Montana state University Library. Bozeman P378 .D7565 THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKt MONTANA MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1 LIBRARY 1 1 1 ] ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r r r r r r c r r r i n L • THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY In presenting this paper In partial fulf i l lment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Architecture degree at Montana State University, I agree that the l ibrary shall make I t freely available for Inspection and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of the paper for scholarly purposes may be granted by my Major Professor or In his/her absence, by the Head of the Library. I t Is understood that any copying of this paper for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. » i- ~T u^JAAjJL !AJ> THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS Michael W. Dowling A professional paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Bachelor of Architecture Approved: Adv i sor Thesis Coordinator Director MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana June 2, 1989 I would like to thank the Mansfield Foundation, located on the University of Missoula campus for allowing me to have access to their files and information. They were very sympathetic and were willing to help me in any way. Table of Contents Chapter page (s) Introduction -goals Mike Mansfield -The Mansfield Foundation -The Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs Place -the essence of this place -the site -video path and views The People -the Pacific Rim Nationalities Program -programmatic intentions Ordering Principles -heterotopi a -heterotopia; as an approach to design Case Studies -materials -form Schematic Design -space adjacency analysis -character sketches Design Development End notes Bibliography List of Maps and Illustrations 1 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 39 44 47 62 73 74 81 93 Introduction THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA introduction ARCHITECTURAL THESIS: Here is my opportunity to express what I have learned since I began school 5 years ago. Rather than looking at this as a culmination of everything that I have learned in this time period, I see it as a stepping stone which anticipates my future work and becomes a statement of those ideas which I find very exciting at this time in my life. To say that it expresses everything that I know would be to deny myself of the vast amounts of knowledge which I have been introduced to but not yet had the time to explore. So what about my architectural thesis? The first thing to consider is; What do I want to learn and what are my goals? Secondly; What type of project will allow me to explore the principles established in answering the first question? Prior to thesis, I have always been faced with designing a building for a specific place, a single building. In my thesis, I want to extend myself to have to design a group of buildings, a complex, and study how those buildings relate to each other and their environment. in this process, I hope to develop the concept of heterotopia as a design tool. Given a variety of uses, wiiat are the unique aspects of the buildings that house those uses which define differences between them. Differences which must relate due to the simple fact that they co-exist in a single complex. I intend to focus on some qualitative aspects of design; roof form, clustering, repetition, and materials, which can be employed to create differences which are related. When thinking about the concept of "unity", I ask myself; Is unity appropriate? Is it necessary to achieve a successful design? I would like to think not. This is where heterotopia can be used to explain a non-unitary design approach. I will briefly describe the concept and expand upon it in a later chapter. It's easiest to understand this term if we examine its opposite. Homotopic designs strive to achieve unity, a sense of oneness in which all elements must be related or ordered using a method such as a grid. In relation to heterotopia, one can make the analogy with a chef. A chef takes ingredients which by themselves can be rather unimportant, stagnant and mundane. When he combines these ingredients and manipulates them, they become a wonderful masterpiece, the ingredients in a heterotopic architectural masterpiece must not lose those characteristics which make them special. That which seems chaotic to a homotopic mindset, is relevant to heterotopia. Heterotopia can exist in one building as can be seen in many of Aalto's projects, but it can also be used from one building to another, in a building complex. Nothing leads me to believe that a multi-purpose building, a conference center and a dining facility, which are part of a single complex, should have the same appearance. They achieve any needed unity in the simple fact that they are used together on the same site. Simply stated, my goals are: 1. To design a complex of different buildings, studying how those buildings can relate to each other and to their site. 2. To explore heterotopia as a design approach, rather than an analytical tool. 3. To explore the use of materials, form, repetition and hierarchy as they relate to heterotopia. With these goals in mind, I was introduced to the proposed Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs, an international conference center which would be located on the