linear viscoelastic limit of PVDF. Testing 
outside of the linear viscoelastic limit can also be seen from the test amplitudes 
chosen. As can be seen from Figure 63, the vibrocreep effect is increased with 
increasing amplitude. Complete results of the amplitude effect for PVDF at 23 °C 
are provided in Appendix J. The effect of mean stress on PVDF can be seen 
from Figure 64. The vibrocreep effect is seen to increase with an increasing 
mean stress. Complete results of the mean stress effect for PVDF at 23 0C are 
provided in Appendix K.
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
103
Time (hrs)
Figure 63 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.45+0.10)ay; 2- (0.45+0.20)ay; 3- (0.45+0.35)oy, at 10 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep; 4- (0.45)ay, 5- (0.60)ay; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
v) 0.012 ? ; » » »
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
104
m" 1.2 ”• * •*
%  1.0
^  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure 64 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.30±0.20)ay, 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, at 5 Hz;
Constant Load Creep; 4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
Constant Load Creep Testing at Low Temperatures
The experiments were performed in the cold room provided by the Civil 
Engineering Department at Montana State University. Creep testing at a lower 
temperature proved to be challenging since the test fixture provided resistance to 
axial motion. The crosshead, which contains the load cell and upper grip, 
showed a frictional resistance in the cold room. The crosshead rolls on ball 
bearing guides, but frost created a rough path of travel not seen at 23 °C. The 
effect can be easily seen in Figure 65. The results of creep tests for PVDF at -25 
°C are provided in Appendix H. The results shown form testing at -25 °C show a
105
“jump” in the strain due to a constant creep rate and a development of frost. 
From the figures in appendices G-K, over time the material recovers the
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (Mrs)
b B O h - S
Time (hrs)
Figure 65 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at -25 °C 
1- (0.30)ay; 2- (0.45)ay; 3- (0.60)oy; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
106
sudden jump in the load. The jump has been removed from the data by deleting 
the data points since this can be done by using the temporal elastic strain due to 
the friction in the test fixture. The linear viscoelastic limit should increase relative 
to 23 °C if the material is cooled even though creep testing at -25 °C was kept at 
the same stress levels relative performed at 23 0C. Testing relative to the yield 
stress at -25 °C was not performed since the yield stress was never determined. 
Through literature the value may be found, but the effects of the geometry, batch, 
sensitivity, etc. may play a role in the determination of the yield stress. The 
temperature effect on the creep of PVDF is shown in Figures 66, where a 
decrease in the temperature greatly decreases the creep rate in PVDF. The 
results of the temperature effects upon the creep testing for PVDF are provided 
in Appendix I.
0.012 ; . a & a A a
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
B I 2 i • • kS 0.005
CO
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
107
8 8 "9T
Time (hrs)
Figure 66 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.30)ay at -25 °C; 2- (0.30)oy at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)ay a t-25 °C; 4- (0.45)oy at 23 °C;
5- (0.60)ay at -25 °C; 6- (0.60)oy at 23 °C;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
Vibrocreep Testing at Low Temperatures
The vibrocreep testing of PVDF at -25 0C has been performed following 
the creep testing. The test matrix for vibrocreep testing is shown in Table 17. 
The effect of increasing frequency at -25 °C is shown in Figure 67. Complete 
results of the frequency effect for PVDF at -25 0C are provided in Appendix I. 
The amplitudes chosen at -25 0C were dependent on the test fixture. The effect 
of increasing amplitude at -25 °C is shown in Figure 68. Complete results of the 
amplitude effects for PVDF at -25 °C are provided in Appendix J. The effect of 
the mean stress at -25 0C is shown in Figure 69. Complete results of the
amplitude effects for PVDF at -25 0C are provided in Appendix K.l. The effect of 
temperature can be seen in Figure 70. The differences in temperature greatly 
effect the creep rate of the PVDF. The results of the temperature effects for 
PVDF are provided in Appendix I. In Figures 71-73, the effect of decreasing 
temperature is shown with increasing frequency, amplitude, and mean stress.
108
Table 17 Test Matrix for Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF at -25 0C
Mean 
Stress 
(% of av)
Superimposed 
Cyclic Load
30 Stress Amplitude 
(% of CTv)
20
Frequency (Hz) 5 10 20
45 Stress Amplitude
(% Of CTv)
20 35 40
Frequency (Hz) 5 10 5 10
60 Stress Amplitude
(% of CTv)
20 40 50
Frequency (Hz) 5 10 5 10
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
109
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0 ^ 0 0 0 0 0 °
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
" S g a B a □
Time (hrs)
Figure 67 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C 
Vibrocreep: (0.45±0.20)ay, 1- 5 Hz, 2- 10 Hz;
Constant Load Creep: 3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)ay; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 *1
09
 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
110
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 68 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at -25 °C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.45+0.20)ay, 2- (0.45±0.40)ay, at 10 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep: 3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)oy; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
'S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
111
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.60 
0.55 
0.50 
0.45 
0.40 
0.35 
0.30 
0.25
I  0.20
0.15 
0.10 
0.05 
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  10
Time (hrs)
■ ■ ■
S 8 a 5
Time (hrs)
Figure 69 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different 
Mean Stresses at -25 °C
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.30+0.20)ay, 2 (0.45±0.20)ay, 3- (0.60+0.20)ay, at 10 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep: 4- (0.30)oyl 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
112
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
. . *
Time (hrs)
Figure 70 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz a t-25 °C; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C 
Constant Load Creep: 3- (0.45)ay at -25 0C, 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
113
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.005
Time (hrs)
□ a  D u °
Time (hrs)
Figure 71 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different 
Frequencies and Temperatures 
Vibrocreep: (0.45±0.20)ay, 1- 5 Hz -25 °C, 2- 5 Hz 23 0C1 
3- 10 Hz -25 0C1 4- 10 Hz 23 °C; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
114
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
E 0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 72 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different 
Amplitudes and Temperatures
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.45+0.20)ay at 10 Hz -25 °C, 2- (0.45+0.20)ayi at 10 Hz 23 °C 
3- (0.45±0.40)ay at 10 Hz -25 °C, 4- (0.45+0.40)ay at 10 Hz 23 °C;
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
St
re
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
® 
St
re
ss
 (m
rrV
m
m
)
115
0.035
0.030
Time (hrs)
Time (hrs)
Figure 73 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different 
Mean Stresses and Temperatures
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.30±0.20)ay at 10 Hz -25 °C, 2- (0.30+0.20)ay at 10 Hz 23 °C 
3- (0.45±0.20)ay at 10 Hz -25 0C1 4- (0.45+0.20)oy at 10 Hz 23 0C;
5- (0.60±0.20)ay at 10 Hz -25 °C, 6- (0.60+0.20)ay at 10 Hz 23 °C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
Conclusion
116
The effect of cyclic loads on the time-dependent behavior of PVDF can be 
seen in the figures shown in Appendix H-L. From the figures, it is clear that 
linear viscoelastic theory can not be used to characterize the vibrocreep 
phenomena in PVDF. The need for nonlinear material characterization of PVDF 
is evident from the increase in creep once an oscillatory load is combined with 
the constant load. The vibrocreep effect has been shown to increase with 
increasing frequency, amplitude, mean stress and temperature range below the 
linear viscoelastic limit.
Similarly to Nylon 6/6, the vibrocreep effects appear to be directly 
dependent upon the product of the amplitude and frequency of the cyclic load, 
Equation 17. As can be observed from Figure 74, vibrocreep effects are directly 
dependent on the product of the frequency and amplitude. The product of the 
two therefore can also be used to correlate other vibrocreep curves at the same
mean stress as shown.
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
IO
9 
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
117
0.035
0.025
0.020
0.015
■fl-W-S-t-
0.005
Time (hrs)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 a & »-a.
Time (hrs)
Figure 74 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF with co*a = 100 at 23 °C 
Vibrocreep: 1- (0.30+0.20)ay at 5 Hz; 2- (0.30+0.10)ay at 10 Hz; 
3- (0.45±0.20)CTy at 5 Hz; 4- (0.45±0.10)ay, at 10 Hz;
5- (0.60+0.20)ay at 5 Hz; 6- (0.60+0.10)cy at 10 Hz; 
Constant Load Creep: 7- (0.30)ay, 8- (0.45)ay, 9- (0.60)ay; 
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
118
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The use of statistics to predict error and/or uncertainty is widely used. The 
difficulty is in the testing requirements to develop a population of samples that a 
handful can be taken from. In the aspect of material testing, developing a 
population of tensile specimens is not uncommon, but for creep and vibrocreep 
of polymer materials a high number of samples is usually unattainable since 
creep testing requires long periods of time Ref[5,50],
In order to assume a Gaussian statistical distribution, etc, 30 samples are 
needed to represent each curve. The use of small sample theory is therefore 
used, where the assumption of a statistical distribution is not done. The sample 
size used for vibrocreep is 3 and for tensile and creep tests is 5. The level of 
confidence that is typically used by researchers for their experimental statistical 
representation, is 20:1 (95%). The equation for statistical prediction of the data is 
provided in Equation 18, Ref[5], where p = mean population or mean strain at the 
particular time, tu/2 v = t distribution value, a = confidence interval, c = confidence, 
v = degrees of freedom, n = number of samples, and Sx = Standard Deviation.
At -  t < At< At +  t
y = n-  1
Equation 18
The statistical representation of the curve fit equation is pursued in a
119
different manner since a large number of data points are used to correlate to the 
curve fit equation. For all curves, the power law approximation to represent the 
data is used. The results of the curve fit parameters are provided in Appendix M. 
For the creep curves, data was reduced for from 600 data points to 45 data 
points per test. Since 5 tests make up a representative curve, then 225 samples 
generate the representative creep curve. The representative curve is therefore 
curve fitted to an approximate model, and the statistical analysis is performed 
with 225 n number of samples. For the vibrocreep curves, 135 n number of 
samples is used instead since the number of tests to for a representative curve is 
at least 3. The same odds of 20:1 (95%) are used to statistically predict the 
mean of the data. A Gaussian distribution is assumed for the curve fit relation 
since this is usually assumed for experimental data. The equation for statistical 
analysis of the curve fit equation is provided below in Equation 19, where t = 
particular time, a, b, and c = curve fit parameter, za/2 = z distribution value, a  = 
confidence interval, c = confidence, n = number of samples, g Ae = deviation, and 
Ac = mean strain at the particular time.
2 1 =  1 a = 1 - CaAs n - 1
Equation 19
120
The statistical analysis for Nylon 6/6 and PVDF is provided in Appendix M. 
The representation of the data is shown with 95% confidence intervals. The 
confidence interval allows the prediction of the mean of the data to be within the 
bound shown. Statistical analysis is only performed on one representative test. 
The small sample theory method assumes that the data at each point are 
independent and they are not, therefore large confidence intervals are a result of 
this assumption. For a small population, small sample theory is applicable. For 
Nylon 6/6, the statistical analysis of the tensile, creep, vibrocreep, and post cyclic 
test results are provided. The statistical analysis of the curve fit equation is also 
provided within Section I of Appendix M. For PVDF, the statistical analysis is 
shown for both testing temperatures, since the testing machine is cooled in the 
cold room or warmed at 23 C. The effects of the temperature on the testing 
machine provided difficulties such as friction, etc. that are not seen in the testing 
of Nylon 6/6, therefore more testing was required. The statistical analysis of 
PVDF is shown in the Section Il of Appendix M. The tensile, creep and 
vibrocreep results are shown with 95% confidence interval at each temperature. 
The curve fit relations are also shown within the section with 95% confidence
intervals.
DISCUSSION
121
The development of an experimental program and the quantification of the 
cyclic loading effects on time dependent polymers and polymer based 
composites have been accomplished. The experimental program involves 
different testing procedures for assessing the cyclic loading effects. As a result 
of the experimental program the vibrocreep effect has been investigated on the 
basis of a consistent parametric study.
The developed experimental program incorporates tensile, constant load 
creep, and vibrocreep testing. The experimental program involves evaluation of 
a polymer material by performing preliminary testing to initially verify that the 
cyclic loading effects can be observed according to the criteria outlined in the 
experimental program, Figures 31-33. The vibrocreep testing program has 
' focused on the loading conditions below the linear viscoelastic limit of the 
material. Tensile testing of the polymer material has been used to determine the 
instantaneous elastic response or the tensile properties. Instantaneous material 
properties including yield stress and elastic modulus have been determined.
The second part of the experimental program involves creep testing under 
sustained constant loading conditions. The program has provided the 
information regarding the linear viscoelastic limit of the material and the 
respective creep compliances. These results have been used to investigate 
vibrocreep effects.
The third part of the experimental program, the cyclic loading effects or 
vibrocreep testing has been investigated using a parametric study. The study 
evaluates the change in loading parameters, thus assessing their effects Upon 
the vibrocreep phenomenon. The parameters of interest are the frequency, 
amplitude, mean stress, and temperature. By varying each of the variables 
independently, the vibrocreep effect has been investigated. The testing required 
the use of non contact instrumentation and measurement. The use of 
computerized data acquisition has been developed and performed for all data 
measurements.
Cyclic loading effects have been examined for Nylon 6/6 through the 
development of the experimental program and the parametric study described 
above. Nylon 6/6 has been selected since this material has been used 
expensively in industry under cyclic loading conditions. Testing of Nylon 6/6 has 
involved tensile testing of the polymer at room temperature. The test specimen 
for all testing is the ASTM 638-96 Type II. The results provided a yield stress of 
70e6 Pa and an elastic modulus of 1.41e9 Pa. Additional testing at 23 °C 
allowed the comparison of two different material batches to address 
nonhomogenities in the material processing, Table 7. Tensile testing was also 
performed at the temperatures of 35, 41, 50, 59, and 68 °C, Figure 42. After 
tensile testing had been completed, the preliminary creep and vibrocreep testing 
is pursued using only one test specimen for each test. The vibrocreep effect was
122
123
evident in Nylon 6/6 by the vibrocreep criteria, therefore further testing was 
pursued.
By testing the material at multiple stress levels, a database of testing 
results has been developed and used subsequently for constitutive model 
development. The linear viscoelastic limit has been determined to be 
approximately 30% at room temperature of 23 0C-, Figure 36. The vibrocreep 
testing was started at 23 °C with mean stresses and amplitudes selected below 
the linear viscoelastic limit, Table 8. The frequency selection is based upon 
previous literature where hysteresis heating has been seen, Ref[39]. At least 
three test specimens have been tested to obtain the vibrocreep results at a 
particular stress level, frequency and temperature. From the parametric study of 
the cyclic loading of Nylon 6/6 at 23 0C, the results demonstrate an increase in 
the vibrocreep effect with increasing frequency and amplitude, Figure 37-38. A 
decreasing vibrocreep effect is observed with increasing mean stress, Figure 39, 
and temperature below the linear viscoelastic limit.
At elevated temperatures similar effects have been observed. The results 
show that an increase of frequency and/or amplitude also increases the 
vibrocreep effect, Figures 45-46. The cyclic loading effects are also tested 
outside of the linear viscoelastic limit with the increase in temperature and stress 
levels relative to 23 °C. The effects of mean stress and temperature can be 
further seen from Figure 47 and Figures 48-51 respectively, where an increase in 
temperature decreased the vibrocreep effect below the linear viscoelastic limit.
The effect of mean stress and temperature can be explained as the effect of the 
creep properties in the material becoming more dominate than the damage 
development.
The evaluation of the vibrocreep effect is seen from the two different 
combinations. The first factor, a ratio of the mean stress to the amplitude of the 
cyclic load can be related to the R ratio typically considered in the studies of 
fatigue. The result of this correlation factor combines the amplitude and mean 
stress effects together as shown in Figure 56. From this result an increase in 
mean stress and amplitude correlates with approximately the same difference 
between the creep and vibrocreep creep compliance curves. A second 
comparison where the vibrocreep effects appear to be directly dependent upon 
the product of the amplitude and frequency of the cyclic load, observed from 
Figure 55.
The post tensile testing results for Nylon 6/6 show an increase in stiffness 
and strength of the material that is recoverable from the vibrocreep testing only at 
23 0C, Figure 40. The constant load creep test specimens did not result in a 
significant amount of residual strength until the temperatures are increased, 
Figure 52-53. The increase in the strength and stiffness may be due to the creep 
effects which are reduced after creep and vibrocreep testing since the material 
has been creeping for approximately 12 hrs, therefore the contribution due to 
creep during the tensile test would be reduced showing an increase in stiffness 
and strength.
124
125
The testing of PVDF has been performed in the same manner as that of 
Nylon 6/6 with the tensile testing, constant load creep testing, and vibrocreep 
testing. PVDF was selected due to its wide application in vibration environments. 
Through testing of PVDF, a methodology of testing thin films has been 
developed. Test specimen is prepared according to ASTM 882-95a standard. 
The results of the testing of PVDF show the material to be highly anisotropic.
The highest strength and stiffness are found to be along the 1 direction of the 
material, Table 96. Testing has been performed in the 1 direction. The constant 
load creep testing results provide the linear elastic limit of at least 60% of the 
yield stress at 23 °C, Figure 61. The creep testing has been performed at mean 
stresses of 30%, 45%, and 60%. The selection of the mean stresses and. 
amplitudes has allowed testing within the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic 
regimes. An additional temperature closer to the glass transition temperature 
was also selected. Testing within the cold room proved to be challenging, since 
friction in the pulley and bearing application of the load was considerable.
An increasing vibrocreep effect has been observed with an increasing 
frequency, amplitude, or mean stress at both temperatures. For 23 °C the results 
are shown in Figures 62-64 and for -25 0C, Figures 67-69. From the comparison 
of the two temperatures an increase in the vibrocreep effect with an increasing 
temperatures is observed in Figures 70-73. The results show that the linear 
viscoelastic regime does not effect through evaluation of each parameter 
individually. The product of the frequency and amplitude was therefore used as
J126
a parameter to quantify the test results. The results have shown the product to . 
be quite interesting, Figure 74. The vibrocreep effects appear to be directly . 
dependent upon the product of the amplitude and frequency as seen from the 
Nylon 6/6 experimental results.
The statistical analysis of the test data is performed on the test data and 
also on the curve fit of the data. The statistical analysis of the data is based on 
small sample theory, where the data does not follow a distribution. The results 
show to be very conservative and as a result the confidence intervals are 
enormous. The theory applied does not take into account for the interaction of 
the data on the time scale, but the simple one event in time. Therefore the 
analysis is not entirely complete since the population is small. Typically statistical 
analysis is not performed on creep tests since the amount of time required 
generally results in a small sample population. The statistical analysis of the 
curve fit equation is done considering the relationship of the data points in time 
and the differences between the specimens. The curve fit statistical analysis 
uses the new mean value determined from the fit equation and relates the new 
mean to the data specimens. The statistical analysis shows that the confidence 
intervals are much smaller demonstrating the goodness of fit between the data
and the curve fit model.
CONCLUSION
127
Through the development of this study the goals of the project have been 
met. With the development of an experimental program for testing and 
characterization of vibrocreep effects, the understanding of the response of 
polymers under the conditions of superimposed constant and cyclic loads over a 
range of temperatures has been enhanced.
The results of the investigation indicate that the materials under 
consideration, i.e. Nylon 6/6 and a piezoelectric PVDF based composite, exhibit 
accelerated creep rates under the conditions of superimposed constant and 
cyclic loads. Creep acceleration due to cyclic loading effects has been observed 
in both materials even in the range of stresses well below their respective 
viscoelastic linearity limits. It is clear that these effects are essentially nonlinear, 
as the response of the materials to cyclic loading conditions does not represent a 
simple superposition of the responses to constant and fully reversed cyclic loads 
applied separately.
Experiments consistently demonstrate an increase of creep rates in both 
polymers as frequencies and amplitudes of vibration tended to increase. 
However, no consistent results have been obtained in regard to the effects of 
mean stresses on the cyclic creep behavior of the polymers.
It is important to note that the effects of cyclic loading conditions on the 
long-term response of polymers have been discussed in the literature primarily in
128
the context of creep-fatigue interaction Ref[29] and Ref[12]. As indicated in the 
latter publications, failure of polymers subjected to superimposed constant and 
cyclic loads depends on the relation between the mean stress and stress 
amplitude Ofthe loading cycle. At higher mean stresses and low amplitudes, the 
cyclic response of polymers is dominated by creep processes, whereas as mean 
stresses tend to decrease, progressive damage evolution in polymers becomes 
the major factor leading to brittle failure. Hertzberg and Manson, Ref[29] have 
observed that, as a result of the interaction between different deformation and 
damage mechanisms depending on mean stresses, in some polymers, 
“surprisingly beneficial influence of mean stress on fatigue crack propagation 
behavior is not without precedent”.
Based on the experimental study reported in this paper, it is clear that the 
behavior of polymers subjected to superimposed constant and cyclic loads 
involves nonlinear effects that depend on the interaction between creep and 
damage evolution processes. Apparently, the character of these processes in the 
presence of cyclic loads is different than that typically for constant load creep. 
Thus, the latter is characterized by continuously uniform microstructural changes 
in the material until the onset of tertiary creep, at which stage progressive 
damage localization tends to develop. In contrast, during cyclic creep, there is an 
extended damage initiation process followed by an advanced stage of crack 
propagation. The onset of these damage mechanisms in polymers depends on a
129
number of factors such as temperature, strain rate, hydrostatic pressure, and 
strain induced crystallization.