western shore of Flathead Lake in Montana. Mike Mansfield -The Mansfield Foundation -The Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs LP LASERPHOTO Secretary of State George Shultz, right, shakes hands with retiring Ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield during a retirement ceremony for Mansfied Tuesday at the State Department in Washington. THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA Mansfield gets service award HELENA (AP) — Former Sen. Mike Mansfield will receive the first Nelson A Rockefeller Public Service Award dunng ceremonies Thursday in New York City. More than 1.000 people are expected to attend the ceremony for Mans­ field. the Montana Democrat *ho has been U.S. ambassador to Japan since 1977. The guest list includes New York Gov. Mario Cuomo; Rockefeller's widow. Margaretta. and Donald Blinken, chairman of the board of trustees of State University of New York The a'Aard commemorates the public service commitment of Rock­ efeller. a former vice president and governor of New York. Reagan honors Montana's Mansfield WASHINGTON (AP) - President Reagan's final public speech as presidenct honored Ambassador Mike Mansfield and Secretary of State George Shultz as "two re­ markable Americans." Reagan, presenting the Presiden- I tial Medal of Freedom to the two men on Thursday, summed up his feelings with observations "about a country that I love." "There is nothing so precious and irreplaceable as America's freedom. America's freedom does not belong to just one nation," he said. "We are custodians of freedom for the world." "We lead the world because, Reagan said -the Presidential Medal of Freedom "represents the reverence Americans have for lib­ erty." He said Mansfield, former Senate majority leader from Montana who recently resigned after more than a decade as ambassador to Japan, had "distinguished himself as a dedi­ cated public servant." The Presidential Medal of Free­ dom is the nation's highest civilian honor. It is given by the president, on the recommendation of the Distinguished Civilian Service Board, for "exceptionally merito­ rious contribution to the security of the United States or other signifi­ cant public or private endeavors." Mansfield, accepting the medal, said that Reagan had "laid out a sound policy for our future in the Pacific and East Asia." "For the first time in memory, we have both a president of the United States and a secretary of state who are actively interested in the Pacific, in Japan and in East Asia," Mansfield said. Mansfield paid tribute to his wife, Maureen, in his remarks. Shultz walked over to his wife's table, gave her a kiss and handed the medal to her after receiving it at the cere­ mony in the East Room. Mansfield will receive Japan's highest honor TOKYO (AP) — The Japanese Cabinet decided today to confer one of Japan 's highest decorations on Mike Mansfield, who recently re­ tired as U.S. ambassador to Japan after 11 years in Tokyo, the Foreign Ministry said. Mansfield will receive the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, Paulownia Flowers, the highest award bestowed on foreign recipi­ ents of Japanese government deco­ rations, ministry officials said. Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita plans to present the medal to Mansfield when he visits Washing­ ton next week for talks with President Bush, the officials said. According to the ministry, only- seven foreign dignitaries have re­ ceived the paulownia flowers deco­ ration. They include kings from Thailand, Nepal, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan, former West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Gen. Douglas MacArthur, com­ mander-in-chief of allied forces in post-war Japan. Mansfield joins banking firm NEW YORK (AP) — Former Sen. Mike Mansfield, the longest serving U.S. Senate majority leader, has been named as counselor to a New York investment banking firm on Far East issues. The 85-year-old former U.S. ambassador to Japan will serve as counselor for Far Eastern affairs for Goldman Sachs and Co., an investment and brokerage firm that employs 6,600 people worldwide. Mansfield, a Democrat from Montana, q Senators praise Mike Mansfield WASHINGTON (AP) — The Senate wel­ comed Mike Mansfield, the recently retired U.S. ambassador to Japan, on Wednesday, hailing its former majority leader as "the ideal public servant" and expressing gratitude for his more than 70 years of service as soldier, teacher, member of Congress and diplomat. As Mansfield, who will be 86 next month, sat in the Senate gallery, senator after senator praised his accomplishments and long career. The Senate then unanimously adopted a resolution saluting Mansfield for displaying "the highest qualities of dedication, integrity and rectitude," for his service in Japan and for his advice to every president from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Ronald Reagan. "I believe Mike Mansfield represents the be^t that American democracy has to offer," said Sen. George Mitchell, D-Maine, the Senate's majority leader. "He is simple, direct, forthright and honest." Mansfield was first elected to Congress from Montana in 1943. He served in the House until winning election to the Senate in 1952. He served as majority leader there from 1961 to 1977, the longest tenure in Senate history. President Carter appointed Mansfield ambas­ sador to Japan; he was reappointed by President Reagan. In all, he served as the U.S. envoy to Japan for 11 years, longer than anyone else who has held the post. stepped down from his ambassadorship late last year after 11 years on the job. He was appointed to the post in 1977 by then-President Jimmy Carter after retiring from the Senate. A spokesman for Goldman Sachs said Mansfield took the investment counselor post earlier this month. Goldman Sachs has offices in Tokyo, Hong Kong and Sydney, Australia, and plans to open an office later this year in Singapore. Mansfield's acceptance of the job with Goldman Sachs ended months of speculation about his future, including talk that he would teach at the University of Montana. Mansfield will be based in Washington, D.C., the Goldman Sach spokesman said. Mike Mansfield Mike Mansfield devoted his life to public service. Born in New York City to Irish immigrants, he moved to Montana at age seven. At age 14, he ran away form his Great Falls home to join the Navy in World War I, then served for a year in the Army before joining the Marines in 1919. He came by his love of Asia while serving in the Marines. He served in China and the Philippines and visited japan before being forced to leave in 1922. Mike didn't get back to japan until he became one of Montanas1 senators several years later. During this interim period, he taught the first Far Eastern history courses at the University of Montana. in 1943, he was elected to Congress from Montana and he spent the next 34 years of his life in Congress with the last 16 of those as Senate Majority Leader. In 1977, President Carter asked Mike to be the U.S. Ambassador to Japan and he has held that position until the beginning of 1989, when he decided to retire. In Tokyo, he has become an institution. Staff members at the embassy talk about him as though he were their grandfather, a man to emulate. The Japanese like him because Washington listens to him. Mansfield strongly feels that the U.S.-Asian relationship is going to be the most important foreign relationship in the world. U.S. trade with East Asia was $42 billion 12 years ago and has increased to $213 billion in 1986. "I don't see," he said, "how you can come to any other conclusion but that it's in (the Pacific) Basin where it all is, and where it's ail about, and that's where our future lies and that the next century indubitably will be the century of the Pacific." 1 Mansfield is a timid man with a character ail his own, He stands lean and tail and speaks firmly with lots of "yups" and "nopes". When asked "why he has lasted so long?", he replies very simply, "Really don't know." The Mansfield Foundation The Mansfield Foundation grew out of grassroots efforts by friends, professional colleagues and admirers of the former ambassador and his wife. The Foundation is located on the University of Montana campus on the second floor of the main library which bears his name. The director and his staff work in surroundings decorated with photographs of Mansfield and his wife Maureen. Mementos of the Orient, sent by the ambassador and vestiges from his days in Washington also hang on the wails of the conference room. The primary task of the Foundation is to offer a broad-based Asian studies program and to sponsor annual conferences built around U.S.-Asian issues and ethics in government. The Foundation is also overseeing the development of the proposed center on Flathead Lake. The Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs The Mansfield Center for Pacific Affairs, (M.C.P.A.), is essentially an international conference facility and its primary goal is to promote a better understanding of the concerns of the citizens of the pacific Rim Nations. (see maps #1 and #2). The Pacific Rim extends from the islands of the Pacific and Australia in the south to Japan in the north and from Burma and China in the Far West to Canada and the United States in the East. When the idea for the center was first initiated, it was very difficult to get adequate funding for such a complex. Supporters in japan expressed interest in the project but Mansfield asked that they not be solicited while he was still in office. As a result, the project never got out of the planning stages. Now that Mansfield has retired, the timing is perfect for the undertaking of this project. The planners envision the center as a place which could benefit the entire U.S. by not limiting the topics it focuses on. Topics would include seminars on manufacturing, commerce, farming, forestry, tourism, family and social life, and education. Pacific trade issues, for example could be studied as they relate to particular businesses and services. Two week seminars would allow participants to learn first about the history of, say, Japanese and American relations and business dealings and then proceed to more substantive issues. The center could also offer training sessions for business executives planning to do business in a Pacific Rim country, so they could learn the differences and intricacies of business negotiations. The typical American approach is "Let's get down to business", but Asians take a different approach and like to build-up personal relations before talking business. Most conferences would not be open to the public however, many of them would be taped for airing on public radio and T.V.. Place -the essence of -the site -video path and this place site views THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA Areas where two way deliberate contact seems likely but uncertain AREA RATIO I 72 000 000' 1. Auatrtfian trail* (altar McCarthy) 2. Tasmania 1 Tha World altfcaArnham landers at tlx doaa of Indonesian contact (CM. 1900) (altar MonaM M. and Cathenna H. Barndt) 4. Torra Strait 5. Indonma Nro Guinea I Fly-Sepik trail 7. Papuan GuM (Motu) 1 Papua D'tnlfacasteaui (Kwta fhn|) 9. Bismarck Arch ipelaflD Solomons- New Hebrides: arc las ol discsntinu ous contact 10. Ontonf Java 11. Santa Crw Banlu Islands 12. New Caledonia loyalty Islands 13. Yap Paiaa 14. "Ga#l" sphera ol Yapese hegemony 15. Eastern kkcronasu 16 Mariana Islands 17. Marshall Islands il Gilbert Islands Ocaan Island (Ban- aba) 19. 