. The effect of increasing mean stress within the linear viscoelastic regime 
shows decreasing vibrocreep effect for NVlon 6/6 with an increasing effect for 
PVDF, but above the linear viscoelastic limit an increasing mean stress 
decreases the vibrocreep effect for both materials. An increasing vibrocreep 
effect has been shown for both materials, Nylon 6/6 and PVDF, with an 
increasing frequency and amplitude. The result of increasing temperature on the 
cyclic loading tests has shown a decrease in the vibrocreep effect for Nylon 6/6 
and an increasing effect in PVDF. This difference may be contributed to the 
glass transition temperature, where cyclic load testing was performed .below'the 
glass transition temperature for Nylon 6/6, and above the glass transition 
temperature for PVDF.
For both Nylon 6/6 and PVDF, the cyclic loading effect showed similar 
results in regard to the product of two parameters, frequency and amplitude of 
the cyclic load. Another combination that has been investigated was the 
combination of the mean stress to the amplitude of the cyclic load that can be 
further related to the R ratio typically considered in the studies of fatigue. In 
Nylon 6/6, an increase in mean stress and amplitude correlates with 
approximately the same difference between the creep and vibrocreep creep 
compliance curves.
11
130
FURTHER RESEARCH
Further research should be performed in four areas. The first area of 
needed research is the development of a damage model for the assessment of 
the craze formation on the surface of polymers. The can be verified through 
material testing and analyzed on microscopic level to develop a damage model in 
time. The value of such a model would be enormous. The prediction of fatigue 
life of viscoelastic materials may be an outcome of such a model. The second 
area of further research is the analysis of the piezoelectric properties of PVDF. 
under vibrocreep conditions. Efforts to perform such tests have been tried, but 
the test material needs to be custom made in order to prevent arcing of the 
PVDF material. The data acquisition system, testing equipment described in this 
document can be used. The third area of further research is the product of 
frequency and amplitude that needs to be further investigated. The fourth and 
final area of further research is the development of statistically significant effects. 
for the evaluation of the vibrocreep phenomena in polymers. With the limitations 
of instrumentation and the testing methods outlined, further research may or may 
not be feasible.
131
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138
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Tensile and Constant Load Creep Results for Nylon 6/6
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure A.1.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at 23 0C
140
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
□  D  -O  O  - n  oD □ □ O-0.010 O □ &
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure A.I.2 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 23 °C
1- (0.10)ay; 2- (0.20)c7y; 3- (0.30)ay; 4- (0.40)ay; 5- (0.50)ay;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Time (hrs)
Figure A.1.3 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 23 °C
1- (O-IO)CXy; 2- (0.20)cxy; 3- (0.30)ay; 4- (0.40)ay; 5- (0.50)cxy;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
142
70000
6 ^ e - O
60000
50000
P  40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure A.11.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at 35 0C
143
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure A.II.2 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 35 0C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
144
1.2
Time (hrs)
Figure A.II.3 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 35 °C
1- (0.20)0/ 2- (0 .30 )a /3 - (0.40)oy; 4- (0.50)oy;
oy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
145
70000
60000 
50000 
£  40000
I
f t  30000 
20000 
10000 
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure A.Il 1.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at 41 °C
e ^ e - e -  - e - e - o -
/0
/
/
^ 0'
/
I
0.45
146
0.035
0.030
0.025
E 0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure A.III.2 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 41 °C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;-
ay = 45 MPa at 41 °C
147
Time (hrs)
Figure A.III.3 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 41 °C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
148
60000
50000 
40000
I
CZ) 30000
i
20000 
10000 
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure A.IV.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at 50 0C
/
/
/
Z
✓
o-«
x
.0 - 6  -e-
cX
e ^ '
er^
</
149
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
E 0.020
*B □  n  n  □  ET
w 0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure A.IV.2 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 50 0C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
cry = 22 MPa at 50 0C
150
DDDDq DD  D O  O DDDDD  D O O o o o o o o0 Oq OD  D
□  D OoOOD  D
O O O
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure A.IV.3 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 50 0C
1- (0.20)oy; 2- (0.30)CTy; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
Gy = 22 MPa at 50 °C
151
60000
e—o—0 ~o50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure A.V.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at 59 0C
152
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
• £  0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure A.V.2 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 59 °C
I -  (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
CTy = 19 MPa at 59 0C
153
IJ * a a-
Time (hrs)
Figure A.V.3 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 59 0C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
ay = 19 MPa at 59 0C
154
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure A.VI.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at 68 0C
155
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.025
0.020
0.015
V V V V  v v V V T7 - v — V— V— V  V  V  V V V  V  V  V  9  V  V  V  V  V  V*™
□ □ □ □ □ n n n n  _n_ n n n n . n-  n n -n n n n n--------q-
0.010
0.005
3 4 5 6
Time (hrs)
7 8 9 10
Figure A.VI.2 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 68 0C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
oy = 10 MPa at 68 0C
156
Time (hrs)
Figure A.VI.3 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 68 0C
1- (0.20)ay; 2- (0.30)ay; 3- (0.40)ay; 4- (0.50)ay;
ay = 10 MPa at 68 °C
157
158
APPENDIX B
Frequency Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of Nylon 6/6
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
E 0.006
2 0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.04)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.10)oy, 5- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
159
Time(hrs)
Figure B.1.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.04)cry, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.04)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.10)ay, 5- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy =70 MPa at 23 °C
160
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.I.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.12±0.04)ayi 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.04)cjyi 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.04)<yy, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
162
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ a o gOOa
: s . s ; - S^tt
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 0C
1- (0.12±0.075)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
163
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.I.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
164
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 0C
1- (0.12±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)<yy, 5- (0.20)ayi Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
165
□ □
O O OOOOo O o o O
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 0C
1- (0.12±0.10)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
166
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000 
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000
0 __
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.I.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C 
1- (0.12±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)<jy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
167
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)CTy, 5- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
168
□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □D  D
□  □  □  VO OO OOQ
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)ayl 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)CTy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
169
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.1.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
170
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.015 
0.014 
0.013 
0.012 
0.011 
0.010 
0.009 
0.008 
0.007 
0.006 
0.005 
0.004 
0.003 
0.002 
0.001 
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  10
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C 
I- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
TH D
O O OOO O O
O V O O O O
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
DDv
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure EU.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.075)Gy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)<7y, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
172
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000 
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000 
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.1.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C 
1- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.075)<jy, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy =70 MPa at 23 °C
0.45
173
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.16+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16+0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)cry, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
174
9  O  o  D
□ □ O O
O oO O O o o O
O o
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ayl 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
175
90000
80000
t m r t i i U H i i m H H .
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.16+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 20 Hz; ’
4- (0.16)Oy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
a, = 70 MPa at 23 0C
176
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014 -G— Cr"O C O O O
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.1.19 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.20+0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
177
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
1.2
O O O O O -0 n o o Q Tj -
O O o  o O O
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.20 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)<ry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 70 MPa at 23 0C
178
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure EU.21 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
179
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
■ V □ D
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.22 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 0C
I-  (0.20±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)oy, 20 Hz; .
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)<jy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
180
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ q v □ □
o  o
O O□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.23 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)oy, 5- (O-SO)Gyl Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
80000
70000
60000
50000
cz) 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.I.24 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
182
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016 □  v D  D"5 D o
O O O O
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.I.25 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.10)oy, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
183
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
■ ■ ■ i  ■
Time (hrs)
Figure EU.26 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
I-  (0.20+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
184
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000 -
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.I.27 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
185
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cryl 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)cyl 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay,4 - (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
186
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ D
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.04)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
187
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)oy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)oy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
188
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)cy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)oy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
189
o  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
190
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
ODD □ □
0.018 O O□ □ □ O O
0.016 O O
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
192
□ DDDD
DDD O O
O O
o  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
193
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000 
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)a, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens; 
oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
0.45
194
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 0C
1- (0.20+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
195
□ □ □ □□ □
O O
V— V— V
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.20+0.10)oy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
196
80000
70000
60000
50000
% 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.20+0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10%, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20% , Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
197
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.16+0.04)ay, I Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 MPa at 23 °C
198
w 0.6 :
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, I Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)cjy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)<jy, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
199
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
* ■-60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)<jy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
200
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 0C
1- (0.16+0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)CTy, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
201
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ O
O OO OO O °
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, I Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
202
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)cy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)CTy, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
203
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.19 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
n  □  D-
o  o
O  o  oO O
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.20 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
I-  (0.20±0.05)oy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 70 MPa at 23 °C
205
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.21 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ct, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
206
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.22 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.10)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep;
Oy =70 MPa at 23 °C
207
ro'  1.2
%  1.0
w 0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure B.II.23 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 35 0C
1- (0.20+0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)<jy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
208
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000
0 ______
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.II.24 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.20+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)cTy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
209
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016 □ □ O •DDD D O O O O
D O D D O O O O D O O
0.014 D D O O
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
I-  (0.16±0.10)c7y, I Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
210
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
2 .8
D  □
□ □ Q DOOD□ □ □ □ □ O O
O O
O  D
' b  o
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.30)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
211
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
1- (0.16±0.10)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.10)cjy> 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
212
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.05)c7y, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)cjy, 4- (0.30)cry, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
213
OOO
O O O
£ 1.0
Time (hrs)
Figure B il l .5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)<jy, 4- (0.30)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
214
80000
70000
60000
50000
% 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)oy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)a, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
215
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
QOO
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.20+0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ayi 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
GTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
216
O o O O O O O O
Ooo
CO 1.0
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
I-  (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Cy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
217
80000
70000
60000
50000
v) 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.20+0.10)<7y, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)cjyI Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
218
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cTy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 MPa at 23 °C
219
O o O□ □
#  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 0C
I-  (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)<jy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cry, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 70 MPa at 23 °C
220
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.04)oy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CJy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
221
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
222
%□ □
Oq O
O O
O O
CO 1.0
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 0C
I -  (0.16+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cry, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
223
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ctv, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
224
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010 •
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
225
□ o
OoooOOO
O O□ □
0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure B.ill.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)oy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
226
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, I Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cry, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)a, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
227
0.030 
0.028 
0.026 
0.024 
0.022 
0.020 
I '  0.018 
I  0.016
% 0.014
I  0.012 
0.010 
0.008 
0.006 
0.004 
0.002 
0
0 1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  10
Time (hrs)
Figure B.III.19 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C 
1- (0.20+0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)<jy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
□ □□ □
□ □ □ □
□ D
O O
□ O
228
□ D
□ □
□ □
O O
□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure B.111.20 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Frequencies at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)cjy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
229
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0.20
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure B.III.21 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
1- (0.20±0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ayi Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
cry = 70 MPa at 23 °C
230
231
APPENDIX C
Amplitude Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of Nylon 6/6
i
)
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12+0.075)cy, 1 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
232
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.12+0.04)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)CTy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
CO CXJ
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000 
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000
0 ___
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.I.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C 
1- (0.12±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)oy, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
0.45
234
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
235
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ D
□ D
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
236
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.I.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.12+0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.12+0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
237
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
0.011
O 8 O0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)oy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
238
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
'
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.12+0.04)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay> Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
239
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.I.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.04)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.12±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.12±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)CTy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
240
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
■Q u u B □ D O DDDVVV O O
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cfy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
241
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ D□ O
O OO O O
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cyy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)CTy, 6- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
242
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.1.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.16+0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
243
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
A A
0.014
8 e o o0.012
OOOOO O
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
244
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
T i --- ?
0 Oo0 Oo
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)<jy, 5- (0.20)c7y, 6- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
245
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.1.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.16+0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
246
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012 O O O § OOOO
Q O
0.010 -w W
S 0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cjy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
247
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
O V o
O O ° O O O
□  V
Q o
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.16+0.04)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.16+0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
ok
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.1.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cjy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
249
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.19 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
250
o 0 S o o
O 0 O
J I ■ ■ -r
0.5
co 0.4
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.20 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)<7y, I Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)cry, 1 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
251
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
D Q-B- -Q-Q- -Q — B -Q-Q- -Q -Q --O -
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0.45
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.1.21 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, I Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)cry, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
252
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016 H 7 Ha
0.014
i  B □
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.1.22 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.20+0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.20)cry, 5- (0.30)cry, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
253
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.23 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.20)cry, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
254
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
I
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.I.24 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
255
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
■ □ O □ D □ □0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.25 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
256
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ □
□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure C.I.26 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
I -  (0.20±0.05)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)cy, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
257
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.I.27 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
I-  (0.20+0.05)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.075)cy, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
258
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cjy, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
259
S 0.8
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cjy, 4- (0.30)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
260
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)Gy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
261
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)<jyi 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)CTy, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
<jy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
262
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 55 MPa at 35 0C
263
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Cfy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
264
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
265
o  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.20+0.05)c7y, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)cyy, 4- (0.30)cry, Constant Load Creep;
Cy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
266
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.20+0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
267
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
268
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (I
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ □ □ □□ □
O O
O O
□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
I-  (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)cy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)<jy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
269
80000
70000
60000
50000
IM 40000
I
30000
20000
10000
N
o f ..................................................................................................................................
O 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cyi 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)oy, 4" (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 70 MPa at 23 °C
271
□ qD
□  o
2 0.8 v  v
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, I Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
272
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)oy, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)CTy, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
273
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ayi 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
274
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
275
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)oyi Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
276
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.19 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
277
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ □
□ D O O
OOOO O
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.20 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, I Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
278
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
- o - B -  - a -  B  ~ a - g ~
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.21 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.20+0.05)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Oy =70 MPa at 23 °C
279
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.22 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)cy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
280
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure C.II.23 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 35 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)cTy, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
281
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
a  -D -  B -O -  -Q - D O-O- B —
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.II.24 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
282
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
□ □0.016 □ □DDDDD O ODDD
0.014 O O
QDD
0.012
1D  D
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, I Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
283
□  D  □  O  O  □ OOOO OO O O 0
O O
Ooo
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
284
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000.0
70000.0
60000.0
50000.0
40000.0
30000.0
20000.0
10000.0
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.III.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
285
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
I -  (0.20+0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)cry, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
286
2 1.0
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)<jy, 4- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
287
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.III.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; .
3- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
288
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)oy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)(7y, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
289
w 0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cry, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
290
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.III.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cy, 4- (0.20)<jy, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
291
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cry, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
292
□ D
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)cjyi 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
293
80000
70000
60000
50000
V  40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.III.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTyl 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cryi 4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
294
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
295
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
I -  (0.20+0.05)cy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, I Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Cy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
296
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.III.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
I -  (0.20±0.05)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.20)<jy, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Oy =70 MPa at 23 0C
297
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.030 
0.028 
0.026 
0.024 
0.022 
0.020 
0.018 
0.016 
0.014 
0.012 
0.010 
0.008 
0.006 
0.004 
0.002 
0
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C 
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ayt 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
□ □
□ D
O O
D □ □ □ O
298
Time (hrs)
Figure C.III.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Amplitudes at 41 °C
1- (0.20+0.05)<7y, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
299
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure C.III.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 4- Virgin Specimens;
Cy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
300
APPENDIX D
The Influence of the Parameter p from Vibrocreep Testing of. Nylon 6/6
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.016
0.014 u  u  U UDDDD
□ □ O □ □ □
0.012 □ □
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, I Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
302
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
1.1
D D D D D
O O @ D
Time (hrs)
Figure D.I.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 MPa at 23 0C
303
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.I.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ayi 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)o-y i4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
304
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012 OOOO7 D
OOOOOOOOOOO O
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.I.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 23 °C
I -  0.16±0.04)o-y, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)c7y, 4- (0.20)cjy Constant Load Creep;
Cfy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
305
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (I
/P
a)
 * 
10
n n □.