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This calculation will be reduced slightly to account for the sun setting behind mountain ranges. This is important to this project because many of the peoples of the Pacific Rim located near the equator would never have experienced days of this length and duration of light. 2. During the winter months, the sun does not reach above 18 degrees above the horizon. This, again, would have an impact on those Pacific Rim nationalities located near the equator. r ria+kau) Uke. Vidfcg ?a.4h W VituJs • -h? (^ d(J^ tjP 0/Hfr) ~\ikh2V^ y\e^ s lJ| w sW-tfk. * 4 OooU* dtu> A.) i'«m; d UJc£ flW. Mffc ^5 1 Vskd^ di J \ /xa\ 61.^ 6 3 6 Wot s, C^ pot de**|W «.*. kf w « ( j * * ^ * ^=q t t>Od® ,t? P-V, ^ » 43 vD"n « :a ••-">% • 4c % t- •"'%• & rfcy* ' 'V_ ••• •.., • • ! . • = » £rv V \„ with shower, toilet and counter top with 1 lavatory. C-4 MAID'S ROOM - 25 sq. ft. Each to serve 1 buildinq cluster. Linen, carts, cleaning materials and equipment, shop sink. C-5 LINEN/ACTIVE STORAGE - 1000 sq. ft. To handle all in-house laundering needs for the facility. D. HEALTH AND RECREATION D-1 LOBBY/DESK/PRO-SHOP - 150 sq. ft. To control access to all recreational and health club facilities. Combine desk and pro-shop. D-2 EXERCISE/FITNESS ROOM - 800 sq. ft. To be provided with a full nautilus 6et-up plus life cycle. D-3 MEN'S LOCKER ROOM - 250 sq. ft. Adjacent to pool and fitness center. D-4 WOMEN'S LOCKER ROOM - 250 sq. ft. Adjacent to pool and fitness center. D-5 STEAM ROOM - 2 X 80 sq. ft. D-6 SAUNA - 2 x 80 sq. ft. D-7 HEALTH CLUB STORAGE - 100 sq. ft. Central to health club cluster. D-8 NURSERY/DAY-CARE - 300 sq. ft. D-9 NURSERY PLAY-TOT LOT - 1500 sq. ft. Locate near the day-care facility. 5S D-10 POOL - indoor/outdoor - 1800 sq. ft. Pool to accommodate lap swimming and toddlers. D-11 Jacuzzi To be adjacent to indoor/outdoor swirrming pool. D-12 GAME ROOM - 400 sq. ft. To accomodate a pingpong table, and 2 card tables and lounge seating. D-13 TENNIS AND POOL STORAGE - 200 eq. ft. Central to pool and tennis courts. E. STAFF FACILITIES E-1 BUNK HOUSE - 600 sq. ft. To provide sleeping facilities for 10 people. Include adequate toilet/shower facilities. E-2 MEN'S LOCKER - 100 sq. ft. E-3 WOMEN'S LOCKER - 100 Bq. ft. E-4 STAFF LOUNGE - 100 sq. ft. Space with kitchenette and vending machines. Seating at tables. E-5 STORAGE - 500 sq. ft. Miscellaneous storage, trash compactor. E-6 MAINTENANCE SHOP - 600 Bq. ft. To accommodate routine maintenance and minor repairs. su F. SITE PROGRAM F-1 TENNIS COURTS 2 regulation court6 to be located near the health and recreation facilities. F-2 OUTDOOR AMPHITHEATER - 3000 sq. ft. Provide seating for 300 people. F-3 PICNIC AREAS - Provide 10 informal outdoor meeting places which would promote interaction in a relaxed setting. F-4 PARKING - 200 cars at 325 sq. ft. each. Locate parking as discreetly as possible. 10 van/bus at 400 sq. ft each. F-5 BOAT HOUSE - 400 sq. ft. Provide adequate space to 6tore boating and beach equipment. F-6 MAINTENANCE - 1000 sq. ft. Centrally located storage shed to store grounds equipment, ie, snow plow, tractor, etc. F-7 GAZEBO - 150 sq. ft. F-B JOGGING/PAR COURSE F-9 MULTI-USE LAWN AREA Open grassy area for volleyball, croquet, badminton and informal games. F-10 BRIDLE TRAIL Trails and marked path6 for riding. f~\\ icq pit* fkf{_ BUILDING PROGRAM FUNCTION: SIZE INITIAL EXPANSION REMARKS CONFERENCE FACILITIES A-1 Lobby/ Pre-function/ Exhibit/ Reception A-2 Theater A-3 Projection Room A-4 General Storage A-5 Translation Booth A-6 Conference Rooms A-7 Board Room/ Library A-8 Board Room Toilet A-9 Kitchenette/ Pantry A-10 Conference Storage A-11 Message Center A-12 Tel. Equipment/ Computer Data Processing Room A-13 Coat Room/ Baggage 2000 sf 300 seats/ 3000 sf 300 sf 100 sf 75 sf 25 pers/ 1250 sf 15 pers/ 450 sf 50 sf 75 sf 500 sf 100 sf 150 sf 75 sf Fixed upholstered seating. Sloped floor Full AV Potential Platform storage Serve 1 conf. room and theater 2 rooms divisable AV required 1 related to simultaneous translation booth Adjacent to board roan Word processors and hi<^i speed laser * printers. FUNCTION: SIZE INITIAL EXPANSION REMARKS A-14 MANAGEMENT FACILITIES A-14.1 Administration 4 Stations/ 1 - - 600 sf A-14.2 President's 250 sf 1 Office A-14.3 Program 150 sf 3 Director A-14.4 Facilities 200 sf 1 Manager/ Catering Manager A-14.5 Financial 100 sf 1 Manager A-14.6 Medical Area 100 sf 1 A-14.7 File/Xerox 100 sf 1 Room A-14.8 Conference 150 sf 1 Room A-15 Telephone Area 75 sf 1 - 10 phones A-16 Restroom and 300 af 2 - Men ft Women anteroom by code with ante­ rooms FUNCTION: SIZE INITIAL B. DINING B-1 Lobby B-2 Main Dining Room Terrace B-3 Private dining B-4 Pub B-5 Mini Shop B-6 Coat Boom B-7 Reetroom6 B-8 Kitchen B-9 Employee lunch room C. GUEST ROOMS C-1 Ambassadorial Suite C-2 Executive Suite/ Family Unit C-3 Standard Unit-1 Queen sized bed C—4 Maids Room C-5 Linen Storage 600 sf 1 120 6eats/ 1 3000 sf 30/600 sf 1 20/400 sf 2 25/400 sf 1 300 sf 1 50 sf 1 200 sf 2 3000 sf 1 400 sf 1 1 ,000 8f 2 400 sf 28 310 sf 60 25 sf/ 20 bldg 1 ,000 sf 1 EXPANSION REMARKS Bar and table See kitchen consul tants report. See attached prototype 10 See prototype 20 See prototype Divided by units FUNCTION: SIZE INITIAL EXPANSION REMARKS D. HEALTH AND RECREATION D-1 Lobby/Desk/Pro Shop 1*0 sf D-3 Men's bOCKer Room 250 sf D-4 Women's Locker Room 250 sf D-7 Health & Club Storage D-8 Nursery/Day Care 100 sf 300 sf 1500 sf D-9 Nursery Play- tot lot D-10 Pool-Indoor/Outdoor 1800 sf D-1 1 Jacuzzi D-12 Game Room 400 sf D-13 Tennis and 200 sf Pool Storage Adjacent tot-lot See site Exterior FUNCTION SIZE INITIAL EXPANSION REMARKS E. STAFF FACILITIES E-1 Bunk House 10 Beds/ 1 - - 600 sf E-2 Men's Locker 100 Bf 1 - - E-3 Women's Locker 100 sf 1 - - E—4 Staff Lounge 100 Bf 1 - - E-5 Storage 500 sf 1 - - E-6 Maintenance Shop 600 sf 1 - - E-7 Staff Housing - 5 Future-on senior staff family units. FUNCTION: SIZE INITIAL F. SITE PROGRAM F-1 Tennis Court6 F-2 Outdoor Amphitheater F-3 Picnic/ Conversation F-4 Parking F-5 Boat House/ Dock F-6 Maintenance F-7 Gazebo F-8 Jogging/ Par Course F-9 Multi-use lawn area 720 sf 2 3 ,000 sf 1 varies 10 325 sf/car 200 400 sf/bus 10 400 sf 1 1000 sf 1 150 sf 1 F-1 0 Bridle Trail EXPANSION REMARKS N-S orientation Use natural grades Privacy 50 Hidden where 5 possible Sailfish, canoe, beach equipment tractor, snow plow, grounds equipment private conversation area Volley ball, croquet, badminton, informal games Natural area laid out for horseback riding -heterotopi a THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA Heterotopia As an introduction to this concept, I am presenting a paper which I wrote and compiled a year ago. The paper is based on Demetri Porphynos' studies in the ordering sensibility of Alvar Aalto's works. porphyrios uses the concept as an analytical tool and I don't know that anyone has consciously used it as a design tool or method. Ultimately, that is what I indent to use it as. I have been becoming interested in non-unitary design approaches for sometime now. It's based somewhat on the idea of Locus, that being simply stated; each place has a unique and predetermined reason for being. That place will never succeed unless that reason is found. in that same sense, unitary or homotopic design methodologies can never succeed. Countless examples of failed attempts at what I would consider unitary designs can be cited; Pruitt-Igoe housing complex in St. Louis and Le Corbusier's Unite d'Habitation are two that come to mind. The following paper compares two projects, one by Aalto and one by Mies, to clarify the concept of heterotopia. This paper is not intending to downplay the significance of either architect or his works, but simply as an example. HETEROTOPIA vs HOMOTOPIA: Aalto and Mies in a slightly different light. Michael W . Dowling T h e i n s p i r a t i o n f o r t h i s p a p e r c a m e t o m e w h e n I w a s r e a d i n g a n i s s u e o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l M o n o g r a p h s 4 w h i c h f e a t u r e d a n a r t i c l e w r i t t e n b y D e m e t r i P o r p h y r i o s t i t l e d , " H e t e r o t o p i a : A S t u d y i n t h e O r d e r i n g S e n s i b i l i t y o f t h e W o r k o f A l v a r A a l t o " . P o r p h y r i o s b r i e f l y m e n t i o n s t h e t w o a r c h i t e c t s w h o m I f e a t u r e i n t h i s p a p e r , t h a t b e i n g A l v a r A a l t o a n d M i e s v a n d e r R o h e . B y s t u d y i n g a b u i l d i n g d o n e b y e a c h a r c h i t e c t a n d b y u t i l i z i n g t h e c o n c e p t s o f h o m o t o p i a a n d h e t e r o t o p i a I h o p e t o s h e d s o m e l i g h t , i n a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t s e n s e t h a n P o r p h y r i o s , o n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n Aa l t o ' . ^ s a n d M i e s ' t h e o r i e s . N o t t o s a y t h a t t h e s e c o n c e p t s a r e t h e b a s i s f o r t h e i r w o r k , b u t b y a p p l y i n g t h e m , p e r h a p s w e c a n c o m e t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e i r w o r k , p a r t i c u l a r l y A a l t o ' s . H o m o t o p i a i s a U t o p i a n c o n c e p t o f s a m e n e s s , f a m i l i a r i t y a n d t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f a c o n t i n u o u s d e s i g n t h e o r y . B y b r e a k d o w n o f t h e w o r d w e f i n d h o m o i m p l y i n g t h a t o f a p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i e s , a n d t o p i a r e f e r r i n g t o t h e c o n c e p t o f U t o p i a . H e t e r o t o p i a i s s o m e w h a t o f a c o n t r a d i c t i o n i n t e r m s h o w e v e r , b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r a n d , t a k e n i n i t s m o s t l i t e r a l s e n s e , m e a n s " t h e s t a t e o f t h i n g s l a i d , p l a c e d , a s s i g n e d s i t e s s o v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o d e f i n e a ' c o m m o n l o c u s b e n e a t h t h e m a l l " . l B y b r e a k d o w n o f t h e w o r d w e f i n d h e t e r o , t h o s e t h i n g s w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r o f b e i n g d i s s i m i l i a r o r u n r e l a t e d , t w o o r m o r e t h i n g s w i t h o u t c