O O O o O <-> O o O o 0 OO
Time (hrs)
Figure D.I.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)(jy, 4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep;
CTy =70 MPa at 23 °C
306
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.1.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)oy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
307
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
□ □
0.014
0.012 O O O O O O
O O
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.I.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 23 0C
1- (0.16+0.04)oy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.05)ay, 20 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
308
O O O□ □
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure D.1.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with ji=4 at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 20 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cry, 20 Hz;
3- (0.16)CTy, 4- (0.20)CTy Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
309
90000
-®- Q—o—e  -e-
B -CI-B- -Q-B- -Q- B -Q-B -O- B -O-B -O80000
70000
60000
cl 50000
S 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.I.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cyyi 20 Hz;
3- (0.16)c7y, 4- (0.20)cfy Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
310
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with j.i=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)c7y, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Cy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
311
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ D
□ D
□ □
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ayt 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
312
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.II.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16+0.04)cy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
313
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16+0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)oy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)(jy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
314
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
o o o
OOO O O
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CJy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
315
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
B- -O -B - -O - B- -O -B - -B -
70000 B  -Q —Q- -o —
60000 / /*-
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.II.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)oy, 4- (0.20)oy, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
316
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 70 MPa at 23 °C
317
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
318
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.II.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0:05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
319
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
320
g o
• • S • • • ”
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)CTy, 4- (0.20)cTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
321
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
•50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.II.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading p=4 at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cjy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)<jy, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
ay =70 MPa at 23 °C
322
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure D.III.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)cjyi 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Time (hrs)
Figure D.II1.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 MPa at 23 °C
324
80000
70000
60000
50000
^  40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.III.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)c7y, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cjy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
325
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
Time (hrs)
Figure D.III.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)<jy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
326
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure D.III.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 with p=4 at 41 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
327
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure D.III.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
328
329
Append ix  e
Mean Stress Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of Nylon 6/6
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012 D D
D D D D D D
D D
0.010 O O
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ay, I Hz;
4- (0.16)cryi 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
330
O OO o
O o
□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12+0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)<jy, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.075)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)<jy, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
331
90000
80000
70000
60000
D- 50000
S 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.I.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.12±0.075)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
332
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010 v
-E 0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.I.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)cTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20+0.075)oy, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)oy, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
oy =70 MPa at 23 °C
333
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
OOP ,O O
O  O  o  O
O O
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)Gy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)cry, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)oy, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)oy, 5- (0.20)CTy, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
334
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Time (hrs)
Figure E.I.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.075)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)cjy, 5- (0.20)<jy, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
335
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
□ □
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.I.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ayi 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)cjy, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
336
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.075)CTyi 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)oy, 6- (0.30)cry Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
337
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (hrs)
Figure E.I.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 0C
1- (0.12+0.075)cjy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.075)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.075)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)oy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
338
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012 □ □ □
□ □□ □ □ DDDDD
D D ■ W
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure EU.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)oy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
339
O O
O O O O Oo o o  o o_ O O O
O D
□ □□ □ □ □ □ □
□ D
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
340
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000 •
20000
10000
0.05
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)cTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
4- (0.16)cry, 5- (0.20)cjy, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
341
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012 •,
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.13 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ayi 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)<ryi 5- (0.20)cry, 6- (0.30)ay Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
342
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
OOO-O O
OOO0
O O
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
• 1- (0.12+0.10)cyy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)<Ty, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)cry, 5- (0.20)cyy, 6- (0.30)cy Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
343
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure EU.15 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.16)cy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
344
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014 DDDD
D DDDDD
0.012
O OO O
■ ■ - f t
0.010
'o O
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.16 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)cjy, 20H z;2 - (0.16±0.10)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)cry Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
345
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
D 9 o
□  D  □
D  D
Time (hrs)
Figure E.1.17 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)ay, 5- (0.20)ay, 6- (0.30)oy Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
346
90000
80000
70000
60000
cl 50000
g  40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.1.18 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 23 °C
1- (0.12±0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.16+0.10)cy, 20 Hz; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.16)cyy, 5- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 6- Virgin Specimens;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
347
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
E 0.012
E 0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.1 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)<jy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)cTy, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)oy, 4- (0.20)oy, 5- (0.30)ayi Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
348
DDD O O
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
349
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000
0 __________
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.II.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)cry, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, I Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
Gy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
-O -B0 Q -O - B -O - B
0.45
350
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)c7yl 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)cyy, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 55 MPa at 35 °C
351
ODD□ □
□ D
□ □
o  0.6
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.10)<7y, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)<jy, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CJy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
352
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
- Q - B -  - Q - Q -  - B -
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.II.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
(I- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)ayi 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)oy, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
Oy = 55 MPa at 35 °C
353
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16+0.10)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ayi 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)<Ty, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy =70 MPa at 23 0C
354
O OOOOo o °
□ □
S 0.8
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cyy, 4- (0.20)oy, Constant Load Creep;
CJy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
355
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
8^ 9=^% ^e=-
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
. 0.10
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.II.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)cjy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
356
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cry, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
357
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
□ D
Time (hrs)
Figure E.II.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 35 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ctv, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
358
St
re
ss
s 
(k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.II.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 35 0C
1- (0.16±0.10)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
359
OOO O O
O O
□ □□ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □OOO
O O
Ooo
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C
(1- (0.16±0.10)CTy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)cry, I Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)cy, 5- (0.30)<jy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 45 MPa at 41 0C
360
80000
70000
60000
50000
cz) 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.III.3 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, I Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)<jy, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
Oy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
361
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.4 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)oy, 5- (0.30)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 45 MPa at 41 0C
362
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
O O O o O
S=S=F=W=T
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.5 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, 5- (0.30)oy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 45 MPa at 41 °C
363
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.III.6 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 0C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)cry, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
O y = 45 MPa at 41 °C
364
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.030 
0.028 
0.026 
0.024 
0.022 
0.020 
0.018 
0.016 
0.014 
0.012 
0.010 
0.008 
0.006 
0.004 
0.002 
0
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.7 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C 
1- (0.16±0.10)cry, I Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)cy, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cfy, 4- (0.20)cry, Constant Load Creep; 
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
OOO
O O
365
o □
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)cyy, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, I Hz;
3- (0.16)oy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
366
80000
70000
60000
50000
cz) 40000
30000 ■
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.III.9 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz; 2- (0.20+0.10)oy, 1 Hz;
3- (0.16)cy, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
367
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.030 
0.028 
0.026 
0.024 
0.022 
0.020 
0.018 
0.016 
0.014 
0.012 
0.010 
0.008 
0.006 
0.004 
0.002 
0
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.10 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C 
1- (0.16+0.10)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
□ □□ □
□ □ □ □
□ □
O O
□ D
□ □
368
O O
□ D
□ □ □ □
□ D
□ □
CO 1.0
Time (hrs)
Figure E.III.11 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Mean Stresses at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
369
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000
0 __
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure E.III.12 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading at 41 °C
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.16)ay, 4- (0.20)ay, Constant Load Creep; 5- Virgin Specimens;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
370
371
APPENDIX F
Temperature Effects from Tensile, Constant Load Creep, and 
Vibrocreep Testing of Nylon 6/6
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.1 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- 23 °C; 2- 35 °C; 3- 41 0C; 4- 50 °C; 5- 59 °C; 6- 68 0C;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
372
St
re
ss
 (P
a)
7.5x10 1.5x10'
7.0x10
1.4x10
6.5x10 b.------q Elastic Modulus
o-------o Yield Stress 1.3x106.0x10
5.5x10 1.2x10'
5.0x10 1.1x10
4.5x10
1.0x10
4.0x10
0.9x103.5x10'
3.0x10 0.8x10'
2.5x10 0.7x10'
2.0x10
0.6x101.5x10
0.5x10'1.0x10
0.5x10 0.4x10'
Temperature (C)
Figure F.2 Yield Stress and Elastic Modulus vs. Temperature
El
as
tic
 M
od
ulu
s 
(P
a)
ez
e
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure F.3 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16)CTy at 23 °C; 2- (0.16)CTy at 35 °C; 3- (0.16)ay at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)CTy at 50 0C; 5- (0.16)ay at 59 °C; 6- (0.16)ay at 68 0C;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
374
Time (hrs)
Figure F A  Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (10.16)CTy at 23 °C; 2- (0.16)ay at 35 °C; 3- (0.16)ay at41 °C;
4- (0.16)ay at 50 0C; 5- (0.16)ay at 59 0C; 6- (0.16)ay at 68 0C;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
375
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000 
60000 
50000 
40000 
30000 
20000 
10000
0 _ 
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.5 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Constant Loading 
1- (0.16)cjy at 23 °C; 2- (0.16)ay at 35 °C; 3- (0.16)ay at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)<ry at 50 0C; 5- (0.16)ay at 59 0C; 6- (0.16)cy at 68 °C;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
376
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.080 
0.075 
0.070 
0.065 
0.060 
0.055 
0.050 
0.045 
0.040 
0.035 
0.030 
0.025 
0.020 
0.015 
0.010 
0.005 
0
Time (hrs)
Figure F.6 Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20)cryat 23 0C; 2- (0.20)ay at 35 °C; 3- (0.20)ay at41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 50 °C; 5- (0.20)ay at 59 °C; 6- (0.20)ay at 68 0C;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
Q 0 -0
O Q Q Q Q Q
377
JP v v v ir
Time (hrs)
Figure F.7 Normalized Constant Load Creep of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20)ayat 23 °C; 2- (0.20)ay at 35 0C; 3- (0.20)ay at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 50 °C; 5- (0.20)ay at 59 °C; 6- (0.20)ayat 68 °C;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
378
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000 ■ 
60000 
50000 ■ 
40000 ■ 
30000 
20000 ■ 
10000 ■J
0
"0 ^  A -O -B -  -C -  &
-V-----V— V
-O -  B- -Q'
cS 3
-#—* -  -# —#- •  —•—•  -e - e—•
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.8 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading 
1- (0.20)ayat 23 °C; 2- (0.20)ay at 35 °C; 3- (0.20)oy at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 50 °C; 5- (0.20)ay at 59 °C; 6- (0.20)cryat 68 °C;
Cy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
0.45
379
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
E 0.012
E 0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure F.9 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.16±0.04)<jy, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.04)cjyi 1 Hz at 35 0C; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, I Hz at 41 °C; 
4- (0.16)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)oy at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 MPa at 23 °C
380
□ a
o  o
Time (hrs)
Figure F.10 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16±0.04)cry, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz at 41 0C-
4- (0.16)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.16)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 .MPa at 23 °C
381
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.11 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.16±0.04)cyy, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16+0.04)ay, 1 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.16)cry at 23 0C1 5- (0.16)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.16)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
382
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure F.12 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16+0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)oy at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
383
O  O  O p  Q-O O
Time (hrs)
Figure F.13 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16+0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)cry at 23 0C1 5- (0.16)ay at 35 0C 1 6- (0.16)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay =70 MPa at 23 °C
384
80000
f'-V" ~s
70000
60000
50000
to 40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.14 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
I -  (0.16±0.04)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.04)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)oy at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.16)cjy at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
385
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure F.15 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16±0.10)CTy, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)cry at 23 0C1 5- (0.16)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
386
□  D□ □ O
O O
OoO OOOOO O
Time (hrs)
Figure F.16 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16±0.10)CTy, I Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16+0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.16)ay at 23 0C1 5- (0.16)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)cry at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
387
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.17 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.16±0.10)cry, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.16)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
388
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
I
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006 i
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure F.18 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16+0.10)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.10)oy, 10 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.16)oy at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)cry at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
389
□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure F.19 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.16)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.16)<jy at 35 0C1 6- (0.16 ) c r y at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
390
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.20 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.16±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.16±0.10)cy, 10 Hz at 35 0C; 3- (0.16±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.16)ay at 23 0C1 5- (0.16)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.16)cjy at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
391
St
re
ss
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure F.21 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 35 0C; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)cry at 23 0C1 5- (0.20)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.20)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 0C
392
□ □T3 D"
odd□ □
Time (hrs)
Figure F.22 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20±0.05)Gy, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 23 0C1 5- (0.20)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
393
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.23 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.20+0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 1 Hz at 41 0C'
4- (0.20)oy at 23 °C, 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
394
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.030 
0.028 
0.026 
0.024 
0.022 
0.020 
0.018 
0.016 
0.014 
0.012 
0.010 
0.008 
0.006 
0.004 
0.002 
0
0 1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  10
Time (hrs)
Figure F.24 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.05)ayi 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.05)oy, 10 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.20)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
395
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
n □ g_
Time (hrs)
Figure F.25 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz at 41 0C-
4- (0.20)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
396
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Stress (kPa)
Figure F.26 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.20±0.05)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.05)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 23 °C, 5- (0.20)ory at 35 °C, 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
397
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure F.27 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 41 0C;
4- (0.20)<jy at 23 °C, 5- (0.20)ay at 35 °C, 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
398
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
'
2.0
D D n
D D
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure F.28 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20±0.10)<jy, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.10)cy, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, I Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 23 0C1 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
399
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.29 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.20+0.10)cyy, 1 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 1 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, I Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)ay at 23 0C1 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
400
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.030 
0.028 
0.026 
0.024 
0.022 
0.020 
0.018 
0.016 
0.014 
0.012 
0.010 
0.008 
0.006 
0.004 
0.002 
0
Time (hrs)
Figure F.30 Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.20±0.10)cryi 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)oy at 23 0C1 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
□ □
□ □
O OO O
401
.0—0—B-
□ □
r> O O
Time (hrs)
Figure F.31 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of Nylon 6/6 at Different Temperatures
1- (0.20+0.10)oy, 10 Hz at 23 °C; 2- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 35 0C; 3- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)oy at 23 °C, 5- (0.20)cry at 35 °C, 6- (0.20)ay at 41 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
402
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure F.32 Tensile Testing of Nylon 6/6 Specimens After Cyclic and Constant Loading
1- (0.20±0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 23 0C; 2- (0.20±0.10)cry, 10 Hz at 35 °C; 3- (0.20+0.10)ay, 10 Hz at 41 °C;
4- (0.20)<jy at 23 0C1 5- (0.20)ay at 35 0C1 6- (0.20)ay at 41 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
403
404
APPENDIX G
Post Cyclic Testing Results
405
Data Yield Stress Strain at Yield Maximum Stress Elastic Modulus
(MPa) (mm/mm) (MPa) (GPa)
23 C
Virgin 70.000 0.06420 78.000 1.42000
16% 65.567 0.06515 74.543 1.32600
20% 63.171 0.06885 76.427 1.34830
12%+-4% 1 Hz 78.651 0.06500 83.520 1.42910
12%+-4% 10 Hz 77.109 0.06195 82.834 1.44470
12%+-4% 20 Hz 83.037 0.06164 88.133 1.53480
12%+-7.5% 1 Hz 79.231 0.06100 84.082 1.47310
12%+-7.5% 10 Hz 81.291 0.06164 84.754 1.46910
12%+-7.5% 20 Hz 77.193 0.06042 82.531 1.46360
12%+-10% I Hz 78.463 0.06185 83.458 1.37910
12%+-10% 10 Hz 77.847 0.06144 83.708 1.47940
12%+-10% 20Hz 78.841 0.06074 84.413 1.44710
16%+-4% 1 Hz 74.631 0.06104 76.818 1.39820
16%+-4% 10 Hz 73.864 0.06104 75.788 1.43330
16%+-4% 20 Hz 81.647 0.06854 85.785 1.39980
16%+-7.5% I Hz 79.697 0.06225 83.877 1.55970
16%+-7.5% 10 Hz 80.754 0.06164 84.414 1.47250
16%+-7.5% 20 Hz 77.394 0.06042 82.676 1.43950
16%+-10% 1 Hz 72.209 0.06105 74.053 1.38680
16%+-10% 10 Hz 82.397 0.06593 85.779 1.48580
16%+-10% 20 Hz 79.005 0.06104 86.405 1.44550
20%+-5% 1 Hz 75.509 0.05939 75.166 1.43060
20%+-5% 10 Hz 82.022 0.06723 86.672 1.44620
20%+-5% 20 Hz 78.298 0.06144 82.871 1.45920
20%+-7.5% I Hz 80.341 0.06226 86.134 1.44350
20%+-7.5% 10 Hz 81.095 0.06226 86.876 1.45060
20%+-7.5% 20 Hz 78.677 0.06104 84.209 1.42060
20%+-10% 1 Hz 78.473 0.08056 83.813 1.44510
20%+-10% 10 Hz 77.147 0.06104 84.097 1.43960
20%+-10% 20 Hz 79.923 0.06104 85.789 1.44980
35
Virgin 55.200 0.05440 70.200 1.21000
16% 65.425 0.05189 74.866 1.31140
20% 57.391 0.04800 72.165 . 1.32130
16% R 23 57.391 0.04800 72.165 1.32130
20% R 23 57.600 0.04759 72.232 1.26340
16%+-4% 1 Hz 72.260 0.06042 74.845 1.37550
16%+-4% 10 Hz 72.930 0.06255 74.872 1.39290
16%+-10% I Hz 72.203 0.06103 74.458 1.38010
16%+-10% 10 Hz 71.011 0.05939 74.276 0.13814
20%+-5% 1 Hz 71.363 0.06225 74.018 0.13424
20%+-5% 10 Hz 67.275 0.06723 69.049 0.12617
20%+-10% 1 Hz 67.073 0.06226 69.995 1.26610
20%+-10% 10 Hz 66.935 0.06286 69.484 1.28740
16%+-4% I Hz R 23 68.987 0.06165 71.168 1.34050
406
16%+-4% 10 Hz R 23 67.044 0.06104 69.947 1.26650
16%+-10% I Hz R 23 69.507 0.06128 73.902 1.31870
16%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 66.262 0.06105 70.941 1.27690
20%+-5% 1 Hz R 23 70.743 0.06348 72.275 1.30780
20%+-5% 10 Hz R 23 69.073 0.06153 72.763 1.28400
20%+-10% 1 Hz R 23 72.359 0.06593 75.002 1.31740
20%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 66.445 0.06104 70.654 1.23870
41
Virgin 44.600 0.05510 65.000 0.96000
16% 52.006 0.04425 65.787 1.23080
20% 57.034 0.05005 64.950 1.27170
16% R 23 50.075 0.04360 65.543 1.20360
20% R 23 57.299 0.05005 65.906 1.27550 .
16%+-10% I Hz 64.080 0.06104 66.076 1.24610
16%+-10% 10 Hz 61.670 0.06104 64.419 1.20550
20%+-5% I Hz 66.541 0.06424 68.399 1.32250
20%+-5% 10 Hz 65.318 0.05940 68.372 1.31220
20%+-10% I Hz 66.019 0.06104 68.789 1.27600
20%+-10% 10 Hz 63.411 0.06042 65.374 1.27680
16%+-4% 1 Hz R 23 65.360 0.06073 67.891 1.28810
16%+-4% 10 Hz R 23 66.485 0.06185 68.080 1.28540
16%+-10% I Hz R 23 66.634 0.06103 69.085 1.28310
16%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 64.535 0.08096 64.582 1.18680
20%+-5% I Hz R 23 66.574 0.06940 70.503 1.26090
20%+-5% 10 Hz R 23 65.190 0.06145 67.819 1.25540
20%+-10% 1 Hz R 23 66.353 0.06145 68.365 1.28300
20%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 65.594 0.06079 67.817 1.24950
50
20% R 23
16% R 23
17.094
10.000
19.718
0.03550
0.02380
0.04300
48.900
48.110
48.663
0.45900
0.47995
0.50969
20% R 23
16% R 23
22.000
35.383
37.456
0.03320
0.03900
0.03829
64.538
65.667
57.500
0.95370
0.70800
1.03200
20% R 23
16% R 23
21.266
21.911
19.000 0.03680
0.03654
0.03642 53.030
52.400
54.136
0.31289
0.54800
0.63420
407
APPENDIX H
Tensile and Constant Load Creep Testing Results for PVDF
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.006
0.005
0.004
O O U  LI
D Q
0.003
O O
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure H.1.1 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at -25 °C
1- (0.30)ay; 2- (0.45)ay; 3- (0.60)ay;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
408
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
OOOOo
Time (hrs)
Figure H.I.2 Normalized Constant Load Creep of PVDF at -25 0C
1- (0.30)cry; 2- (0.45)CTy; 3- (0.60)ay;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
409
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
2.25x10
2.00x10
1.75x10'
1.50x10
1.25x10
1.00x10
0.75x10
0.50x10
0.25x10
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure H.II.1 Tensile Test of PVDF Direction 1 at 23 °C
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
/
/
f
/
/  :
/r
/  . ■£ 
/  :
/
• I
: /
/
■ /
/
; /
.............................................................................................................................................................................
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure H.II.2 Tensile Test of PVDF Direction 2 at 23 °C
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
V v  V V 9 V 9 V r,
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
O P O n O O P O i - i n O
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure H.II.3 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at 23 °C
1- (0.30)ay; 2- (0.45)ay; 3- (0.60)ay;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
412
□ R 5
Time (hrs)
Figure H.II.4 Normalized Constant Load Creep of PVDF at 23 0C
1- (0.30)ay; 2- (0.45)ay; 3- (0.60)ay;
CJy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
413
APPENDIX I
Frequency Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure 1.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)cry> 10 Hz; 3- (0.30±0.020)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
415
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
0.64
D  D
V  V  V  U  r r  ^
Time (hrs)
Figure I.I.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C
I -  (0.30±0.20)<Ty, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.30±0.020)oy, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)cjy, 5- (0.45)cyy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
416
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure 1.1.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C
1- (0.45±0.20)<jy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
417
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
. I :
Time (hrs)
Figure 1.1.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C
I -  (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
418
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
V T7
Time (hrs)
Figure I.I.5 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.60)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
419
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure 1.1.6 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at -25 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (O-GO)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
420
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.I Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.30±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)oy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C .
421
CO 1.0
S=B=S=S
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 0C
1- (0.30±0.10)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.30±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)cry, 5- (0.45)cjy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
422
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
□ n n0.008 a CJD n 5"TJ CT
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.30±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)cry, 5- (0.45)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
423
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
B a  8  B  8  O B -B  O- 8  g —Q-
■0 O U U n n D ^
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
• 1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.30±0.20)cry, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)cry, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
424
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.024
0.020
O O-o—O O O O Cf
0.016 OO
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.5 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.45±0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 3- (0.45±0.10)ayi 20 Hz;
4- (0.45)ay, 5- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
425
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.6 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.45±0.10)cry, 5Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.45±0.10)oy, 20 Hz;
4- (0 .45)oy, 5- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
426
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
-Q—D -Q- O—□ n-O—n—B—B—B—B—B—B—Q—B- -B—D—□—□—a—D—B
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 0C
1- (0.45±0.20)cjy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.45±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.45)ay, 5- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
427
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (I
/P
a)
 * 
10
O O oo O O O O
H -M -Hu K £r
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.45±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)cry, 10 Hz; 3- (0.45+0.20)cry, 20 Hz;
4- (0.45)ay, 5- (0.60)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
428
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
0
0
o o o o o
-sz—n—y—n—v _a.-r—v v v -9—v
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.9 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.10)oy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60+0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60+0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
429
OOOn
n  O Q-
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.10 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.10)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60+0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.60)cry, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
430
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.042
0.036
D  D D
0.030 QOO O Oo  O - e — o —o — o  -o — o —G-
0.024
0.018
0.012
-9 V V  V
0.006
Time (hrs)
Figure 1.11.11 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
431
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure I.II.12 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Frequencies at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60+0.20)oy, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
432
APPENDIX J
Amplitude Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.008
0.007
0.006
T3 °  O O O O0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure J.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.45+0.20)<7y, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.35)ay, 5 Hz;
3- (0.45)cry, 4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
434
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
O g a Q O O
Time (hrs)
Figure J.I.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.35)ay, 5 Hz;
3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
435
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure J.I.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.45±0.20)oy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.40)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.45)CTy, 4- (0.60)oy, Constant Load Creep;
<jy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
436
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure J.I.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.45±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.40)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
437
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.010
O  D  O  Q
0.009
0.008 O O Q
0.007
0.006
JZ— v — C- -v—v—°—v-V V v  V
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure J.I.5 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.60+0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.40)ay, 5 Hz;
3- (0.60)oy, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
438
O O
Time (hrs)
Figure J.1.6 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.40)ay, 5 Hz;
3- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
439
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure J.I.7 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.50)oy, 10 Hz;
3- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
440
Time (hrs)
Figure J.1.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at -25 °C
1- (0.60±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.50)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
441
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.1 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
I -  (0.30±0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)cry, 5 Hz;
3- (0.30)ay, 4- (0.45)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
442
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
B R g Bn
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
I-  (0.30+0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 5 Hz;
3- (0.30)cjy, 4- (0.45)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
443
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.014
•  •  •
0.012
0.010
0.008 D  O
0.006
n O O O p O O O o
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.30+0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
3- (0.30)cjy, 4- (0.45)cjy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
444
B g s g O
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
445
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.016
« ; "  9 ^
0.014
0.012
0.010
Qa OOO0.008
0.006
O  <") p  n  P l OO0 O0 O
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.5 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
1- (0.30+0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
3- (0.30)ay, 4- (0.45)cry, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
446
B B B S H o g B B g g o
W 8 B - p - t f o o o o o
Time (hrs)
Figure J.M.6 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.30±0.20)oy, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)cjy, 5- (0.45)ay, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
447
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
-V— 9— v — V— 9— 9— O.
0.010
-Q—O—D—g—Q—□—a — —Q-J-I □__□—Q—B—n—B—B—O-
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.45+0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.45±0.35)ay, 5 Hz;
4- (0.45)cjy, 5- (O-GO)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
448
o o o o o o —e—e—e--o__e __o— e— e— o o o o o — o—e— e—e — ©-o  ^  — 0 — 0 — 0 — O-
8-B-B-8 B B B  B - B -  B - H  B - B ^ B - g  B = B rS  ■ O  E3 E  Q
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.45±0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.45+0.35)ay, 5 Hz;
4- (0.45)ctv, 5- (0.60)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
449
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008 p □__□—B—B—Q—B—B—B—a—O—Q—B—F> O O □ □ o  □—B -B-- B—B □ o n o a D B o Q a D a Q
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.9 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.45+0.10)Gy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.45+0.35)ay> 10 Hz;
4- (0.45)ay, 5- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
450
- f l  B B B ■g- B H B -B H H O
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.10 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.45±0.10)oy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.45±0.35)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.45)ay, 5- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
451
0.030
0.025 Q o — e— e— o  o  o -
0.020
E 0.015
T7 U  r? V  rr T7
0.010
n  o  o - o  o  a — n —o—Q—B- -B—O—D—D—g—O—g.Ua OO-
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure J.11.11 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.45±0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
3- (0.45)ay, 4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
452
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.12 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Amplitudes at 23 °C
, 1- (0.45+0.10)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
3- (0.45)cjy, 4- (O-GO)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
453
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.13 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.45)ayi 5 Hz; 
4- (0.60)cjy, Constant Load Creep; 
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
454
e# •
D -Q—0—0—B- OOOOQ-Q—O—O—B-
-V—V—V—9—9—7—V—7—V—V
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
1- (0.60+0.10)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)oy, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.45)ay, 5 Hz;
3- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
455
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.15 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 0C
1- (0.60+0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.50)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
456
S 4.0
^  3.5
§ g § § g-g~ g_8-8-8-§-8-5- 8 o § H o^ g B g g  g=g=t=§:
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.16 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.10)<Ty, 10 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.50)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.60)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
457
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.17 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
3- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
458
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
u v v v — v - u - V — v — V— V
Time (hrs)
Figure J.II.18 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Amplitudes at 23 °C
1- (0.60±0.10)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
3- (0.60)CTy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
459
460
APPENDIX K
Mean Stress Effects from Vibrocreep Testing of PVDF
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
«--8 -s 20.005
0.004 -a-a-g
0.003
"°o O O O
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure K.1.1 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at -25 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)Gy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)oy, 5 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
461
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004 ■ D Du Wi - - O - T T
0.003
O q O O O O
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure K.1.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at -25 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)cy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
462
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
V V V V
0.005
0.004 -O—B—D—g—Q.TT-Q-
0.003
Oqo
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure K.I.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at -25 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)cjyi 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)cyy, 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
463
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure K.I.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at -25 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)cjy, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
464
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
* 8 a * ft S a S * H H B f t ft0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.1 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60+0.10)oy, 5 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
465
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
H a .H-§..g:
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.2 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)ay, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45+0.10)cry, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.10)ay, 5 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
466
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008 -O—O—O—g—D—Lf
O O O O JS O OOOO0 -o— o —o —o  o — e  o-o o o 0—o- OOO
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
467
•  •  41
OOoO
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)cry, 5 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)cryi 5 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)cry, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
468
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008 □ -■o -□ □ □ □ □ g □ n a □— g.B-B-B-1O-B— Bn  D B - -O-
■e—ooo o o o o o— e— O-O- -O -O- O Q- Q 0 0 0
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.5 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30+0.10)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.10)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)cry, 6- (0.60)oy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
469
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.6 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)cjy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.10)cry) 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)cry, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
cn
 0
5
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008 -Q—B—B—B—B—B—D Q—B—& -B—U—B—B—0—0—B—O—O—O—g—Q—q.m  □— □ — Q—Q— Q— B— B— O- □ O
o o o e 0- 0 e - o QO -O- -O- o o o -O Q - O -O--Q O o.
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.7 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45+0.20)cry, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)oy, 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)<jy, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
471
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
1.2
WoU
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz; 3- (0.60+0.20)ay, 10 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)cry, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
472
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008 o o o o o o -n- o o o o o o o o — n- n p gS3— a — □ a a— B— B— a— o— a— n o □ □ □— a-
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.9 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 0C
1- (0.30±0.10)ay, 20 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)cry, 20 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)oy, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
473
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.10 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.10)CTy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.10)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.10)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)CTy, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
474
0.044
0.040
0.036
0.032
~  0.028 
I  0.024 
c 0.020
I
W 0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
0
—7—ir
x i  n  n  n — □  □  □  □— b — ° — a  o -  o —a — n o n — n o n ■o - B O— B - B — D- O D — D -O -B-B— B— B— O— U— g— Q— O— O-
-G-e—e—o—er -o— e—o —G—e— e— o  o -o o o
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.11 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)oy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)ay, 6- (0.60)ay, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
475
Time (hrs)
Figure K.II.12 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Mean Stresses at 23 °C
1- (0.30±0.20)<jy, 20 Hz; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 20 Hz; 3- (0.60±0.20)ay, 20 Hz;
4- (0.30)ay, 5- (0.45)cyy, 6- (0.60)oy, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
476
APPENDIX L
Temperature Effects from Tensile, Constant Load Creep, and Vibrocreep of
PVDF
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
* 9 * 8 *  X •  •  •0.005
0.004 -O- □—Q—B O O
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure L.1 Constant Load Creep of PVDF at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.30)ay at -25 °C; 2- (0.30)ay at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)ay at -25 °C; 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C;
5- (0.60)<jy at -25 °C; 6- (0.60)ay at 23 °C;
Cfy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
478
Time (hrs)
Figure L.2 Normalized Constant Load Creep of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.30)ay at -25 °C; 2- (0.30)cjy at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)CTy at -25 °C; 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C;
5- (O-GO)CTy at -25 °C; 6- (O-GO)Ctv at 23 0C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
479
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure L.3 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.30±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.30+0.20)oy, 5 Hz at 23 0C; 
3- (0.30)ay at -25 0C1 4- (0.30)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
480
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure L.4 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.30)ay at -25 °C, 4- (0.30)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
481
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure L.5 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.30)CTy at -25 0C1 4- (0.30)cTy at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
482
Time (hrs)
Figure L.6 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures 
1- (0.30±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.30+0.20)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.30)<jy at -25 °C, 4- (0.30)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep; 
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
483
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
E 0.008
o  0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure L.7 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.30±0.20)cjy1 20 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.30±0.20)ay, 20 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.30)ay at -25 °C, 4- (0.30)<ry at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
484
I  B ■ ■ B H-" ■ ■ ■ ■
Q □ □
-0— 6-O O
Time (hrs)
Figure L.8 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.30±0.20)ay, 20 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.30+0.20)cjy, 20 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.30)ay at -25 °C, 4- (0.30)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
485
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
-© o ® O
0.004 t3—B—B—□—B—B—□—□—□—B-
Time (hrs)
Figure L.9 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45±0.20)CTy, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.45)CTy at -25 °C, 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
cry =30.428 MPa at 23 0C
486
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
-a  & g
■© ©  ©  C r
"O n Q n □ u
Time (hrs)
Figure L.10 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45±0.20)cjy, 5 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.45±0.20)oy, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)ay at -25 0C1 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
487
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
Q o- o Q o o o Q o o o
0.004 -Q—B—B—B—B—a—n—B—B—0—B—O—B-
Time (hrs)
Figure L.11 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45±0.35)ay, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45±0.35)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)ay at -25 °C, 4- (0.45)oy at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CJy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
488
Q o o -e o - o  0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0
Time (hrs)
Figure L.12 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45±0.35)CTy, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45±0.35)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)<jy at -25 0C1 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
489
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
-O--O o "O' O Q © O "O O"
0.004 S--O--Q- O O u ■e—o- -o— O ' O O— B--O O Q Q QO □ O B- O □ ■Q Q o Q D D o a a
Time (hrs)
Figure L.13 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45+0.20)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.45)ay at -25 0C1 4- (0.45)ay at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
490
r> O O nO"0 S O o o° O
-Q—D—B—B—□—B—Q—B—B—B—B—D—Q-D o -s—□—p o o □ O O O' "O O O □"O o  c r
Time (hrs)
Figure 1.14 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.45)oy at -25 0C1 4- (0.45)ay at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
Cfy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
491
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
•§ 0.016
0.012
0.008
Q e o o o o OooQoo -o- ■ooo
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure L.15 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45±0.40)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45+0.40)ay, 10 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.45)ay at -25 0C1 4- (0.45)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
cry = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
492
Time (hrs)
Figure L.16 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.45+0.40)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.45+0.40)ay, 10 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.45)cry at -25 °C, 4- (0.45)cry at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
493
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008 -Q—Q—0—0—O- -O O Q—e-O O Q
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure L.17 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60+0.20)ay, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.60)ay at -25 °C, 4- (0.60)ay at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
ay =30.428 MPa at 23 °C
494
-O O-Q- O -O - o  - O- - 0 - 0  O O o O O O -e—o  - o —O-
Time (hrs)
Figure L.18 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 5 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (O-GO)CTy at -25 0C1 4- (O-GO)Cty at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
495
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure L.19 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60±0.45)ay, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.60±0.45)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.60)CTy at -25 °C, 4- (O-GO)Cty at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
496
r \ n o n r > O o < nO O O O -Q Q O O O O O
V  V— V— V— v — r v v v
Time (hrs)
Figure L.20 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60±0.45)ay, 5 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.60±0.45)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.60)ay at -25 0C1 4- (0.60)oy at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
.!sat
497
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure L.21 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
I -  (0.60±0.20)<jy, 10 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.60+0.20)ayi 10 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.60)ay at -25 °C, 4- (0.60)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
498
Time (hrs)
Figure L.22 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60±0.20)cjy, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
3- (0.60)CTy at -25 0C1 4- (0.60)ay at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
499
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.056
0.052
0.048
0.044
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure L.23 Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60±0.50)CTy, 10 Hz at -25 °C; 2- (0.60±0.50)cy, 10 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.60)oy at -25 °C, 4- (0.60)ay at 23 0C1 Constant Load Creep;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
500
Time (hrs)
Figure L.24 Normalized Vibrocreep Response of PVDF at Different Temperatures
1- (0.60±0.50)cjy, 10 Hz at -25 0C; 2- (0.60±0.50)cryt 10 Hz at 23 0C;
3- (0.60)<Ty at -25 °C, 4- (0.60)ay at 23 °C, Constant Load Creep;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
501
502
APPENDIX M
Statistical Results
St
ra
in 
(m
m
/m
m
)
0.040
0.035 ■
0.030 • 
0.025 : 
0.020 ■ 
0.015 : 
0.010 :
0.005 -Q—O—O - -0 -0  O -o o o - e  O  O  O
0 ------ *------ '------ - ----- '— ■—■— —'------'-------i----- -—— I----- .-------1------ .___ . .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure M.1.1
Time (hrs)
Statistical Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.10)Gy at 23 °C;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
10
503
/  —
O O OOO
Time (hrs)
Figure M.1.2 Normalized Statistical Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.10)ayat 23 °C;
oy =70 MPa at 23 0C
504
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.020
0.018
0.016
/  \  '
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure M.I.3 Statistical Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.20+0.10)cy, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
Oy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
505
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure M.I.4 Normalized Statistical Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.20±0.10)<Ty, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
CTy =70 MPa at 23 °C
506
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
96000
88000
e^-O—e -e -80000
72000
64000
56000
48000
40000
32000
24000
16000
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure M.I.5 Statistical Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Response Post Tensile Testing with 95% Confidence
(0.20+0.10)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 0C;
oy =70 MPa at 23 °C
507
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
96000
88000
80000
72000
64000
56000
48000
40000
32000
24000
16000
0.05
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure M.I.6 Statistical Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Tensile Testing with 95% Confidence at 23 0C
508
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
E 0.020
#  0.015
0.010
0.005
Time (hrs)
Figure M.I.7 Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.10)ay at 23 °C;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
509
Time (hrs)
Figure M.1.8 Normalized Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.10)ayat 23 °C;
CTy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
510
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure M.I.9 Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.20+0.10)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
oy = 70 MPa at 23 0C
511
St
ra
in
/S
tre
ss
 (1
/P
a)
 * 
10
Time (hrs)
Figure MT 10 Normalized Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of Nylon 6/6 Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.20±0.10)CTy, 10 Hz at 23 °C;
Gy = 70 MPa at 23 °C
512
0.006
0.005
0.004
E 0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.1 Statistical Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.45)cty at -25 °C;
<jy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
513
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.2 Normalized Statistical Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.45)ayat -25 °C;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
514
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.3 Statistical Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45±0.20)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
515
o ^ o o o o o o o o
o  o
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.4 Normalized Statistical Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45±0.20)cjy, 10 Hz at -25 °C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
516
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.5 Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.45)ay at -25 °C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
517