o m m o n a l i t y , a n d t o p i a w h i c h i s e x p l a i n e d a b o v e . A l v a r A a l t o a n d L u d w i g M i e s v a n d e r R o h e h a v e a f e w t h i n g s i n c o m m o n . T h e f i r s t a n d p r o b a b l y m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t i s t h a t t h e y b o t h f l o u r i s h e d a s a r c h i t e c t s d u r i n g t h e ' m o d e r n m o v e m e n t ' . A a l t o , b e i n g S c a n d i n a v i a n , h a s b e e n c o m p a r e d t o M i e s v a n d e r R o h e i n t h a t h e h a s b e e n c a l l e d a ' F i n n i s h M i e s ' ; a s t a t e m e n t w h i c h t h r o u g h m y r e s e a r c h h a s n o g r o u n d s f o r r e l e v a n c y w h a t - s o - e v e r . A a l t o ' s t h e o r i e s o f d e s i g n , h e r e - i n d e s c r i b e d a s b e i n g h e t e r o t o p i c , c a n o n l y b e c o m p a r e d w i t h M i e s ' t h e o r i e s o f d e s i g n , h e r e - i n d e s c r i b e d a s b e i n g h o m o t o p i c , i n t h a t t h e y a r e c o m p l e t e o p p o s i t e s w i t h u n i q u e c o n c e p t s a n d i d e a s w h i c h c a n i n n o w a y b e c o n f u s e d w i t h o n e a n o t h e r . M i e s ' s C r o w n H a l l a t t h e I l l i n i o s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h o n o l o g y i l l u s t r a t e s a p u r i t y i n d e s i g n , a n o r d e r i n g s e n s i b i l i t y w i t h a d e v o t i o n t o l i n k , a n d b y l i n k i n g g u a r a n t e e s c o n t i n u i t y , t h u s b e i n g h o m o t o p i c . A b u i l d i n g r e d u c e d c o m p l e t e l y t o ' s k i n a n d b o n e s ' a n d b a s e d o n a s y s t e m o f a g r i d . ( f i g . 1 ) C r o w n H a l l i s c o m p r i s e d b a s i c a l l y o f o n e s i m p l e , l a r g e r o o m w i t h n o i n t e r i o r c o l u m n s a n d c o m p l e t e l y s u r r o u n d e d b y g l a s s . T h e 1 2 0 ' x 2 2 0 ' r o o f s y s t e m i s s u p p o r t e d b y f o u r l a r g e g i r d e r s p l a c e d o n s t e e l I - be a r a s . T h i s b u i l d i n g e x p r e s s e s l o g i c a l c l a r i t y , d e t a i l i n g , a n d p r o p o r t i o n i n g c o m m o n t o a l l o f M i e s ' s w o r k . H i s m a g n i f i c e n t p a r a d o x ' l e s s i s m o r e 1 2 h a s o u t l i v e d h i m t o n o e n d . W h e n a s k e d w h a t h i s p h i l o s o p h y w a s , M i e s s i m p l y s t a t e s " h o n e s t y , t h a t ' s t h e w a y y o u s h o u l d b u i l d . " 3 I n h i s 1 9 5 0 s p e e c h t o t h e I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h o n o l o g y , M i e s s o c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d h i s g o a l s i n a r c h i t e c t u r e b y s t a t i n g , " I t ( a r c h i t e c t u r e ) i s t h e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f i t s i n n e r s t r u c t u r e , t h e s l o w u n f o l d i n g o f i t s f o r m . T h a t ' s w h y a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d t e c h n o l o g y a r e s o c l o s e l y r e l a t e d . O u r r e a l h o p e i s t h a t t h e y w i l l g r o w t o g e t h e r , t h a t s o m e d a y t h e o n e w i l l b e t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e o t h e r . " , a n d g o e s o n t o s a y t h a t " W h e r e v e r t e c h n o l o g y r e a c h e s i t s r e a l f u l f i l l m e n t , i t t r a n s c e n d s i n t o a r c h i t e c t u r e . " 4 A a l t o s C u l t u r a l C e n t r e i n W o l f s b u r g , G e r m a n y i s o n e o f m a n y w h i c h c o u l d b e u s e d t o p o r t r a y t h e c o n c e p t o f h e t e r o t o p i a , ( f i g . 2 ) H e t e r o p i c , a s a r e s u l t o f i t s c u r i o u s a b i l i t y t o d i s c r i m i n a t e i n d e p e n d e n t c o h e r e n c e s , w h i l e s u s t a i n i n g a c o h e s i o n b e t w e e n t h e p a r t s o n l y b y d e f a u l t a n d t h r o u g h s p a t i a l a d j a c e n c y . 5 I n t h i s b u i l d i n g h e u n i f i e s t h r e e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s w h i c h w o u l d n o r m a l l y n o t b e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r u n d e r o n e r o o f ; a s c h o o l f o r w o r k i n g p e o p l e , t h e c i t y l i b r a r y , a n d v a r i o u s h o b b y c l u b f a c i l i t i e s , a l l o r g a n i z e d a r o u n d a c e n t r a l p l a z a o n b o t h t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d l e v e l . T h e C e n t r e i s s u c c e s s f u l a s a h e t e r o p i c d e s i g n b e c a u s e A a l t o w a s c a p a b l e o f t a k i n g t h e s e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t f u n c t i o n s , h o u s i n g e a c h i n i t s o w n u n i q u e ' s h a p e ' , a n d u n i f y i n g t h e m i n a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l p i e c e w h i c h w o r k s q u i t e w e l l . T h e r e c t a n g u l a r c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e w h o l e c o m p o s i t i o n i s b a r e l y m a i n t a i n e d a s h e o r g a n i z e s t h e n e c e s s a r i l y f a n - l i k e s h a p e o f t h e a u d i t o r i u m s a n d t h e o d d - s h a p e o f t h e l i b r a r y . " E q u a l c o m b i n a t i o n s ( o f d i a g o n a l a n d r e c t a n g u l a r e l e m e n t s ) a r e u s e d t o a c h i e v e a w h o l e i n A a l t o ' s c o m p l e x C u l t u r a l C e n t r e a t W o l f s b u r g . " 6 I n a s e n s e h e " . . . s e e m s a l m o s t t o c r e a t e t h e o r d e r o u t o f t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s . . . " . 