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.6 Normalized Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.45)ayat -25 0C;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
518
0.007
0.006
0.005
E 0.004
ro 0.003
0.002
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.7 Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45+0.20)ay, 10 Hz at -25 °C;
oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
519
O 0 O 0 O O O O
CO 0.25
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.8 Normalized Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45±0.20)CTy, 10 Hz at -25 °C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
520
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
x --------------------------
O OnO ~ O 15 o  °  o  o o n o O O 0 O 0 O -O -O -
o Q O n O o O o
/  X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.9 Statistical Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.30)cry at 23 0C;
Oy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
521
O oO O
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.10 Normalized Statistical Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(O-SO)CTy at 23 °C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
522
St
ra
in
 (m
m
/m
m
)
0.032
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure IVUI.11 Statistical Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45+0.10)oy, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 0C
523
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.12 Normalized Statistical Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45±0.10)ay, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
cry = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
524
St
re
ss
 (k
Pa
)
2.250x10
2.000x10'
1.750x10
1.500x10
1.250x10
1.000x10
0.750x10
0.500x10
0.250x10
Strain (mm/mm)
Figure M.II.13 Statistical Analysis of PVDF Direction 1 Tensile Testing with 95% Confidence at 23 °C
525
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
I  0.007I
E 0.006
-•9 ~oZ Sr5 0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.14 Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(0.30)cry at 23 °C;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
526
X T  S  - ° '
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.15 Normalized Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Quasi Static Creep with 95% Confidence
(O-SO)CTy at 23 °C;
Gy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
527
0.028
0.024
0.020
E 0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.16 Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45±0.10)CTy, 5 Hz at 23 °C;
ay = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
528
Time (hrs)
Figure M.II.17 Normalized Statistical Curve Fit Analysis of PVDF Vibrocreep Response with 95% Confidence
(0.45+0.10)ayi 5 Hz at 23 0C;
CTy = 30.428 MPa at 23 °C
529
530
Curve Fit Results For Nylon 6/6
Data 
23 C
531
ba c a*b
10% 0.00190 0.13139 0.00270 0.00025
N 0.13300 0.23952 0.52159 0.03186
16% 0.00989 0.39972 0.00590 0.00395
N 0.13300 0.29299 0.47702 0.03897
20% 0.00190 0.20700 0.00780 0.00039
N 0.13314 0.20914 0.55634 0.02784
30% 0.00196 0.35488 0.01277 0.00069
N 0.09125 0.35740 0.59949 0.03261
40% 0.00313 0.44499 0.01978 0.00139
N 0.10900 0.44800 0.69800 0.04883
50% 0.00200 0.33600 0.02400 0.00067
N 0.20000 0.33800 0.69000 0.06760
12%+-4% 1 Hz 0.00235 0.23835 0.00641 0.00056
N 0.28658 0.23854 0.76300 0.06836
12%+-4% 10 Hz 0.00243 0.25789 0.00641 0.00063
N 0.29733 0.25422 0.76300 0.07559
12%+-4% 20 Hz 0.00279 0.20846 0.00641 0.00058
N 0.34176 0.20397 0.76300 0.06971
12%+-7.5% 1 Hz 0.00260 0.21660 0.00641 0.00056
N 0.32158 0.21123 0.76300 0.06793
12%+-7.5% 10 Hz 0.00248 0.26447 0.00641 0.00066
N 0.29296 0.26464 0.76300 0.07753
12%+-7.5% 20 Hz 0.00310 0.21316 0.00641 0.00066
N 0.37786 0.20994 0.76300 0.07933
12%+-10% I Hz 0.00269 0.22510 0.00641 0.00061
N 0.32951 0.22093 0.76300 0.07280
12%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00341 0.15613 0.00641 0.00053
N 0.40171 0.15609 0.76300 0.06270
12%+-10% 20Hz 0.00329 0.20762 0.00641 0.00068
N 0.40013 0.20762 0.76300 0.08307
16%+-4% 1 Hz 0.00137 0.03429 0.00854 0.00005
N 0.09948 0.38547 0.76300 0.03835
16%+-4% 10 Hz 0.00171 0.31288 0.00854 0.00054
N 0.15361 0.31472 0.76300 0.04834
16%+-4% 20 Hz 0.00219 0.25570 0.00854 0.00056
N 0.19867 0.25440 0.76300 0.05054
16%+-7.5% 1 Hz 0.00187 0.28193 0.00854 0.00053
N 0.17323 0.27503 0.76300 0.04764
16%+-7.5% 10 Hz 0.00254 0.23206 0.00854 0.00059
N 0.22744 0.23981 0.76300 0.05454
16%+-7.5% 20 Hz 0.00280 0.23614 0.00854 0.00066
N 0.25474 0.22950 0.76300 0.05846
16%+-10% 1 Hz 0.00172 0.38946 0.00854 0.00067
N 0.15250 0.39067 0.76300 0.05958
16%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00239 0.26372 0.00854 0.00063
N 0.22184 0.25440 0.76300 0.05644
532
16%+-10% 20 Hz 0.00314 0.22428 0.00854 0.00070
N 0.27759 0.22849 0.76300 0.06343
20%+-5% 1 Hz 0.00157 0.40008 0.01068 0.00063
N 0.11530 0.40154 0.76300 0.04630
20%+-5% 10 Hz 0.00282 0.27346 0.01068 0.00077
N 0.20310 0.22120 0.76300 0.04493
20%+-5% 20 Hz 0.00316 0.23276 0.01068 0.00074
N 0.22876 0.23051 0.76300 0.05273
20%+-7.5% 1 Hz 0.00222 0.30845 0.01068 0.00069
N 0.16425 0.30539 0.76300 0.05016
20%+-7.5% 10 Hz 0.00293 0.30835 0.01068 0.00090
N 0.21345 0.30509 0.76300 0.06512
20%+-7.5% 20 Hz 0.00342 0.26743 0.01068 0.00092
N 0.27876 0.22274 0.76300 0.06209
20%+-10% 1 Hz 0.00286 0.21198 0.01068 0.00061
N 0.20863 0.20730 0.76300 0.04325
20%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00377 0.23614 0.01068 0.00089
N 0.27335 0.23368 0.76300 0.06388
20%+-10% 20 Hz 0.00466 0.19267 0.01068 0.00090
N . 0.33684 0.19215 0.76300 0.06472
35
16% 0.00400 0.14927 0.00133 0.00060
N 0.37600 0.17510 0.22510 0.06584
20% 0.00400 0.20900 0.00270 0.00084
N 0.37600 0.20900 0.24600 0.07858
30% 0.00550 0.27990 0.00468 0.00154
N 0.34460 0.27400 0.27580 0.09442
40% 0.00620 0.36300 0.00780 0.00225
N 0.27400 0.37100 0.36600 0.10165
50% 0.00780 0.30900 0.01500 0.00241
N 0.28200 0.31290 0.56800 0.08824
16% R 23 0.00421 0.20956 0.00276 0.00088
N 0.37615 0.20969 0.24634 0.07887
20% R 23 0.00826 0.17522 0.00060 0.00145
N 0.59611 0.17319 0.03604 0.10324
16%+-4% 1 Hz 0.00269 0.32367 0.00768 0.00087
N 0.31317 0.31770 0.86900 0.09949
16%+-4% 10 Hz 0.00302 0.37201 0.00768 0.00112
N 0.34974 0.36707 0.86900 0.12838
16%+-10% 1 Hz 0.00262 0.39597 0.00768 0.00104
N 0.30408 0.39174 0.86900 0.11912
16%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00309 0.36537 0.00768 0.00113
N 0.35750 0.36467 0.86900 0.13037
20%+-5% 1 Hz 0.00422 0.32210 0.00160 0.00136
N 0.40972 0.31009 0.86900 0.12705
20%+-5% 10 Hz 0.00523 0.29300 0.00160 0.00153
N 0.47220 0.31907 0.86900 0.15066
20%+-10% I Hz 0.00517 0.32942 0.00160 0.00170
533
N 0.42092 0.31135 0.86900 0.13105
20%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00468 0.31911 0.00160 0.00149
N 0.48471 0.32094 0.86900 0.15556
16%+-4% 1 Hz R 23 0.00348 0.43579 0.00974 0.00152
N 0.31822 0.42962 0.86900 0.13671
16%+-4% 10 Hz R 23 0.00555 0.30367 0.00974 0.00168
N 0.50599 0.30110 0.86900 0.15235
16%+-10% 1 Hz R 23 0.00535 0.26861 0.00974 0.00144
N 0.51865 0.28648 0.86900 0.14858
16%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 0.00617 0.26437 0.00974 0.00163
N 0.42641 0.28747 0.86900 0.12258
20%+-5% I Hz R 23 0.00418 0.31573 0.01217 0.00132
N 0.30329 0.31763 0.86900 0.09633
20%+-5% 10 Hz R 23 0.00546 0.29500 0.01217 0.00161
N 0.39663 0.29308 0.86900 0.11624
20%+-10% I Hz R 23 0.00532 0.27856 0.01217 0.00148
N 0.00789 0.78008 0.86900 0.00615
20%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 0.00620 0.29556 0.01217 0.00183
N 0.44659 0.29614 0.86900 0.13225
41
16% 0.00500 0.17110 0.00030 0.00086
N 0.60600 0.18953 0.11661 0.11486
20% 0.00500 0.20282 0.00160 0.00101
N 0.60600 0.20060 0.17790 0.12156
30% 0.00400 0.33800 0.00560 0.00135
N 0.35657 0.33684 0.39937 0.12011
40% 0.01100 0.23671 0.00300 0.00260
N 0.60789 0.24492 0.20700 0.14888
50% 0.01400 0.26100 0.00600 0.00365
N 0.63052 0.26145 0.28461 0.16485
16% R 23 0.00719 0.19284 0.00137 0.00139
N 0.65540 0.19070 0.11439 0.12498
20% R 23 0.00495 0.33831 0.00559 0.00168
N 0.35654 0.33686 0.39940 0.12010
16%+-10% 1 Hz 0.00117 0.37763 0.00749 0.00044
N 0.53398 0.37413 1.04170 0.19978
16%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00449 0.32912 0.00749 0.00148
N 0.63776 0.32727 1.04170 0.20872
20%+-5% 1 Hz 0.00299 0.35602 0.00937 0.00107
N 0.34654 0.34642 1.04170 0.12005
20%+-5% 10 Hz 0.00330 0.41977 0.00937 0.00138
N 0.37452 0.41647 1.04170 0.15598
20%+-10% 1 Hz 0.00259 0.48771 0.00937 0.00127
N 0.30019 0.47592 1.04170 0.14287
20%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00357 0.20968 0.00937 0.00075
N 0.40661 0.40497 1.04170 0.16466
16%+-4% I Hz R 23 0.00279 0.44276 0.01167 0.00123
N 0.25584 0.43833 1.04170 0.11214
534
16%+-4% 10 Hz R 23 0.00326 0.49079 0.01167 0.00160
N 0.30199 0.47852 1.04170 0.14451
16%+-10% 1 Hz R 23 0.00330 0.44849 0.01167 0.00148
N 0.30454 0.43961 1.04170 0.13388
16%+-10% 10 Hz R 23 0.00573 0.34960 0.01167 0.00200
N 0.52158 0.34699 1.04170 0.18098
20%+-5% 1 Hz R 23 0.00417 0.38542 0.01458 0.00161
N 0.30429 0.38098 1.04170 0.11593
20%+-5% 10 Hz R 23 0.00460 0.41573 0.01458 0.00191
N 0.33592 0.40909 1.04170 0.13742
20%+-10% 1 Hz R 23 0.00401 0.46118 0.01458 0.00185
N 0.29187 0.45731 1.04170 0.13348
20%+-10% IOHz R 23 0.00469 0.46054 0.01458 0.00216
N 0.34091 0.45654 1.04170 0.15564
50
20% 0.00215 0.44368 0.00622 0.00095
N 0.46900 0.45110 1.41243 0.21157
30% 0.00524 0.23553 0.00933 0.00123
N 0.79200 0.23670 1.41243 0.18747
40% 0.00938 0.20495 0.01244 0.00192
N 1.05540 0.20500 1.41243 0.21636
50% 0.01254 0.20250 0.01555 0.00254
N 1.34900 0.20318 1.41243 0.27409
16% R 23 0.01223 0.20596 0.01582 0.00252
N 1.13500 0.20318 1.41243 0.23061
20% R 23 0.01539 0.22080 0.01977 0.00340
N 1.08960 0.22320 1.41243 0.24320
59
20% 0.00353 0.17740 0.00694 0.00063
N 0.92900 0.17500 1.82482 0.16258
30% 0.00563 0.19537 0.01041 0.00110
N 1.04000 0.18900 1.82482 0.19656
40% 0.00761 0.18441 0.01387 0.00140
N 1.05500 0.17900 1.82482 0.18885
50% 0.02333 0.06915 0.01734 0.00161
N 2.64000 0.07150 1.82482 0.18876
16% R 23 0.02301 0.08972 0.02044 0.00206
N 2.00980 0.09058 1.82482 0.18205
20% R 23 0.02757 0.09330 0.02555 0.00257
N 2.00870 0.09294 1.82482 0.18669
68
20% 0.00318 0.02516 0.00436 0.00008
N 1.60350 0.02502 2.17864 0.04012
30% 0.00469 0.06342 0.00654 0.00030
N 1.51270 0.06278 2.17864 0.09497
40% 0.00608 0.08287 0.00872 0.00050
N 1.45760 0.08479 2.17864 0.12358
50% 0.00958 0.06223 0.01090 0.00060
535
N 1.74940 0.06509 2.17864 0.11388
16% R 23 0.02865 0.06254 0.02440 0.00179
N 2.55910 0.06224 2.17864 0.15927
20% R 23 0.03777 0.05845 0.03050 0.00221
N 2.64230 0.05910 2.17864 0.15617
536
Curve Fit Results For PVDF
537
Dstc a b C a*b
-25 C
30% 0.00003 0.72455 0.00224 0.00002
N 0.02110 0.32694 0.24500 0.00690
45% 0.00048 0.10763 0.00336 0.00005
N 0.04216 0.21634 0.24500 0.00912
60% 0.00091 0.02611 0.00447 0.00002
N 0.05526 0.08844 0.24500 0.00489
30%+-20% 5 Hz 0.00161 0.03064 0.00224 0.00005
N 0.11492 0.05517 0.24500 0.00634
30%+-20% 10 Hz 0.00184 0.06285 0.00224 0.00012
N 0.17191 0.10589 0.24500 0.01820
30%+-20% 20 Hz 0.00235 0.04410 0.00224 0.00010
N 0.27819 0.07974 0.24500 0.02218
45%+-20% 5 Hz 0.00176 0.05881 0.00336 0.00010
N 0.11940 0.08065 0.24500 0.00963
45%+-20% 10 Hz 0.00274 0.03748 0.00336 0.00010
N 0.21474 0.04057 0.24500 0.00871
45%+-35% 5 Hz 0.00338 0.01159 0.00336 0.00004
N 0.20388 0.04246 0.24500 0.00866
45%+-40% 10 Hz 0.00963 0.03027 0.00336 0.00029
N 0.05069 0.03541 0.24500 0.00180
60%+-20% 5 Hz 0.00323 0.03980 0.00447 0.00013
N 0.17203 0.03565 0.24500 0.00613
60%+-20% 10 Hz 0.00852 0.03411 0.00447 0.00029
N 0.26591 0.05831 0.24500 0.01551
60%+-40% 5 Hz 0.00434 0.06650 0.00447 0.00029
N 0.23758 0.06681 0.24500 0.01587
60%+-50% 10 Hz 0.00507 0.03998 0.00447 0.00020
N 0.50693 0.03541 0.24500 0.01795
23 C
30% 0.00051 0.25511 0.00466 0.00013
N 0.02772 0.52603 0.51020 0.01458
45% 0.00092 0.21741 0.00699 0.00020
N 0.04769 0.38593 0.51020 0.01840
60% 0.00166 0.15950 0.00931 0.00026
N 0.08680 0.15497 0.51020 0.01345
30%+-10% 5 Hz 0.00361 0.04498 0.00466 0.00016
N 0.46993 0.11483 0.51020 0.05396
30%+-10% 10 Hz 0.00532 0.14302 0.00466 0.00076
N 0.46778 0.22464 0.51020 0.10508
30%+-10% 20 Hz 0.00940 0.03247 0.00466 0.00031
N 1.25190 0.09726 0.51020 0.12175
30%+-20% 5 Hz 0.00588 0.10434 0.00466 0.00061
N 0.58930 0.15102 0.51020 0.08900
30%+-20% 10 Hz 0.00658 0.12256 0.00466 0.00081
N 0.60962 0.23152 0.51020 0.14114
30%+-20% 20 Hz 0.00926 0.05649 0.00466 0.00052
538
N 1.49640 0.07155 0.51020 0.10706
45%+-10% 5 Hz 0.00799 0.13452 0.00699 0.00107
N 0.57686 0.17992 0.51020 0.10379
4 5%+-10% 10 Hz 0.01046 0.07706 0.00699 0.00081
N 4.91040 0.14397 0.51020 0.70695
45%+-10% 20 Hz 0.01670 0.05129 0.00699 0.00086
N 1.14510 0.09335 0.51020 0.10690
45%+-20% 5 Hz 0.01141 0.12024 0.00699 0.00137
N 0.84524 0.17164 0.51020 0.14508
45%+-20% 10 Hz 0.01545 0.12163 0.00699 0.00188
N 0.88145 0.12220 0.51020 0.10771
45%+-20% 20 Hz 0.01965 0.05465 0.00699 0.00107
N 1.66200 0.10827 0.51020 0.17994
45%+-35% 5 Hz 0.02105 0.09062 0.00699 0.00191
N 3.39370 0.26051 0.51020 0.88409
45%+-40% 10 Hz 0.02427 0.07090 0.00699 0.00172
N 1.64500 0.15269 0.51020 0.25118
60%+-10% 5 Hz 0.01329 0.09068 0.00931 0.00121
N 0.82770 0.08898 0.51020 0.07365
60%+-10% 10 Hz 0.02054 0.05736 0.00931 0.00118
N 1.77210 0.10382 0.51020 0.18398
60%+-10% 20 Hz 0.02309 0.08427 0.00931 0.00195
N 1.45140 0.06991 0.51020 0.10147
60%+-20% 5 Hz 0.01823 0.06827 0.00931 0.00124
N 1.12790 0.07497 0.51020 0.08456
60%+-20% 10 Hz 0.02164 0.10463 0.00931 0.00226
N 1.29630 0.11618 0.51020 0.15060
60%+-20% 20 Hz 0.02965 0.02535 0.00931 0.00075
N 1.88160 0.06955 0.51020 0.13086
60%+-40% 5 Hz 0.02619 0.03665 0.00931 0.00096
N 2.24500 0.08780 0.51020 0.19711
60%+-50% 10 Hz 0.04114 0.04651 0.00931 0.00191
N 5.94080 0.12160 0.51020 0.72240
APPENDIX N
Data Acquisition Programs
540
Data Acquisition Program for Tensile Testing
1351D : \V ib ro -C reep \L ab  p rog ramsM 350  Tens i le .v i
Last m od i f i e d  on 6 / 1 / 2 0 0 0  at 2 :42  PM 
Pr in ted  on 7 /1 8 / 2 000  at 5 :38  PM
c h a n n e ls  CO)
obO! sc 11 md2! 0:1 
Data
.......
- .c ^D a ia iIT e s ttf 1.dat
num be r o f  sam p le s /ch
^  . 
scan ra te  
(1000 scens/sec)
load IN)!
oT.
UadJIisjj
I 2OOJC
Page
541
Posi (mm)
[A ]
-Strain
Qh
channels (O)J
number o f samplcs/ch
G.igc Length (mm)
——  ——— ■ — — -- — _j
QmE-------------1
:an rate (1000 scans/sec) \
Load (lbs)
542
543
Data Acquisition Program for Temperature Measurement During Tensile Testing
D : \V i b ro -C reep \L ab  p rogramsM 350  Tens i le  Temp .v i1351
Last m od i f i e d  on 6 / 1 / 2 000  at 4 : 1 7  PM 
Pr i n ted  on 7 /1 8 / 2 000  at 5 :48 PM
CJC sensor type (IC) I Ulfr
■£&€L] [latest data (C)
[Tempera tu re  j
SCXIscan
[ thermocouple type I
' I
545
LI Il
546
Data Acquisition Program for Constant,Load Creep Testing of Solid Polymers
D : \V i b r o -C reep \L ab  p rog rams \C reep .v i Page ICree
Last m od i f i e d  on 6 / 1 / 2 0 0 0  at 1 :47  PM 
Pr in ted  on 7 / 1 8 / 2 0 00  at 5:51 PM
547
JJLTL lrp rL JT tJra  _J»i r  t _m in  pi  ^ N  O [0..4] M
liiZllcnnin ^OTO^OTfihri .n n'rTi“irn rrrrrp*i
548
4, i (o..4j Kffi-El-QI 3332
It] W IiiBn
P7 ru n  . f ^ ? r LS tra ln (mm/mm)!
iPolyjrier-1 Posj. (mrn) ]
QPR-I
iPolymer 1 Chan
I lbr
T nloW
i fQ d AlONE PT
rv<§ 1T B ^
— B >
" ^ z
[cjPolymer 1 Factor (mm /V); 
DPfc-]
Polymer I Offset (mm )'
[P E b  E M D  !Gage Length (mm);
,Tl
I 'I  Ji ItnTTfTT
549
TE 1 2 fn. 4] ► m g iB S g T E f f r a i g n i f f iiQTe i ^ T T ^T rp T T T ? ^
Polymer 2 Posi.Jmm)'
LHD
^Polymer 2 Channel ["j]—
FTb^ I------- 1 -
Al
ONE AT |= B > -
6>
E
Polymer 2 Offset (mm)
Unt] '
.Polymer 2 Factor (mm/V)
LHD-I
mfUiaWWiiwIfiTiflff IfBMIIIaHfzcbceeS deS
LHP
JPolymer 2 Strain (mm/mm)
[P D
■ fl«tll.K,„,
550
.!S:garQ^CxL;c,mmrQiTn~W'rrnTv-nwBfiiKi 3(0.4]VEQLmmaasarcBHSifii .ss im riH igazgTmBJBM I
J im eW a i t '
[O^ A----
1000.00 h B >
i
asponzi-^f I^ riM "Mirn^ ni' „ 0 iB pttct■BBS"~cm?BBiMaHaIOTEniQi
551
Polymer 2 Save File
• Polymer 1 File Save ‘
552
553
Data Acquisition Program for Constant Load ,Creep Testing of Solid Polymers
with a Load Cell
Last m od i f i e d  on 6 / 1 / 2 0 0 0  at 2 :43  PM 
Pr in ted  on 7 / 1 8 / 2 000  at 5 :50  PM
^ re6DAV ib ro -C reepXLab p rogramsXCreep  Loadce l l . v i Page I
Time W ait i
T em p e r a t u r e
P o lym e r  I Channe l  
3
P c ly m .r1 P c „  ,mm,
Polymer I  Offset (mm>
0.116748
Gape Length (mm) 
$ 5 0 .8 0
P o lym e f  I F i le  Save 
\  c : \Tes l#2.da t 
P o lym e r  2 Save Fi le
P o lym e r  2 Channe l  
2
? ! 4-
jPolymer 2 Offsat lmm li
A? 4»
t h e rm o c o u p le  t y p e  
$  J 'h e rm o c .u p l ,
CJC s e n s o r  t y p e  (IC) 
B "wmblor j 1
l a t e s t  d a te  I C  . $ / 1 ^
554
p m z r a i c m i U  O [0..6]
.....  m  pglil
I
!CEEE■WasefilHB  ET.T fr rnrnr^ rrT.n^ETnT-n Tnrrrrnrr n CfrrrTnn-TTn -■HBIlBai ■seiieg*!DcCEDi
555
■KitiWHieillS; m m Q : m ie iim is , [n L i i i n i a i i i r  gTQ '''a i3n5 :"nT iT i'M Te
Time Wait ! 
I D B L - I—
1000.00
mdMqadmtmQmgiiWNkiWmWmWmRmMa&maaRWBmg*,
0
z a : o i i E [ ^ i z c c c L @ n n ; o i ^  u j Z i i i D z r o ' c r ' n  T m r t T m n ; n  'H iT n T T r r r r g
556
gigjmgjgffSiggrtlj IiMifffttWBftaatWMigitatftffaBaWiBiLi■+ 2 I0-6) ►
;CJC xemor type ( IC )  r in g
{*CL] latest data (C)J
^Temperature!*■ " i — * — • — - •
Icaji
■thermocouple type |
I;F I i i C - L __i _  — I ____ I
IBaBaAlawaiaMtaiaatItaBaIiaMalitaaaI *W@a@aMaBaBaWaWaiaBaBa«aaamaMaffaM3%%
557
po lymer 1 Strain (mm/mm)!
Polymer 1 Posi. (mm)
Polymer 1 Chann,"'-
Polymer l  Offset (mm)'G_age Length (mm)
FnhTl I-EfiED
Polymer I Gage Factor (mm/V)
jm*5| SBSgBiBiB
558
iiiwa»iB«Tiiiiifiiir»aiiijgMBr«iiiiiarii)^ fTrTTnTM-HTT m a ^ o :
Polymer 2 Posi. (mm)
Polymer 2 Channel H T -
[Polymer 2 Offset (mm)
'[M ]'
Polymer 2 Gage Factor (mm/V)
Bljg-J
.Polymer 2 Strain (mm/mm);
EBD '
JS___13
mEzmanzoznoi
559
6] TTTTn‘5 5  (0 ..
load cell ch ’
560
6 [0 . . 6 ]
Polymer 2 Save File '
Polymer. I File Save
!.Qiamzmmrn ittoHDricoiDcniDiccD!
aiO)
562
Data Acquisition Program for Constant Load Creep Testing of Thin Films
,D : \V ib ro -C reep \L ab  p rog rams \PVDF  C reep .v i Page IPVC
Last m o d i f ie d  on 6 /1 /2 0 0 0  at 2 :45  PM 
P r in ted  on 7 /1 8 /2 0 0 0  at 5:51 PM
563
TOTcccco
WHigftliMllHKliHiiiawigM; IwawBwgwHwHwHwi iwawHWRwHwftwi TDiO\D^Ci"a-.nxtTl'>n?ngnTi;
564
r a m n n m s :
iCJC sensor  type ( IC) I U16^
-• —  - - -  ■ - — ■ • - , '
•f&Ct] latest data (C)_!
!Temperature
SCXIscan
i ^ e r m o e o u p l e  type
I I l l C - J -  I — . - Y - I  _____ I
565
;■ ,
IMWHfraBgftlHwHHiOM
566
Pqsitjon (mm );
Position
0.19685 j Position (mm)
567
ewm
0
OlO)
CO
mW#iaM mNWmMmMmBmww in iNmMm^m,%mMmhmi3#k*mTTTT-H^TmTTrr CmTrrH^ TPTrn:-'MjamftmBmlmSw
SHffmi
a
I I kL I I
% - 1Al
ONE PT
nrn j^rTnTr^^rrn-^kP
M5lHSil^B8e¥*
rr
-W U l
- I> B L
0.0931 15864231
Zmrcmrrm-Hinr lend
569
6 [0..9 ]
570
! 7 [ 0 . 9]
!Acceleration
Q H
■KWffiH
a - AlONE PT
I—
[0.02374 I
I Em7a}§i]m:.@TTTYrS^ IT TTT 'CTnrrrnTT eHefleHeHeaeBeCeWeT m n rr
571
Seconds to wait
1000
a n j ^ " [Z [i:.a±]% rp[rnrTTnrrTrn:.'n-nTrniim'n--rrrT. I -gCT'rm.rrn  TT.rr. ,-r,TiTiTrr *
572
TemperatureTime
rD'rrn^nTiTnrrT^.-n-ri-rt'ri-r
573
574
Data Acquisition Program for Vibrocreep of Solid Polymers
D : \V ib ro -C re ep \L a b  p rog ramsM  350  V ib ro c re e p .v i Page I1351
Last m o d i f ie d  on 6 /1 /2 0 0 0  at 2:51 PM 
P r in ted  on 7 /1 8 /2 0 0 0  at 5 :4 9  PM
575
rg m I0-3J^n PTTTT TTnTfTTT Tf m jjiiH  Z Z  P  PTn rrrT1 r rn 1 rrr
0
576
S ;H W»ll (loop)
C«B------
[<
ijiJjB g ■ ^ ■ Ifi ti ■ fc ■ # a f m gm km  * ml* m6*U*] .6] ►im3TJ0Tni01JfT^ Tt,D^jgffg-n~rf^ r^ inTn-i-'.'tyfT'ff ■ fTtTTn-fYrr n i
Seconds to
Leae<et)e&TieSiiaegiJItI rrarrp.s nrr,rnTn-ni
578
TMT^ n TTMTTTT'
'CJC sensor
Input L im its '
continuous acq
output units (vo lts) h
iction  channe l bu ffe r sizeI- .——.. r— —I OUllBl »12«
^obD I i c l  l [ S i y  ih ie r n m ^ n d  H  l j A } ^ x > — ' F«l"
▻  number o f chans* —
[number of ja m p le s  to average for each data point (100 ) ]
la te s t tem pera t▻ temp sensor vo ltage*
thermocouple type (J) j
JC  sensor type (tC Sensor) ,
579
TrrtTnTrrr n'Tf rm:nrrmTFr 'cm-OTr rrrm  Mrrrrn^ m
r - l - *  Cti|
580
>lax Posi (mm)
HjD
ium Strain
Max Strain
Gage Length (mm)
LbK J ------------ J
------Max Load (N) —
------♦H ID
Load „ b „
M,n Lo!.3%V I
--tift-j L Min Load (lbs) 1
TTLn TT rrn:rm»rm1 LDDTaxmxrmiaD; crnTrrmirTn 'HTTTTTmrrrmi
581
■HEiieiageSeSB:
MumldJ,;] r -K
GB-----L'fl •hc rt
£>-
'Humidily %j
LsoTj '
■imieMBaele, TtTnrrrrmnTirrr,'[±] [±J l±J |U ....... gugMKmiii
■WeaetB lsetteMeeelle)lB 'jie ite#el«BBe*B
e to ..6 i ►!I Jy D .'Q 'D T lynn'n'rt riri'n '^ -^n’ mrrtTi riTrnTi-n n-rv-^
M Q P n  I-TTFn=Trn n g q  rm m l ^  ffe lrm -Jr) Q g g g S g i
583
QTFnrrrrrm^ nTrnrpr
2 I" 31 ►?
channels (O) copy
Length (mm)j
scan fa te  (1000 scans/sac) copy
584
3 [o..3j K^l’P ’^rrTTTTrrn'rprTrrr rtT  nrnTrrYTVTT,!! T
585
'586
Data Acquisition Program for Vibrocreep of Thin Films
D : \V ib ro -C re ep \L a b  p rog rams \PVDF  V i b ro c re ep .v i Page IPVD
Last m o d i f ie d  on 6 /1 /2 0 0 0  at 4 :22  PM 
Prin ted  on 7 /1 8 /2 0 0 0  at 5:51 PM
587
e^. H-IiJiF1 W jW l■•■■■■■ne »eiie*e6a
588
urmr-t, io..11 ►nmimi
I
EB l * , « l „ l , ! ,  I . . ,  I C s ______________ ,
kf  — ^  i
ttn ^ rrrJ X
589
,CJC senso r type  H O  f u i ^
590
■< Zje--SU
591
592
593
l-n  ritn  FT n  rrvTTvrrnT i ,n rr  n-i
594
I!H y il i c a i  ra ta  ItOOO ic a a ifiT c ) ]
595
i  mu
E
^  1
TImT1
ED I-ESI
m.......
■lejdeeefeite iniiii
596
597
APPENDIX O
i.
Macros for Data Management
598
Samples Macro
Macro recorded 8/10/99 by Shane Schumacher
Sub Sam ples() "
Tim = '45 ,:
.. Column = I  .
C o lumncounte r =O  • .
SaveColumn = 1 6
comp2 = 3 ' ■ ■ ■
Do U n t i l  ' Column-counter > 12
Row = 1  /
SaveRow = I  
Rowcounter = I
Mynum = S hee ts ( "S h e e t l" ) . C e lls (R ow , Column)
Do U n t i l  Rowcounter > Tim 
comp = Rowcounter / 5  
Do U n t i l  Mynum > comp Or Mynum =. comp
Mynum = Sheets (" .S hee tl" )  .C e lls  (Row, Column)
Row = Row + I  
Loop .
MinusColumn = Column ^
MinusRow = Row -  I
Do U n t i l  MinusColumn > comp2
S he e ts ("S h ee tl" ) .C e lls (S a veR ow , SaveCblumn) = S h e e ts ("Sh 
e e t l " ) . C e lls (M inusR ow , MinusColumn)
.MinusColumn •= MinusColumn + 1  
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + I
Loop
SaveColumn = SaveColumn -  3 
SaveRow = SaveRow + 1  
Rowcounter = Rowcounter +. I  
Loop •
. Co lumhcounte r = Co lumncounter + 3 
Column = Column + 3 
SaveColumn '= SaveColumn + 3 
comp2 = comp2 + 3
Loop -
End Sub
I599
1 AveS Macro
' Macro re co rd ed  8 /1 0 /9 9  by Shane Schumacher
Sub A ve5 () -
T im  = .4 5 - ■
Columnl = 16 •
Column2 = 19 
Columns = 22
Column4 = 2 5  ■ \
Columns = 28 
Column = I  
SaveColumn = 3 1  
Do U n t i l  Column > 3
‘ Row = 1  '
Do U n t i l  Row > Tim  ■
myNuml = S he e ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R ow , Co lum n l) 
myNum2 = S h e e ts ("S h ee tl" ) ..C e lls (R ow , . Column2) 
myNum3 = S h e e ts ("S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Column3)
. myNum4 = S h e e ts ("S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Cqlumn4) 
myNumS = S h e e ts ("S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Columns) 
t o t a l  = (myNuml + myNum2 + myNum3 + myNum4 + myNumS) /  5 
■’ Sheets ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls  (Row, SaveColumn) = t o t a l  
Row = Row + I
Loop
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + I
Co lumnl = Column! + I
Column2 = Column2 + I
Column3 = Columns 4- I
Column4 = Column4 + I
Columns = Columns 4~ I
Column = Column +' I
Loop .
End Sub
600
. '  DynSamAve Macro
' Macro, re co rd ed  8 /1 0 /9 9  by Shane SchumacherI '
' . . ■ '
. Sub DynSamAve() •
T im  = 45 ’ ... '
Column = 1  
Co lum ncoun te r = 0 
SaveColumn = 2 2  '
comp2 = 7
Do U n t i l  Co lumncounter > 14 
Row = 1  
SaveRow = I  
Rowcounter = I  •
Mynum = S hee ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R ow , Column)
Do U n t i l  Rowcounter > Tim 
comp = RowCounter /  5 
Do U n t i l  Mynum > comp Or Mynum = comp
Mynum = S he e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R ow , Column)
Row = Row +■ I  ■
Loop . . .
MinusColumn = Column 
. MinusRow = Row ' - I  
Do U n t i l  MinusColumn > comp2
S he e ts ("S h ee tl" ) -C e lls (S a veR ow , SaveColumn) = S he e ts ( "Sh 
e e t l " ) . C e lls (M inusR ow , M inusColumn)
MinusColumn = MinusColumn + 1
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + I  . .
Loop
SaveColumn = SaveColumn - 7  
SaveRow = SaveRow + I  
Rowcounter = Rowcounter + 1
Loop > ■ '  . ■_
Co lumncounte r = Columncounter + 7
Column- = Column + 7
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + 7
comp2 = comp2 + 7
Loop '
601
' Sub -AveDyh3 () - -
T im  — 45 • . '
Columnl = 22 ,
Column2 = 2 9  
Columns = 3 6  
Column = I
SaveColumn = 4 3  ■
Do U n t i l  Column > 7 '
Row = I
Do U n t i l  Row > Tim
myNuml = S hee ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R ow , C o lum n l) 
myNum2 = S h e e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Column2) 
myNum3 = S hee ts ( " s h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R ow , Columns) 
t o t a l  = (myNuml + myNum2 + myNum3) /  3 
S h e e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) . C e lls (R ow , SaveColumn) = t o t a l  
Row = Row + 1  
Loop '
SaveColumh = SaveColumn + I  
Columnl = Columnl + I
Column2 = Co lumns'+ I
Column3 = ColumnS + 1  .
Column = Column + I  
. . Loop 
End Sub
' AveDyn3 Macro
■' Macro recorded -8/10/99 by Shane Schumacher
602
' STensile Macro
1 Macro recorded 8/10/99 by Shane Schumacher
Sub T e n s i le S ()
•' S t r a in  = 40 ' ' '•
Column.= I  ■
Co lum ncounte r = 0  
SaveColumn = 7 
comp2 = 2
Do U n t i l  Co lumncounter > 4  
Row = I  
SaveRow = 1
Rowcounter = 1  '
Mynum = S hee ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R pw , Column)
Do U n t i l  Rowcounter > S t ra in  
comp = Rowcounter /  100 
Do U n t i l  Mynum > comp Or Mynum = comp
Mynum = S hee ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R ow , Column)
Row = Row + I  
Loop
MinusColumn = Column
MinusRow = Row -  I  . .
Do U n t i l  MinusColumn > comp2
S he e ts ("S h e e tl" ) .C e lls (S a veR ow , SaveColumn) = S he e ts ( "Sh 
e e t l " ) . C e lls (M inusR ow , MinusColumn)
MinusColumn =' MinusColumn + ' I  ■ '
.SaveColumn = SaveColumn + 1  
Loop
SaveColumn = SaveColumn -  2 
SaveRow = SaveRow + I  
Rowcounter =■ Rowcounter + I
Loop
Co lumncounte r = Columncounter + 2 
Column = Column + 2  
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + 2 
comp2 = comp2 + 2
Loop
End Sub
603
.'Sub T e n s ile A ve 3 .() 1 '
T im  = 4 0  ' ■ ' - - -
Co lumnl = 7
Column2 = 9
Column3 = 11
Column = I - ' -
SaveColumn = 13
Do U n t i l  Column > 2
Row = 1  ,
' Do U n t i l  Row > Tim
myNuml = S hee ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R ow , Column!) 
myNum2 = S hee ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Column2) 
myNum3.= S hee ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R ow , Columns) 
t o t a l  = (myNuml + myNum2 + myNum3) /  3 
Sheets ( "S h e e t l" )_ .C e lls  (Row, SayeColumn) = t o t a l  
Row = Row + I
Loop
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + I  
Columnl = .Columnl + 1
Column2 = Columns + I  •
ColumriS = Columns + I
Column = Column + ' I  
Loop- •' ■ ,
End Sub • ■
' 3TensileAve Macro
' Macro recorded 8/10/99 by Shane Schumacher
604
1 S T en s ile  Macro
1 Macro re co rd ed  8 /1 0 /99  by Shane Schumacher 
!
Sub- T ens ileSO - ; • -.
- S t r a in  = 4 0  
Column = I  
C o lum ncounte r = 0- 
SaveColumn = 11 
comp2 = 2
Do U n t i l  Columncounter > 8 
Row = I  
SaveRow = I  
Rowcounter = 1
Myhum = S hee ts ( "S hee tI " ) .C e lls (R ow , Column)
Do U n t i l  Rowcounter > S t ra in  
comp = Rowcounter /  100 
Do■U n t i l  Mynum > comp Or Mynum = comp 
-Mynum = Sheets ( " S h e e t l " ) '.C e lls  (Row, Column) 
Row = Row + I  
Loop
MinusColumn = Column
MinusRow = Row -  I
Do U n t i l  MinusColumn > comp2
S hee ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e l ls (SaveRow, SaveColumn) 
e e t l " ) .C e lls (M inusR ow , MinusColumn)
• MinusColumn = MinusColumn + . I- 
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + I
■ Loop
SaveColumn = SaveColumn -  2 
SaveRow = SaveRow + I  
Rowcounter = Rowcounter + I
Loop
Columncounter = Columncounter + 2 
Column = Column +  2 
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + 2 
comp 2 = comp2 + 2.
Loop
End Sub
S hee ts ( "Sh
605
Sub TenAveS () " ' ..
•Ti'm = 4 0  
Columnl = 11 
Column2 = 1 3
Columns = 1 5  ,
Column4 = 17 7
Columns =•19 
Column = 1  
SaveColumn = 2 1  
Do U n t i l  Column > 2  
Row = I
Do U n t i l  Row > Tim .
myNuml = S h e e ts ( " S h e e t l " ) .C e lls (R ow , C o lum n l) 
myNum2 = S h e e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Column2) 
myNum3 = S h e e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e l ls (R o w ,• Column3) 
myNum4 = S he e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Column4) ■ 
myNumS = S he e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , Columns) 
t o t a l  = (myNuml + myNum2 ,+ myNum3 + myNum4 + myNumS) /  5 
S h e e ts ( "S h e e t l" ) .C e lls (R o w , SaveColumn) = t o t a l  
Row = Row + 1  
Loop'
SaveColumn = SaveColumn + I .
Columnl = Columnl + 1  
.Column2 = CoIumn2 + I  
Columns'=  Columns + I  
Column4 = Column4 + 1  
Columns = Columns + I
Column = Column + I  ' . ■
Loop ■ .
End Sub
' STenAve Macro
' Macro recorded 8/10/99 by Shane Schumacher .
APPENDIX P
Manufacture Material Data for Nylon 6/6 and PVDF
607
P rodu c t In fo rm a t io n
Z y t e l
nylon resin
Z y te P  4 2 A  NCO lO
NvIan Kesin
Zy tel© 42A NCO10 is a high viscosity molding and extrusion grade PA 66 resin, suitable for film 
and cubing applications.
Property Test Method Uaits V ,
D A M
Jue
117 .2  (1 7 .0 ) 111 (1 6 .1 )
8 5 S  (1 2 .4 ) 7 7 .2  (1 1 .2 )
5 8 .6  (8 .5 ) 4 0 .7  ( 5 .9 )
4 3 .4  (6 .3 ) 3 2 .4  (4 .7 )
117 .2  (1 7 .0 ) 111 (1 6 .1 )
X S J  (1 2 .4 ) 5 9 .3  ( 8 .6 )
5 8 .6  (8 .5 ) 4 0 .7  ( 5 .9 )
35.1  (5 .1 ) 3 2 .4  (4 .7 )
5
5 30
30 3 0
30 3 0
15 3 5
SO > 3 " 0
155 > 3 0 0
2 0 0 > 3 0 0
6 6 .2  (9 .6 ) 6 3 .4  ( 9 .1 )
324J  (4 7 0 ) 3 A 7  ( 5 0 0 )
2 8 2 7  (4 1 0 ) 1 207  ( 1 7 5 )
6 90  (1 0 0 ) 5 6 5  ( 8 2 )
5 3 8  (7 8 ) 4 1 4  ( 6 0 )
M e s h a n ic a l  
T e n s ile  S tre n g th  
- 4 G C ( -M )F )
2 3 C ( 7 3 F )
7 7 C (1 7 U F )
IZ IC (Z S O F )
T e n s ile  S tre n g th  a t Y ie ld  
- 4 0 C  (A O F )
2 3 C  (7 3 F )
7 7 C ( 1 7 0 F )
I Z IC ( IS O P )
E lo n g a t io n  a t V lc Id  
A O C (A O F )
23C (73F)
7 7 C O 7 0 P )
IZ iC ( Z S O F )
E lo n g a t io n  a t B re a k  
A O C (A O F )
2 3 C  ( 7 3 F )
7 7 C ( 1 7 0 F )
1 2 1 C (2 5 0 F )  
S h c a x S trc n g th  
F le s n r a l  M o d n h is  
A O C (A O F )
2 3  C  (7 3  F )
7 7 C  ( I 7 0 F )
I 2 IC ( 2 5 0 F )
A S T M  D  638
A S T M  D  638
A S T M  D  638
A S T M  D  638
A S T M  D  732  
A S T M  D  790
M P a  (k p n i)
M P a  ( k p s )
M F a  (k p s i)  
M P a  (fcps i)
Cor=Zt tXii’act fnrM ticriil SrCsytXu Sbe«e jt.-.eal Jtittes Eid/a-aiidaiiml Bfamuxia ih*n xaeukooe- hesllnj,peeize. drtini. e 
Wo-6reirtJ proper= es OK=Mirr= sr U-C ITyrj O-Jc il odicniK K a t i
ZyaFj^ i IXPoat rrpsred C=Jr==*.
TN 'sm, •atnn pi mi* Uiw »ftod Crrop irv ij. U» UJf Iiatitc UJyxd It Uve ±iU of [XjhLuaCun. Thus InTcrmJCian r a j  ba MihjaJl Ui ry>ijJtn »3 nrm
/ c jy  «nU cxpaIaKachaafTo rrsDJ^c The 4#U pr.i%i4cl fell *riHn the m itra l Oa y  uf p ra ter pr^palWa n d  rrljtc  uniy Ui the i p c HcraleeiaI A-Nyoied; 
tfceie daU szjy nU k  valid f i r  mk* rato-LsI tz**I b  c v i r l i . % U h  an/ u tln  ira iaUb i f  sd(ltti>om in H i/  ^  VtiIcm cXjTcvif jxiicuved «*hcrv»lad. The 4<'a 
^n/> at4^ r Ul c^abluh .^dJ iha litn  Ii=ItLi la uw j aline a» 0“.a b o o  u f timipV. the/ afr *4 i Htcniicl tu Xi MJ UlC f t f  an/ Ie4n^/'4J !Ta/ HecJ Ui
UfxJuu Uj dcfcesTraV f tr  jm vc'.fvhc xc tsh lil/  u f a ^fvdrUrmiceial f t z / u f  pm lvulx pupt**«>, JC CLPuil c inn ii a n ic f iU  jTI v a if iu a iln  *.tud erx!#uw
ix n t l l iv o  E t i1UTi mahn nu % m arnica and uvu.-ea rxi IU M it/ in UsaioJiun »Uh *.1/ u»c uf IflJrt Infif=ULun. S C p i ’lt* AkptXcWUsi U lohe uUMLjadl *  a 
hccTtoe U itfKn le  tadcr t ra  r»ajn=nrndait\ai U> h f r in y  an/ patent 1 i^+K*. CauUfn LXi nit vue thiajNieJoa JJi ITTeJidl appJio<ui> in>ilvhiu ptrrazvn tTTpUXeun 
in the h tr-unK *!/. F i^U h tf  rrvScdarplioU tna WM-CkAniMcdaal C iulitn Sbierant*.!J.3Td.S Ca I UUfOL
Start with DuPont Ecgmeering Polymers - www.duponLoonVenggpolymers
608 P roduc t In fo rm a tio n
Z y te l8 4 2 A  NCO lO
P r o p o t j Teal Mttaud U n llb V a lu e
D A M 5 U % R H
M c c a a a ic a ]
T e n s ile  Im p a e t S tA tn g th  
L o n g  s p e c im e n  
Iz o d  Im p a c t  
U O C ( ^ to F )
23CP3F)
A S T M D  1822  
A S T M  D  2 56
kJ /tr.2  ( f t  IbA nZ ) 
J /m  ( l i  IbA n )
535  (2 5 5 )
3 2  (0 .6 )  
M  (1 .2 )
2 7  (0 .5 )  
133 (2 .5 )T lld J  Lu itl
H e a t D e f le c t io n  T c m p c ra a re A S T M  D  M X •C  C F )
O -S jM P a  (AA ps i) 2 10  (4 1 0 )
I . XM Pa  (2 A 4 p s i) AS (1 4 9 )
C L T E ,  P a raJ le l A S T M  D  696 E -4 /C  (E -V F ) 0 .7  (0 .3 9 )
M e l t in g P o in t A S T M D 3 4 I X eC  C F ) 263  (5 0 5 )
T h e rm a l C o n d u c t iv it y A S T M  C  177 W m K  (B tu  i .V h  ft2  F )
C o n e o -F itc h  a pp a ra tu s 0 .25  (1 .7 )
-EJ-actrica l ..
V o lu rn e  R c s is d s i ty A S T M  D  257 ohm  cm I E l 5 I E 1 3
D ie le c t r ic  C o n s ta n t A S T M D  150
IE 2 H Z 4 .0 8 .0
IE 3  K z 3 .9 7 .0
IE A K z 3 .6 4 .6
D is s ip a t io n  F a c to r A S T M D  150
IE Z K z 0 .0 1 0 .2 0
I E J K z 0 0 2 0 .2 0
IE A H z 0 .02 0 .1 0
A r c  R c s is ts n c e A S T M  D  495 H H O
CTT U L  7.S6A V > 5 0 0
J l a n m a b l l i t y
F la m m a b i l i t y  C la s s if ic a t io n U L M
O .v jm m  (O .OZX in) K B
I -5m m H 3
3 .0m j3 i V -2
6  Umm V -Z
R a t in g  @ T h ic k n e s s U L y - i H B
T h ic k n e s s  T e s te d U L 9 4 c im 0.71
H ig h  A m p e ra g e  A re  Ig n it io n  R es is ta n ce U L 7 4 A A arcs . 182
H ig h V o l t a g c  A r e  T ra c V in g R a ic L iL  7 - iA A rr .m /m in  ( in / in in ) 2 5 .9  (1 .0 2 )
H o t  V i i r e  Ig n i t io n U L Z d A A S 35
I a n p e r a t a r t  I n d e x
R T L  E le c t r ic a l U L  7 4 6 B 0C
0 .7 1 m m 125
I J m m 125
3 .Om rn  I 125
I A .Omm  I 125
[XJ1==: fbrMcadcJ SsfetyIXa SbecL peaeal pslo sad/c addL' Cd LCfavxLna Zbxx VcdOhrica.bscdlin;. pcrp.ip. err,
Mectcdrd prpcdo « ZJiC fT r^) U=Icm o/hr.-vwe iacd.
Z y e I * t> a C X rd n fr rd a e rd  e-sdcn=d .  9 ^ 3 I ^ I 0 U
Ir* mkastwun p n *> i& 4 m ihisiju sfexe ajrmpavliU»7*lr>n t ' r l - f . c  iuk^a i  K ihs :h« uf iL' puhiuatii"'. ThL« ei6.rr.t*Lin irry hc e^ a^ui u» «r*i«itswi i»r* ~—"
Vrow1edL*  Mrd d(*r.ey*:-bcs.veB a>-a£!jhl7. Thr («m 4 r4  K l  ^ I ik b  X r (TieluUfri^KVics vxl filste  i# ilj ui'Xc ^xl : I -Jol^suixi'
UNxdiJ^ i n ;  rue r *  v*L4 L r  rtiA an iin a t Ux=J ciKUntiautiia V lc  cry liker s i^edrli {jr.u tf . 'h n K c i m / p rv rf* , nhIcts m^ rca Ij IzdL-VteltAlxr^vc T ie  <5*1* 
pr/vukxl 'he .-J  n i l hr e e j  Ui o i r h N ' 'fvxdriN^4u<l lim iu  i« u e j  "«2<Ar ^rkvfcutLivf they vent A iXx.xJc-J Li mJhtiLJe Ttraty kwizg yvecay Ttcad Lu
vevJtrj o» dacrmrr* f i r  y tm lf ik e s tc u lx iiy  o f a ^xrvific mMarihl Tu y w  perGvul*# Si-xe CXP «il UBiim < r4 lc ife *e n  *:UoI en l-ue •
v u ld L iru  D j nuXo  Hu * errcu lo a>l is a c ie i no IubTity in izm e d u i >tiL"t xrry me uf lfc£a, izfurr-atiun. Nufcb; in thb pAScrim  b  L ib i o ru id rrs l o a 
Vtxmc Li tfcnAc 'nda  te ,  reomnTendaLrt tv infcng* aty p iim tr i^U k  Cauliitn D i nut w  IkZs Itu ImI  in =XfJ v J qtfCuelluca fvr=j.-xnl LrrfinUlJm
m the h cu n b u ly . F tr «ho  tredvel ^ fiU a lite i* *(X ?uu  McJUal C^uJui *? i*a rxn lMW U «  t r  H .fO lU l
Start viith DuPont Er.^iiieering Polymers • wwtv^luponLconVej^gptiyrars
609 P ro d u c t In fo rm a t io n
Z y te P  4 2 A  NCO lO
P r o p e r t y T e s TM e J h o d U o i t s V
D A M
l in e
I I c m p e r a t u r e  In d e x
I  X fc c h z n ic d J  w it h  I /u p a c t
I  0 . 7 1 m m  
I I 5 m m  
I  3 .0 m m  
J 6 .0 m m
I ^TTL  M a r h u r ic a ]  w ith o u t  Im p a c t 
I  0 . 7 1 m m  
I 1 .5 m m  
I  3 .0 m m  
I  6 .0 m m
U L  7 4 6 3  
U L  7 4 6 3
“ C
• c
65
7 5
7 5
75
65
85
85
85
I S p e c if ic  G ra v i ty  
I  H a r d n c s ; .  R o c k w e l l  
I  S c a le  M  
I  S c a le  R  
I T a b e r  A b m a io n  
C S -1 7  W h e e l.  1 k g . HXlO c y c le s  
I W a te r  A b s o rp t io n  
I  Im m e r s io n  2 4 h  
I S a tu ra t io n  
I  M o ld  S h r in k a g e
I F lo w .  3.2m m  (0.126i ; i )
I  B r i t t le n e s s  T em p e ra  ta re
A S T M D  793  
A S T M  D  785
A S T M D  1644 
A S T M  D  570
A S T M  D  746
m g
4
Sc.