7 A a l t o ' s w o r k s e e m s w e d d e d t o t h e o v e r u s e d s i m i l e ' f o r m f o l l o w s f u n c t i o n ' , w h i c h i m p l i e s t h a t t h e i n t e r i o r f u n c t i o n o f a s h a p e d i c t a t e s w h a t s h a p e i t w i l l t a k e . T h i s i s i n c o n t r a s t t o w h a t m a n y w r i t e r s o n a r c h i t e c t u r e s e e a s t h e s o u r c e f o r h i s u n d u l a t i n g s u r f a c e s , t h a t b e i n g t h e F i n n i s h l a n d s c a p e u s e d a s a m e t a p h o r f o r h i s b u i l d i n g s . 8 A c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e i d e a s w o u l d b e m o r e c o m p l e t e i n a n a n a l y s i s o f h i s w o r k . F a n - l i k e s h a p e s a r e u s e d q u i t e o f t e n i n m a n y o f A a l t o ' s d e s i g n s b u t h e u s e s t h e m f o r a r e a s o n , w h e t h e r i t ' s t o u t i l i z e s o l a r c o n t r i b u t i o n s , a s i n h i s a p a r t m e n t h o u s e a t B r e m e n ( f i g . 3 ) , o r t o h o u s e l e c t u r e r o o m s a s i n t h e C u l t u r a l C e n t r e . I t h i n k i t ' s c l e a r t h a t A l v a r A a l t o i s i n n o w a y a ' F i n n i s h M i e s ' . B y u t i l i z i n g t h e c o n c e p t s o f h e t e r o t o p i a a n d h o m o t o p i a , A a l t o ' s a n d M i e s ' s t h e o r i e s o f d e s i g n a r e b l a c k a n d w h i t e . N o t t o s a y t h a t t h e s e c o n c e p t s a r e t h e b a s i s f o r t h e i r t h e o r i e s b u t t h e y c a n b e a p p l i e d t o t h e w o r k s o f b o t h a r c h i t e c t s . M i e s ' s s i m p l e l i n e s a n d h i s w o n d e r f u l u s e o f s t e e l a n d g l a s s h a v e g i v e n m a n y s t u d e n t s a n d a r c h i t e c t s a g r e a t f o u n d a t i o n w i t h w h i c h t h e y c a n e x p a n d u p o n . A a l t o ' s u n d u l a t i n g s u r f a c e s a n d h i s i n f a t u a t i o n w i t h ' c o m p l e x i t y a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n ' i n h i s w o r k h a s a l s o b e e n a g r e a t i n s p i r a t i o n t o m a n y p r o f e s s i o n a l s . I t ' s m o r e d i f i c u l t t o o g r a s p o n t o A a l t o ' s i d e a s b u t i f o n e a p p l i e s t h e c o n c e p t s o f h e t e r o t o p i a a n d h o m o t o p i a , a n d u n d e r s t a n d s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m , h e c a n c o m e o n e s t e p c l o s e r t o t h a t r e v e l a t i o n . (# 8 :<3miiVU£y. FOOTNOTES lDavid Dunster, Architectural Monographs 4, (New York: S t. Martins Press, 1984), p. 9 . 2Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradition in A rchitecture, (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966), p. 24. 3 "Mies' Enormous Room." Architectural Forum, Aug. 1956, p. 106. 4Ulrich Conrad, Programs and manifestoes on 20th c entury architecture, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1984), p. 154. 5David Dunster, Architectural Monographs 4, (New York: S t. Martins Press, 1984), p. 1 2. 6Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradition in Architecture, (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966), p. 100. 7Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966), p. 47. 8William C . Miller, "A Thematic Analysis of Alvar A alto's Architecture." Architecture and Urbanism, Oct. 1979, p. 18 . n 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. (Dunster, David), Architectural Monographs 4. New York: St. Martins Press, 1984. 2. Blaser, Werner. After Mies. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1977. 3. Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966. 4. Conrads, Ulrich. Programs and manifestoes on 20th-century architecture. Translated by Michael Bullock. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1984. 5. Miller, William C. "A Thematic Analysis of Alvar Aalto's Architecture." Architecture and Urbanism, Oct. 1979, pp.15-38. 6. Porphyrios, Demetri. "'The Burst of Memory' An Essay of Alvar Aalto's Typological Conception of Design." Architectural Design, May, 1979, pp. 143-148. 7. "Mies' Enormous Room." Architectural Forum, Aug. 1956, pp. 104-111. "It was as if, by gndding space, one safeguarded against all accidents or indiscreet intrusions, and established instead an idealized field of likeness... Such necessity for homogeneity, a necessity whose character was both constructional and ethical, defined the ordering sensibility of Modernism: homotopia."6 It sounds as if Porphyrios is attacking the Modernists and downgrading their ideals. I'm not sure if this is his intention, I don't think it is, however, I feel that the Modernists had developed a valid method of design which worked well. I am presenting heterotopia as an equally valid approach, one which many would undoubtedly disagree with and consider chaotic and I value their opinions. "We now understand that the existence of order in the universe is a precarious and artificial state... Entropy is the measurement of natures tendency towards its most simple state, thermodynamic equilibrium, or disorder, and maximum entropy would find all matter completely homogeneous, orderless and totally formless. The form, the order of life, is merely a temporary and local reversal of this universal tendency toward disorder... the dominance of architecture in the environment makes it the most potentially effective stimulation to order over which man exercises control.7 These thoughts, from a completely different source, reinforce the valiaity of the idea of heterotopia, as order. Heterotopia; as an approach to design Any number of interpretations of ways to use heterotopia as a design tool couid be found. Whether is be in a very simple and small example such as in the simple expression of a variety of materials, each expressing their unique qualities, or whether it encompasses all areas of a building, or group of buildings, including but not limited to; materials, systems, elevation, the planimetric syntax and the sectional syntax. The planimetric syntax is essentially using heterotopia when designing the arrangement of spaces in plan and dealing with intersections and "left over" space. The sectional syntax uses heterotopia when designing the arrangement of a building i section, from one floor to another and dealing with the vertical "stacking" of a building. The means and methods of dealing with these elements can only be successfully dealt with in the design process. Case Studies -mater i als - form THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA ri &QlJa o*f -H't ULit h(yyj(L fcitfyK -jo w&jmX o [ QVL o r (YA/0^ i s f^c t l / )bucU^ 1 -f i r tA- -jt> -(Ws /xsft^ts wi l l k - po i A fad ouk m u ck CAU^ , &WjMJp\&S \o t-LLb£&0JC\ lv( Wjy\)£jM(r^ \trWf>tf^- j)!ov^ u^Sl^A GV" JDJVfi- A- SiwIfW ju^k -b V/ i o |vo'\^t- Ma Will's _i Tta -fi/si" j£L>c 0uvtAT>le^ is +W, k-i^ u /• £ irtWtsW ^ rk>o.vfs 0+ > ^la^jUJOoi >6^1 +) (X p>/sr vi^w-k ib f CML'ko. -h O A^, iu4wi>tvw 4wd ~Wl [0Mwwii>aiwff'|{ ^ashi-kyiiryo Country •Mt' - '• •: f *'• v; ••. • , .7; Amta lso/aki and ^ssodales ; ' ^ •> i..-:..t.»--ir.c; r1-i i A*.* , - , Y, V j i^.', &ST# •^ M'^ 'yjl 'i).rki$0lk mmmr n i ' i r i j j . 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Schematic Design -space adjacency analysis -design sketches THE MANSFIELD CENTER FOR PACIFIC AFFAIRS FLATHEAD LAKE MONTANA Spax AnaJv^i;. Co*\doy$ YojcV-ivij op^ n. Laa>n hto- U\f\\*> 6ou ealH^ Of\fl. torero r Cev^ W £otafer&v\6£- 6Cv\t^ v f'Wa^ jervi^ ftxcil i-hfii£> oMoor AmpVi i-pWea 7 v\bu$e>/ Vock. o o o o o no+ iAd£6£>(UiU| re4iuv6^ . — kr$4W\cv\ It? j>r0Wfll& (All b a rv\»n\^KWi) 00 1 UU < u £ 0£ o uu aS uu H Z uu U Q •—i uu uu <-o £ < s uu X H S?-?ve, . Pa umuij /WUj<.i*» « Cffih»'' U6- -faal'hi • U. f. £ j ?ft~ £•)<> i b i + • f. fL ?fO]tC~hos^ • "T. 6>. *TVws| o.-Ho/- • C, ionktft^U^ ffoow •&,L toatfd foot* jU\>(M^ • fc.T. £0^ ftram • )c, f, /fwinj • T\>L- •T.£/£D "fcJkflnortG &jv*p>/ CuaIpujer frc?6e^>A^) fr?cw • I'.A, "felfcpho*^ • f /.. f*/J[fooir\ jf\Ajic°°M 4aii±i^ -fheA+ev < UU UU LU U4 UJ UJ o UJ X £p')-ct- t\ri>*rA'A(U • f. A, • f2- .fr. '•fie, /t. p. • f. .p.p. •f.i"1./6-W. • tAiA, • c,x ^tltykcwc, ^yu I An tarocW 'feAtphortt- Eflwip' I CpMpuiev tZoorv^ fro3raw flire^Jor Hu\\\\ih tfa*KS|*V CA+er'flj Medical Affirfu Pi ILliuro* toon (jD/\wrwcJL, p>o** toiJen/vMA' $&.G\\i\\lt> &z < zr uu u* uu UU UJ Q UU • "fowl(fy •ft AM •f,a •M«|. • Coat •Uitfdit M&om friNai^ Ar\i^ *Mop CoO* ftooM ^t^rootA jtofarvoM, l^ i Men &Mptoife& too*i Mty. J I ( ?uk Li­ eu LU UU UJ Q UJ X 5yfrjjL Adjacency • lieAl-tk o^el irccrU-b(?K i • Idobtj lobby jQthY^j fro 6Mop •£.£ fc+W u±£, / £Mi6><> 1Ux>t^ • Wert \j>dc$x faxm •Women W"h>r. fr&Li-lk <>vv^ Club 6}twu|fi' •Ma*', Mw-sevuj /Pr/OMcxY Tool • J. Jax*fc&i •£».£. £oo*\ •1".f, "Teflrvte a>*^ TW 6-fovu^ CouY^ fAm 6-kjx iv\ *>aMY\0^ g.F, 6"f*r, u> bbvj A.fc. Uuy\ Ni^.?(. 8S ur,^ fW>«> •Me/\ Lod^ev- •Mow&n Word's? U>6to~ • 6, U. louw]^ •4+or, ^hop (-o c£ i uu < U LU 1 0£ O LU 0^ UJ H Z LU U Q J uj uu 00 £ < s LU X H < / U ' - t ' if lc -I -Sr Li ^ IU(4> /f / / v o A .1 / ' / I p — - *r {: U-i Pi W M L- Ul Endnotes 1. Great Falls Tribune, April 5, 1988, page 4c. 2. Toko Shinodo, Katsura, Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture, (New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press, 1960), p. 1. 3. IBID, p. 1. 4. IBID, pp. 5,6. 5. Norman F. Carver, Jr., Form and Space of Japanese Architecture, (Tokyo: Shokokusha Publishing Co., 1955), p. 150. 6. David Dunster, Architectural Monographs 4, (New York: St. Martins press, 1984), p. 9 . 7. Carver, pp. 8,9. Bibliography 1. (Dunster, David), Architectural Monographs 4. New York: St. Martins Press, 1984. 2. Sninoda, Toko, Katsura, Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University press, 1960. 3. Carver, Norman F. Jr., Form and Space of Japanese Architecture. Tokyo: Shokokusha Publishing Co., 1955. 4. Friis, Herman R., The Pacific Basin. American Geographical Society, New York: Lane Press, 1967. 5. Freeman, Otis W., Geography of the Pacific. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1951. 6. (Morley, James W.), The Pacific Basin: New Challenges for the United States. Montpelier, VT: Capital City Press, 1986. 7. White, Edward T., Site Analysis. Tucson, AZ: Architectural Media, Ltd., 1983. 8. Clark, Roger H., and Pause, Michael, Precedents in Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1985. List of Maps and Illustrations #1. Herman R. Friis, The Pacific Basin, pp. 58-59. #2. Otis W. Freeman, Geography of the Pacific, cover page. Illustration Credits case studies (C.S. #) 5,6 Norman F. Carver, Jr. Form and Space of Japanese Architecture. 7 Japan Architect. Dec. 1971, pp. 33-38. THEATER LEVEL CONFERENCE LEVEL SECTION A-A SECTION D-D — II II ii -Wei «* 1 '•"•"SsrSSS Demco, Inc. 38-293 m