1C  C F )
1 .14
■ : l
KO
121
1.2
I
-1 0 0  ( - 1 4 8 )
6 0
108
4
-u s  ( - 1 7 1 )  j
I  M e l t  T c rn p c ra iu n :  R a n g e  
I D r y in g  T im e .  D e h u m id if ie d  D ry e r
0C  ( T )  
h
^ 0 - 3 0 5  (5 3 0 -5 3 0 )
j  D r y in g  T em p e ra tu re  
I  P ro c e s s in g  M o is tu re  C o n te n t
=C C F )  
Sr
8 0  (1 7 5 )
< 0 .0 5■ nMm i ui* wr» +nsJbc* j
~ V . , ---------  -Zir-J lu,iC; ^ rr ^r=?«m» roucd % ZfC Ilt-Fj =Il  ^=d<r«,: t i ,rL 
Zyr=Pt* a OsriDPa rr^Krrsd trsfcncrK.
Start with DuPbnt Engmceriii= Ptijmsr= - VtT^duponf-Cointenggpolynwre
Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual
Internet Version August, 1998
610
T a b le  2 . C o m p a r is o n  o f  p ie z o e le c t r ic  m a te r ia ls
P ro p e r ty U n its P V D F  F i lm P Z T B aT iO ,
D e n s ity IC fkgZmS 1.78 7.5 5.7
R c lau vc  Pem iicdv icy e /e  o 12 1,200 1,700
d!,, C on s ta n t ( IO 12)C ZN 23 H O 78
C ons ta n t ( IO 2)V m Z N 216 10 5
C ons tan t %  a t I  kH z 12 30 21
A c o u s tic  Im pedance (IO 2)IcgZm2-Scc. 2.7 30 30
OPERATING PROPERTIES FOR A TYPICAL PIEZO FILM ELEMENT
T h e  D T l  e le m e n t is a s ta n d a rd  M S I  p ie z o  f i lm  c o n f ig u ra t io n  c o n s is t in g  o f  a 1 2 x 3 0  m m  a c tiv e  area 
p r in te d  w i t h  s i lv e r  in k  e le c tro d e s  o n  b o th  su rfa ces  o f  a 1 5 x4 0  m m  d ie - c u t  p ie z o  p o ly m e r  subs tra te .
1 . E le c t r o - M e c h a n ic a l  C o n v e r s io n
( I  d ir e c t io n )  2 5  x  1 0 ',2m /V ,  7 0 0  x  10  ‘ N / V  
(3  d ire c t io n )  3 3  x  1 0 ',2m / V
2 . M e c h a n o - E le c t r i c a l  C o n v e r s io n
( I  d ir e c t io n )  1 2  x  IO  2V p / : ,  4 0 0  x  10  2V / p m  1 4 .4 V /N  
(3  d ir e c t io n )  13  x  10"2V / N
3 . P y r o - E le c t r i c a l  C o n v e r s io n
8 V / ° K ( @ 2 5 ° Q
4 . C a p a c i ta n c e
1 .36  x  10  T ;  D is s ip a t io n  F a c to r  0 .0 1 8  @  10 K H z  Im p e d a n c e  @  10  K H z  1 2  K I2
5 . M a x im u m  O p e r a t in g  V o lta g e
D C :  2 8 0  V  (y ie ld s  7  p m  d is p la c em e n t in  I  d ire c t io n )
A C :  8 4 0  V  (y ie ld s  21  p m  d is p la c em e n t in  I  d ire c t io n )
6 . M a x im u m  A p p l i e d  F o r c e  ( a t  b r e a k ,  I  d i r e c t io n )
6 -9  k g F  (y ie ld s  v o lta g e  o u tp u t  o f  8 30  to  1275  V )
Electrical to Mechanical Conversion
L a rg e  d is p la c em e n ts  o r  fo rc e s  a re  n o t  g e n e ra lly  
a v a ila b le  f r o m  P ie z o  F i lm .  T h is  b e com e s  a p p a re n t 
w h e n  d e s ig n in g  lo u d s p e a k e r  e lem en ts  f o r  in s ta n c e , as 
lo w  f re q u e n c y  p e r fo rm a n c e  (b e lo w  5 0 0 H z )  te n d s  to  
b e  v e r y  l im i te d .  E v e n  a la rge  shee t o f  f i lm  is  u nab le  
to  c re a te  h ig h  a m p l i tu d e  p ressu re  pu lse s  as lo w  a u d io  
fre q u e n c ie s . T h is  d oes  n o t  a p p ly , h o w e v e r , t o  lo w  to  
h ig h  fre q u e n c y  u lt ra s o n ic  fre q u en c ie s , as seen in  
c u r r e n t  d e s ig n s  f o r  u lt ra s o u n d  a ir  ra n g in g  tra n sduce rs  
(4 0 -5 0  k H z )  a n d  in  m e d ic a l u lt ra s o n ic  im a g in g  
a p p lic a t io n s .
F ig u r e  4 . D T l  E le m e n t
.«[izu]
-  I . U  [41.40] ■ 
a :  [7 .14] —
T 1.1« [21M] —
-tr-
M [i«za]
I
1_
C.001 [0 .23 ]
SOTCTpczo nm
SVCT **  Ee5CiiYC
Measurement Specialties. Inc.. P.O. Box 799. VaJley Forge, PA 19432 610.650.1500 FAX 610.650.1509 
This MSI controlled document is subject to change.
Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual
Internet Version August, 1998
611
T a b le  2 . C o m p a r is o n  o f  p ie z o e le c t r i c  m a te r ia ls
P ro p e r ty U n i ts P V D F F i lm P Z T B a T iO 3
D e n s ity IO2IcgZm l 1.78 7.5 5.7
R e la tiv e  P e rm it t iv ity =Ze o 12 1,200 1,700
J 31 C o n s ta n t ( IO 12)C ZN 23 H O 78
C on s ta n t ( IO 2)V m Z N 216 10 5
A31 C on s ta n t %  a t I  k H z 12 30 21
A c o u s t ic  Im pedance (IO 6)IcgZm2-Sec. Z 7 30 30
OPERATING PROPERTIES FOR A TYPICAL PIEZO FILM ELEMENT
T h e  D T l  e le m e n t  is a s ta n d a rd  M S I  p ie z o  f i lm  c o n f ig u r a t io n  c o n s is t in g  o f  a 1 2 x 3 0  m m  a c t iv e  a rea  
p r in te d  w i t h  s i lv e r  in k  e le c tro d e s  o n  b o t h  su rfa ce s  o f  a 1 5 x 4 0  m m  d ie - c u t  p ie z o  p o ly m e r  s u b s tra te .
1 . E le c t r o - M e c h a n ic a l  C o n v e r s io n
( I  d ir e c t io n )  2 5  x  10  " m / V ,  7 0 0  x  IO ^ iN / V  
(3  d ir e c t io n )  3 3  x  10"12m / V
2 . M e c h a n o - E le c t r i c a l  C o n v e r s io n
( I  d ir e c t io n )  1 2  x  lO -’ V p /e ,  4 0 0  x  I O 2V Z p m  1 4 . 4 V /N  
(3  d ir e c t io n )  13  x  1 0 'SV / N
3 . P y r o - E le c t r i c a l  C o n v e r s io n
8 V / ° K  (@  2 5 ° Q
1 .3 6  x  I O 7F ;  D is s ip a t io n  F a c to r  0 .0 1 8  @  10 K H z  Im p e d a n c e  @  10  K H z  1 2  K Q
5 . M a x im u m  O p e r a t i n g V o l t a g e
D C :  2 8 0  V  (y ie ld s  7  p m  d is p la c em e n t in  I  d ire c t io n )
A C :  8 4 0  V  (y ie ld s  21  p m  d is p la c em e n t i n  I  d ire c t io n )
6 . M a x im u m  A p p l i e d  F o r c e  ( a t  b r e a k ,  I  d i r e c t i o n )
6 -9  k g F  (y ie ld s  v o lta g e  o u tp u t  o f  8 3 0  to  1275  V )
Electrical to Mechanical Conversion
L a rg e  d is p la c em e n ts  o r  fo rc e s  a re  n o t  g e n e ra lly  
a v a ila b le  f r o m  P ie z o  F i lm .  T h is  b e c om e s  a p p a re n t 
w h e n  d e s ig n in g  lo u d s p e a k e r  e lem e n ts  f o r  in s ta n c e , as 
l o w  f re q u e n c y  p e r fo rm a n c e  (b e lo w  5 0 0 H z )  te n d s  to  
b e  v e r y  l im i te d .  E v e n  a la rg e  sh ee t o f  f i lm  is  u n a b le  
t o  c re a te  h ig h  a m p l i tu d e  p re s su re  p u ls e s  as lo w  a u d io  
fre q u e n c ie s . T h is  d oes  n o t  a p p ly , h o w e v e r ,  t o  lo w  to  
h ig h  f re q u e n c y  u lt r a s o n ic  fre q u e n c ie s , as seen  in  
c u r r e n t  d e s ig n s  f o r  u lt ra s o u n d  a ir  ra n g in g  tra n s d u c e rs  
(4 0 -5 0  k H z )  a n d  i n  m e d ic a l u lt ra s o n ic  im a g in g  
a p p l ic a t io n s .
F ig u r e  4 . D T l  E le m e n t
■ i.u —
a s  [ 7.14]  —
.40 [1Z.1S]
I—  1,18 (2 *1 - ) ]  —
-tr-:3
rn .04 [ te a s ]I
1_
U 1.00« [0 2 3 ]
-.SHSS"*ex
gu_PEZ0 raw
Measurement Specialties, Inc.. P.O. Box 799. Valley Forge. PA 19482 610.650.1500 FAX 610.650.15C9 
This MSI controlled document is subject to change.
612
i
APPENDIX Q
Instron 1350 Environmental Chamber Design
613
Instron 1350 Environmental Chamber Design
Q = Heat in the Inslulated volume approximately =m st C pSt- T jn -  T jnf )
Qdot = Heat loss by conduction through the insulation -k jns ^  box 
& ins
T in - T jnf
m st := 14.166 kg 
C Pst := 447
k jns := .035594
A I30x := .5723 m2 
5 jns := .1016 m
T in := 573 K
T jnf := 300 K
W
m-K
Mass of Steel Environmental Chamber 
Specific Heat Coefficient for Steel
Thermal Conductivity of the Insulation
Surface Area of the Environmental Chamber
Thickness of the Insulation
Temperature Inside the Environmental Chamb
Temperature of the Surroundings 
Time in seconds
Derivation
Q -  m sfC  pSf (T  jn - T ^ f  
Qdot= m St C pst- Tt T i n - T inf)
d t (T i n - T i n f r mst.Cpst "^k ins
A box \ T in - T
P :=
ms A box 
m sfC  pst ^ ins
in -  T jnf 
(Tin - T inf
:-pd t
614
ln(T in - T  inf = c  - -  
-t
T j n - T  j n f = e c - e T
A ff = 0, T i n - T inf= ATo
-t
AT=AT 0 e T 
1
x := —-.05 5 % Flucfuation in fhe femperafure
Cycle Time t  = 1.579.103 
26.3 min
I
T  =  —
P
Heator Sizing where Stoady Stato Conditions Are Used
dQ ... . A box T x
“ht= ^  dot " ^ ins'-r:— " T in - T inf)ms
W dot Heat Generation by the 
Heater
A box
ms ms (T in - T inf
54.736W
sec
I E n v i r o n e n t a l  C h a m b e r
2 S u p p o r t  S t a n d
3 E n v i r o  C h a m b e r  D o o r
4 H e a t e r  A c c e s s  D o o r
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED .X = ±.50XX = ±.025 ANGULARITY = ±.5'BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
E n v i r o  C h a m b e r  & S t a n d
DRAVN Corl Throsher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
ENVIRONCHAMENGINEER Shone Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE= NTS SHEET I  of I
615
I T o p
2 L e f t  S i d e
3 R i g h t  S i d e
4 B o t t o m
5 C e n t e r  P i e c e
6 B a c k  N o  H o l e
7 B a c k  F a n  H o l e
8 S l a n t e d  T o p
9 G r i p  C u t  O u t  P l a t e s
1 0 G r i p  C u t  O u t  R i n g
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED ■X = ±.50XX = ±.025ANGULARITY = ±5'BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S t e e l
finish As Del ivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
E n v i r o n m e n t a l  C h a m b e r
DRAWN Corl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
CHAMBERENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE' NTS SHEET I  o f  4
616
(—1 2 .7
101.6
1 -4 9 .3 6
107 .9 5  
f— 8 .9 3
= 1 58 .75 ' 
1 4 1 .2 9
4 9 .2 1 "  - — 17 .4 6
36 .51
58 .7 4
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED X = ±.50XX = ±.025ANGULARITY = ±5'BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n iv e rs ity
S I D E  V I E V  -  E N V I R D  C H A M B E R
DRAWN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
C H A M B E RENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-00 SCALE' NTS SHEET 2 of 4
617
1 3 9 .7
6 9 .8 5 6 9 .8 5
1—1 2 .7
5 7 .1 5
150 .9 6 101.6
101.6 136 .5 3  - 101.6
4 8 2 .6
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED X = ±.50XX = ±025 ANGULARITY = ±.5*BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
FINISH As Del ivered
Montana S ta te  U n iv e rs ity
BA CK  V I E V  -  T E M P  C H A M B E R
DRAVN Corl Throsher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
CHAMBERENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE EO-Jun-OO SCALE= NTS SHEET 3  o f  4
618
25.4
279.4
6
139.7
I ___ L
I
— 69.85
------- 711.2 —
R5.56 4 Holes 
-4 9 5 .3 --------
9.53=
j—28.58
■ I
■ I
-H-
-139.7 
— 241.3
R82.55
R15.88
■ 590.55-
•107.95
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED •X = ±.50■XX = ±.025ANGULARITY = ±.5*BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n iv e rs ity
TDP VIEV - TEMP CHAMBER
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DWG NO.
CHAMBERENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE= NTS SHEET 4 of 4
619
107.95 r  49.36
15.88
97.34
192.63
9525 I 144.61
66.68
-109.53
590.55
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED X = ±.50XX = ±.025 ANGULARITY = ±5"BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
finish As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
R i g h t  S i d e  -  E n v i r o  C h a m b e r
DRAWN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
R IG H TENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  o f  I
620
r-15.88
1-43.01
184.1595.25 60.33
79.3866.67
274.64
-36 .51
450.85 15.88
58.74-
158.75--
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED X = ±.50XX = ±.025 ANGULARITY = i.5'BREAK CORNERS - .OlO MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
f i n i s h As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
C e n t e r  E n v i r o n  C h a m b e r
DRAWN Corl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
C E N T E RENGINEER Shone Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  of I
621
414.34r— 44.45 66.68 ■
I  , -L
95.25 V
T
711.2
28.58
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED X = ±.50XX = ±.025 ANGULARITY = ±.5*BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADI! - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n iv e rs ity
L e f t  S i d e  -  E n v i r o  C h a m b e r
DRAVN Corl Throsher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
L E F TENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE EO-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  of I
622
711.2
139.7R32.55
279.4
228.6
TOLERANCES unless noted X = ±.50XX = ±.025 ANGULARITY = ±.5* 
break CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
T o p  -  E n v i r o  C h a m b e r
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
TOPENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE EO-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  of I
623
R 8 2 . 5 5
6 9 . 8 5
R 1 5 . 8 8
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED .X = ±.50XX = ±.025ANGULARITY = ±.5'BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
M o n t a n a  S t a t e  U n i v e r s i t y
G r i p  C u t  D u t  P l a t e s
DRAVN Corl Throsher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
C U T O U T P L A T E SENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  oP I
624
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED •X = +.50 XX = ±025 ANGULARITY = ±.5'BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
G r i p  C u t  D u t  R i n g s
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
GR IPCUTDUTR INGSENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-00 SCALE NTS SHEET I  Of I
625
1 0 7 .9 5
4 9 .3 6
3 .1 7 4  T h ic k
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED •X = ±.50XX = ±.025 ANGULARITY = ±5'BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX FILLET RADII - .015 MAX DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  U n ive rs ity
S la n te d  Top
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
SLANTEDTOPENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  of I
626
5 7 .1 5
144 .61
1 2 .7
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±5"
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S ta te  University
Back Plate With Fan Hole
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
BACKFANHOLEENGINEER Shone Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS I SHEET I  of I
627
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
■X = ±.50
XX = ±0250  
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
f in is h As De live red
Montana S tate University
Back Plate
DRAVN Corl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
BACKNOHOLEENGINEER Shone Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-00 SCALE NTS SHEET I  O f I
628
-3/4" Square Tube
444 .5
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
-XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S tate University
Enviro Chamber Support Rack
DRAWN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
SUPPORTRACKENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE EO-Jun-QO SCALE NTS SHEET I  of I
629
R4.7 6
=I^ j3— 19 .05
,S=C
19 .05
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
-X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ± 5 '
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MH 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
F IN ISH As Delivered
Montana State University
Support Columns
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A DVG NO.COLUMNSENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  o f  I
630
3 .1 8
101.6
tolerances unless noted
-X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
FINISH As De live red
Montana S tate University
Enviro Chamber Front Door
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
FRONTDOORENGINEER Shone Schumacher
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  of I
631
3 .1 8
TOLERANCES^ UNLESS NOTED MATERIAL Steel
.XX = ±.025 FINISH As Delivered
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
Montana S tate University
Heater Access Door
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shane Schunocher A Hl ATLRDUuR
CREATION DATE 20-Jun-00 SCALE NTS SHEET I  o f I
632
633
APPENDIX R '
Tensile and Creep Environmental Chamber Design
634
Tensile and Creep Environmental Chamber Design 
Q = Heat in the inslulated volume approximately =m st-C pSt-fT jn - T jnfx
Qdot = Heat loss by conduction through the insulation -k 
m st := 20.89 kg
box /T
Mass of Steel Environmental Chamber
C PS‘ := 447 W K  
k jns := .035594 W
m-K
Specific Heat Coefficient for Steel 
Thermal Conductivity of the Insulation
A box := 1 -672 m2 Surface Area of the Environmental Chamber
5 jns := .1016 m 
T in := 573 K 
T jnf  := 300 K 
t
Derivation
Thickness of the Insulation
Temperature Inside the Environmental Chamb
Temperature of the Surroundings 
Time in seconds
Q m st'C pst 'T  ^  - T ^ f
Qdot= m s f Cpsf HVT  ^ - T inf.
t . ' T
P ==
-  T inf
A box
ms
m st'C pst 
A box
ms ms K T in- T  jnf)
st ^  pst ms
d (T in -J in f  
(T in- T  jnf)
=-p dt
635
ln(T in “  T jnf -  C - -  
-t
T i n -  T i n f = e c - e T
A tt = 0- T in " T inf=AT o
-t
AT=AT Q-eT 
1
x := _-.05 5 % Fluctuation in the temperature
Cycle Time x = 797.07
13.28 min
Heater Sizing where Steady State Conditions Are Used
dQ
"df
W ^0^ Heat Generation by the 
Heater
ms
box
ms (T in " T inf;
159.912 W
sec
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
I Environmental Control Chamber 370 I
2 Plate Support 380 I
3 C_Channel_Hea te r  ,B racket 390 2
4 1/4* X 3 /4 * UNC Bolt 400 2
5 Heater 410 I
6 Heater Casing 420 I
7 Opening Door 430 2
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
•XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5‘
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL See BOM
FINISH None
Montana S tate University
Assembly Environmental Chamber
DRAWN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
3 60ENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-00 SCALE NTS SHEET I  Of 7
636
Vetd the other surface to the back of the temperature 
control chamber
^ P c^s y ------Veld the hinge connection to
/  the heater casing and attach  
/  the  door to  it., see dimensions
-----2 .31
10.26
SCALE 0 .085
Centered the support p late  
and weld the bottom surface  
, Side f i l le t  weld 3 ' -  6 '
—  2.00
----- Veld this sides to g e th e r. F ille t weld 3 ' -  6 '
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5‘
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL
FINISH
Montana S tate University
Invironnental Control Chanber
DRAVN DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SHEET 2 Of 7
637
139.7
406 .4  G ------133.35 8 8 .9
31.75
133.35
o  — 146.05
203 .2
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.50
.XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
1/16' Sheet MetalMATERIAL
FINISH
Montana S tate University
Invironnental Control Chamber
DRAWN A.P DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SHEET 3 Of 7
638
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED y = ♦ 5Q MATERIAL 1 /16 ' Shee t Metal
XX = ±.025 FIN ISH None
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
Montana S tate  University
Opening Door
DRAWN A P SIZE DVG Na
ENGINEER Shone Schunocher A 430
CREATION DATE 15-JunrOO SCALE NTS SHEET 4 of 7
639
304.8
<Z97 .4
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL 1/16' Sheet Metal
FIN ISH None
Montana S tate University
Plate Support
DRAVN A P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
380ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 5 of 7
640
295 .3
■11.7
19 .05 -
8 5 .6 -
6 3 .5
Xu 45'-"—-
□
C88.6 r
19.83
R3.IQCentered  the whole 
Notes= ^ Plcs
1. Bend 45*
2. Bend 90'
3. Bend radii is M a f l th ickness
4. Material= 16 gage S tee l 
6. All Fea tu res  Thru
•38 .1
r25.04
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5"
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL 1/16' Sheet Metal
FINISH None
Montana S tate  University
Heater Casing
DRAVN A R . SIZE
A
DVG NO.
420ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS I SHEET 6 of 7
641
Threaded Bolt 1 /4 ' x 3 /4 ' UNC-
R4, Centered  
I side only
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
-X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Steel
FINISH
Montana S tate University
Assenbly _C_Heater_Bracket
DRAVN A.P DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SHEET 7 Of 7
642
643
APPENDIX S
Creep Testing Equipment Design
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
8 HOOK ROD 5 /8 ' DIA. 24 UNC 190 I
I CLAMPING BOLTS 120 2
3 INTERCHANGEABLE GRIP PLATES 130 2
5 SECOND L BRACKET 200 I
4 REAR GRIP JAV B 210 I
2 FRONT GRIP JAV 170 I
7 Adapter -  5 /8 ' -  UNC -> UNF 220 I
6 SHCSJ/8 240 2
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
-X = ±.50
•XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5‘
BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL n /a
FINISH None
Montana S tate University
Lower Assembly Fixture
DRAVN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO. 
180ENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  oF 9
644
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
I SUPPORT ROD 5 /8 ' DIA. 24 UNF 160 I
2 CLAMPING BOLTS 2 2
3 INTERCHANGEABLE GRIP PLATES 130 2
4 REAR GRIP JAV 140 I
5 LVDT MOUNTING BLOCK 150 I
6 LVDT DATA INSTRUMENT 6 I
7 FRONT GRIP JAV 170 I
8 NUT 5 /8 ' 8 I
9 SHCS 1 /8 ' 9 2
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = + 5 Q MATERIAL See BOM
XX = ±.025 FINISH None
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 HAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
Montana State University
Upper Assembly Fixture
DRAWN A.P SIZE DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shane Schumacher A IOO
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 2 Of 9
645
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
8 HOOK ROD 5 /8 ' DIA. 24 UNC 190 I
I CLAMPING BOLTS 120 2
3 INTERCHANGEABLE GRIP PLATES 130 2
5 SECOND L BRACKET 200 I
4 REAR GRIP JAV B 210 I
2 FRONT GRIP JAV 170 I
7 Adopter -  5 /8 ' -  UNC -> UNF 220 I
6 SHCSJ/8 240 2
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL n /a
FIN ISH None
Montana S tate University
Lower Assembly Fixture
DRAVN A P SIZE
A
DVG NO. 
180ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS I SHEET I  of 9
646
2 Plcs
31.75
6 .3 5  —
------15.875
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
-X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 HAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MH 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S tee l
FINISH
Montana S tate  University
Front Grip J qw
DRAWN A.P DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SHEET 3 O f 9
647
I I
Notes=
1. All fe a tu re s  trh u
2. Deburr edges
tolerances unless noted
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
mater ia l S te e l
FINISH None
Montana State University
Interchangeable Grip Plate
DRAWN A P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
1 3 0ENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 4 of 9
648
R4.4 ____
2 Pics, Tap 1 /2 ' Fine Thread
H — 6.4, Typ
2 Plcs
Tap 5 /8 ' -  18 UNC
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL A luninun
F IN ISH
Montana S tate  University
Rear Grip Jaw
-O--------- 3 8 .1
Notes=
1. All fe a tu re s  th ru
2. Deburr edges
----- 12.7 DRAVN A .P DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SHEET 5  O f 9
649
2 Plcs
76 .2  5 0 .8
- 6 . 4
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±025
ANGULARITY = ±.5‘
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S tee l
FINISH
Montana S tate University
Notes:
1. AU f e a t u r e s  t h r u
2. d e b u r r  edges
Rear Grip Jaw B
DRAVN A P DVG NO.
ENGINEER Shone Schunocher- 6 . 4
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SHEET 6 O f 9
650
CD
cn
tolerances unless noted
X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MH 
UNLESS NOTED
material See notes
FINISH None
Montana S tate  University
Support Rod 0 5 /8 ' x 24 UNF
DRAVN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO. 
160ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 7 of 9
19.05
3 Plcs—  6 .4
6 .3 5  —-
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
■X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5"
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Aluminum
FINISH
Montana S tate University
Notes=
1. A ll f e a t u r e s  t h r u
2. Deburr edges
Second L Bracket
DRAWN A .P DWG NO.
ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-00 SHEET 8 O f 9
652
h<242.7
■19.1-
N o te s :
1. A ll F e a tu r e s  T h ru .
2. Deburr edges
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = t.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL Aluninun
FINISH None
Montana S tate University
LVDT Mounting Block
DRAVN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
150ENGINEER Shone Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 9 O f 9
653
2 5 4 -
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
.X = ±.50
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = t.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S te e l
FINISH As De live red
Montana S tate  University
Load Tray
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
DRW0002ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 19-Jun-OO SCALE= NTS SHEET I  o f  I
654
r6 .35
I  I
104.775
y 'I' .
3 .175
203 .2
— 12 .7  
3 .175
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.50
.XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5"
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S tee l
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S tate  University
Load Tray Support
DRAVN Corl Throsher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
LOADTRAYSUPPORTENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 19-Jun-00 SCALE: NTS SHEET I  o f  I
655
656
APPENDIX T
Creep and Vibrocreep Test Fixture for Thin Film Testing
527.05
190.5
-381
- 1054.1
—  812.8 —
1473.2
406.4
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±0250 
ANGULARITY - ±5 '
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S tee l
FINISH As Delivered
Montana S tate  University
PVDF TEST FIXTURE
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
DRWOOOlENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 19-Jun-OO SCALE= NTS SHEET I  o f  I
657
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5"
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL S tee l
FINISH As Delivered
Montana State University
Attachment Detail
DRAVN Carl Thrasher SIZE
A
DVG NO.
DETAILENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 19-Jun-OO SCALE: NTS SiCET I  o f  I
658
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
I Assembly Triangular Support 210 2
2 Assembly C Bracket 240 4
3 Assembly Roller Bearing 270 6
4 Assembly Cross Member 330 2
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
■X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL N/A
FINISH None
Montana. S tate University
Assembly_Test F ixture
DRAWN A,P SIZE
A
DVG NO. 
2 0 0ENGINEER Shone Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET I  o f  1 1
659
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
I 25.4 Square Tubing 220 I
2 25.4 Square Tubing 230 I
Veld Both Side
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X - = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL See BOM
f in is h None
Montana State University
Assembly _ Triangular _Support
DRAVN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO. 
2 1 0ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 2  O f 1 1
6
6
0
—  25 .4
TOLERANCES unless noted 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5‘
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL 25.4 Square tube
FINISH None
Montana State University
25.4 square tube
DRAVN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO. 
2 2 0ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-00 SCALE NTS SHEET 3  O f 1 1
CDO)
25 .4
T
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MH 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL 25.4 Square Tube
FINISH None
Montana State University
25.4 Square tube
DRAWN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
230ENGINEER Shane Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 4  o f  1 1
662
-===12.7
Notes=
1. l / 4 ' - l / 2 '  F ille t Ve ld  Both Sides.
2. Mafl= 12.7 Square  tubing.
3. Round Bushing, 5 /8  threaded UNF
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = i .5
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5"
BREAK CORNERS - .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL See no tes
FINISH None
Montana State University
ASSEMBLY_CRDSS_MEMBER
DRAVN A .P . SIZE
A
DVG NO.
330ENGINEER Shone Schunacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 5 O f I  I
663
# DESCRIPTION PART tt QTY
I .75 Square Tubing 250 I
2 .75 Square Tubing 260 2
Butt Veld Both Sides, Typ
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.5
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = t.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL See BOM
FINISH None
Montana State University
Assembly _C_BrQcket
DRAVN AP SIZE
A
DVG NO.
240ENGINEER Shone Schunochei
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 6  o f  1 1
664
R5.08-
I----1
I- 4
m
h
L
H
-\
O-
I '
73
1 1
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.5
.XX = ±025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL .75 Square Tube
FINISH None
Montana State University
.75 Square Tube
DRAWN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
250ENGINEER Shone Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 7 of 11
665
666
# DESCRIPTION PART # QTY
I Threaded Rod 4MM x 25.4MM 280 2
2 6.35MM x 3MM Roller Bearing 290 2
3 Assembly _Bearing_Support 300 I
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
X = ±.5 
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = t.5*
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL See BOM
FIN ISH None
Montana S tate University
As senbly_ Roll er_ Bearing
DRAWN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
2 70ENGINEER Shane Schunocher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 9  O f 1 1
667
# DESCRIPTION PART N QTY
I 0.75 Cut OFF Square Tubing 310 I
2 3 /8 ' X 2 Threaded Bolt UNF 320 2
Veld F illet Arourn
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
.X = ±.50
XX = ±.025 
ANGULARITY = ±5"
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN HM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL See BOM
FINISH None
Montana State University
Assembly ,Bearing Support
DRAVN AP SIZE
A
DVG NO.
300ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET IOoF 11
668
' ----1 —:j -|
TOLERANCES UNLESS NOTED 
•X = ±.5
XX = ±.025
ANGULARITY = ±.5'
BREAK CORNERS -  .010 MAX 
FILLET RADII -  .015 MAX 
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM 
UNLESS NOTED
MATERIAL .75 Square Tube
FINISH None
Montana S tate University
.75 cutt o ff Square tube
DRAWN A.P SIZE
A
DVG NO.
310ENGINEER Shane Schumacher
CREATION DATE 15-Jun-OO SCALE NTS SHEET 11 of 11
669
670
APPENDIX U
Ongoing Microstructure Analysis and 
Model Development Based on Current Work
<
The experimental results obtained for Nylon 6/6 has been used for 
microstructure analysis and model development. Dr. Rob Winter and Isamu 
Kitahara performed the microstructure analysis at South Dakota School of Mines 
and Technology. The test specimens sent to Dr. Winter were from the 
preliminary testing of Nylon 6/6. The test specimens were analyzed using a 
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). 
From the microstructure analysis, crazes and/or cracks have been found on the 
surface of the same specimens. The test specimens had been recovering 
(unloaded) for approximately a month before they were sent to Dr. Winter. The 
images are shown in Figures U.1 - 8. and a summary of the analysis is provided 
in Table VI.6.
671
Figure U.1 SEM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C
(0.80±0.20)cTy, 20 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
672
Cursor Marker Spectruw Zoom  Center Line Offset Clear
s MM
Section Analysis
L 2 .6 7 9  Mn
RMS 6 7 .0 3 6  nn
I c DC
R a t i o ) 5 5 .1 3 0  nw
Rwax 2 27 .1 1  nw
Rz 227 .11  nw
Rz Cnt 2
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e 2 .7 2 2  MMII
2 .6 7 9  mm
U e r t  d i s t a n c e 9 1 .9 2 1  nw
Angle I .9 6 5  d eg
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e
Ho r I z  d i s t a n c e
U e r t  d i s t a n c e
Angle
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e
U e r t  d i s t a n c e
Angle
S p e c t r a l  p e r i o d DC
S p e c t r a l  f r e q 0  Hz
S p e c t r a l  RMS awp 0 .0 0 1  nw
C u r s o r :  f i x e d  Zoom! 2 : I  Cen l i n e :  O f f  O f f s e t : O f f
Figure U.2 AFM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C 
(0.80±0.20)ay, 20 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Figure U.3 SEM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C
(0.80±0.10)ay, 20 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
673
Cursor Marker Spectrum Zoom Center Line Offset Clear
Section Analysis
a AVv
0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0U"
W Spectrun
PMHalOlB.142
C u r s o r :  f i x e d  Zoom: 2 :1
L 1 .8 2 7  UM
RMS 2 2 .2 7 9  nM
Ic DC
R a ( I c ) 17 .901  nm
Rmax 8 6 ,3 4 3  nm
Rz 8 6 .3 4 3  nm
Rz Cnt 2
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e 1 .8 4 0  urn
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e ( L ) 1 .8 2 7  UM
V e r t  d i s t a n c e 1 5 .1 5 9  nm
Angle 0 .4 7 5  d eg
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e  
V e r t  d i s t a n c e  
Ang I e
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e  
V e r t  d i s t a n c e  
Angle
S p e c t r a l  p e r i o d DC
S p e c t r a l  f r e q 0  Hz
S p e c t r a l  RMS amp 2 2 .7 9 9  nm
Cen l i n e :  O f f  O f f s e t :  O f f
Figure U.4 AFM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 0C 
(0.80±0.10)ay, 20 Hz, av = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Figure U.5 SEM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C
(0.80±0.20)ay, 10 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
674
Cursor Marker Spectrum Z oom  Center Line Offset Clear
S-
J \ h
O
s_
10.0
PM
Section Analysis
20.0
S p e c t r u m
pm m a lO ie . 144
C u r s o r :  f i x e d  Zoom: 2 :1
L I .5 0 6  pm
RMS 1 3 3 .7 4  nm
I c DC
R a ( I c ) 1 0 1 .9 2  nm
Rmax 4 0 2 .4 1  nn
Rz 4 0 1 .5 4  nm
Rz Cnt 2
Min
Cen l i n e :  O f f  O f f s e t :  O f f
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e 1 .7 3 7  UM
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e ( L ) 1 .5 0 6  UM
U e r t  d i s t a n c e 1 2 7 .0 4  nm
A ng le 4 .8 2 3  d e g
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e  
U e r t  d i s t a n c e  
Ang I e
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e  
V e r t  d i s t a n c e  
A ng le
S p e c t r a l  p e r i o d DC
S p e c t r a l  f r e q 0  Hz
S p e c t r a l  RNS a n p 3 1 .4 8 1  nm
Figure U.6 AFM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C 
(0.80±0.20)ay, 10 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Figure U.7 SEM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C
(0.60±0.20)ay, 10 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
675
Cursor Marker Spectrun Zoom  Center Line Offset Clear
UM Section Analysis
LO _
S
?o 10.0 20.0
UM
30.0 40.0
PMMalOlG.151
Spec t ruM
I
Hin
L 1 .0 3 7  UM
RHS 9 2 .6 6 2  nM
I c DC
R a ( I c ) 6 6 .6 2 0  nM
RMax 2 7 7 .1 5  nM
Rz 2 7 7 .1 5  nM£
2
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  1 .2 0 3  mm 
Ho r i z  d i s t a n c e d . }  1 .0 3 7  jjm 
U e r t  d i s t a n c e  7 8 .9 1 9  nM 
Ang le  4 .3 5 2  deg
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e  
U e r t  d i s t a n c e  
Ang I e
S u r f a c e  d i s t a n c e  
H o r i z  d i s t a n c e  
U e r t  d i s t a n c e  
Angle
S p e c t r a l  p e r i o d  DC 
S p e c t r a l  f r e g  0  Hz 
S p e c t r a l  RHS aMp 1 3 .6 8 5  nM
C u r s o r :  f i x e d  Zoom: 2 :1  Cen l i n e :  O f f  O f f s e t :  O f f
Figure U.8 AFM Image of Vibrocreep Testing at 23 °C 
(0.60±0.20)ay, 0 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
Table U.1 Results of the Microstructure Analysis
Test
#
Mean
Stress
Amplitude Frequency Periodicity
(pm)
Craze and/or 
Crack Density 
(1/mm2)
Width
(pm)
1 80% 20% 20 23.0769 540 2.679
2 80% 10% 20 42.8571 260 1.827
3 80% 20% 10 9.8361 1040 1.506
4 60% 20% 10 15.0000 680 1.037
The creep testing did not exhibit craze formations on the surface along 
with a few of the vibrocreep test specimens. From the microstructure analysis 
performed by Dr. Winter, the results were analyzed and compared on a 
macroscopic level by the author. Using the results from the micro to macro 
analysis the vibrocreep curve could be approximated from the creep curve at the 
end of the each test. The periodicity and density results are from the SEM
676
images, and the width is from the AFM images. Two methods are proposed to 
calculate the strain due to the crazes and/or cracks formation, one using the 
craze and/or crack periodicity and the second using the craze and/or crack 
density. The two methods are shown in Equations U.1 and U.2.
L g C w C w
- F V ^ 5 Craze
Equation U.1
L g'S 'D 'C w
DSC , Craze
Equation U.2
Lg = Gage Length (mm), S = Specimen Width (mm), Cw = Craze and/or Crack 
Width (pm), P = Periodicity (pm), Ecraze = Strain Due To Craze and/or Crack, D = 
Density of Crazes and/or Cracks (1/mm2)
The results are shown in Figure U.9 for a particular case and tabulated in Table 
VI.7-8 with error calculations. Strain values from creep or vibrocreep testing 
must be taken at the time at which the test is completed creep or vibrocreep. The 
equation used for calculation of error is shown at Equation U.3.
677
Error Experimental - Calculated 
Experimental
■100
Equation U.3
The micro structural analysis was therefore continued and more testing was 
performed at the higher stress levels. The creep test specimens for the 
preliminary creep testing were also analyzed without evidence of surface crazing 
and/or cracking. The tests were performed for only a 12 hr. period rather than 
the 24 hr. period as with preliminary tests. The results of the microstructure 
analysis show that the craze and/or crack formations on the surface are most 
likely highly time dependent, since craze and/or crack formations were not seen 
after 12 hr. of testing at the same loading and environmental conditions as with 
the 24 hr. test with exhibited such defects.
Craze
Time (hrs)
Figure LI.9 Results of Vibrocreep Approximation at 23 0C
(0.80±0.10)ay, 20 Hz, ay = 70 MPa at 23 °C
678
Table U.2 Results of Equation VI.1 Micro to Macroscopic Analysis
Test
#
Constant 
Load Creep 
(mm/mm )
Vibrocreep 
(mm/mm )
^Craze Static + Ecraze Error (%)
1 .132 .2315 .11609 .24809 7.16
2 .138 .181 .04263 .18063 .21
3 .139 .233 .15311 .29211 25.4
4 .081 .128 .06913 .20813 62.6
Table U.3 Results of Equation VI.2 Micro to Macroscopic Analysis
Test
#
Specimen
Width
(mm)
Constant 
Load 
Creep 
(mm/mm )
Vibrocreep 
(mm/mm )
^Craze Static +
E-Craze
Error
(%)
1 6.76 .132 .2315 .009779 .141779 39
2 6.26 .138 .181 .002974 140974 22.1
3 6.73 .139 .233 .01054 .14654 17.6
4 6.71 .081 .128 .00473 .08753 33
The model development to represent the vibrocreep phenomena is being 
performed by an exchange professor from Russia Dr. Iakov Klebanov and a 
fellow graduate student Carl Thrasher. A model has been developed and used 
to approximate Low Density Polyethylene from literature results. Currently work 
is being performed using the creep and vibrocreep data shown within the thesis 
to further support the model. The vibrocreep model is based on damage 
accumulation from cyclic loading. Damage accumulation is not used in creep 
models since damage does not exist until the tertiary creep stages, where with 
vibrocreep the damage is most likely initiated at the onset of the vibration 
loading. The verification and application to Nylon 6/6 is currently being 
performed. The creep test data is being used to develop a T-t and <j-t analogy.
From the creep test data, the prediction of creep test is therefore achieved. The 
results for 23 °C are shown in Figure VI.30. The modeling of the vibrocreep 
effect in Nylon 6/6 is currently being performed.
679
23°C Experimental vs Analytical
50%
40%
30%
20% R23°C 
16% R23°C
++++++
E 0.03
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ V V V V V V V V V V V V V 7 V V V V V V V V V V V V V
■ nQnnn r lDDnl~lrlrlrlr ll~lnl~ln rla l~ll~lDr~l ^ ln r ln n r ln n n n r l
- cnrlcnc^^nnr)000nn00QnnnnOOOOnnnCA!
Time (hrs)
Figure U.10 Modeling results vs. Experimental Results
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY - BOZEMAN