W h y M u s ell a l a si o c ar p a ( M u s a c e a e) i s u s e d i n S o ut h w e st C hi n a t o F e e d Pi g s. A ut h or s : C h u nli n L o n g, S el e n a A h m e d, Xi a or o n g W a n g, Yit a o Li u, B o L o n g, C h u n y a n Y a n g, Y a n a S hi, Xi n g y u Li, a n d R o n g G u o T h e fi n al p u bli c ati o n i s a v ail a bl e at S pri n g er vi a htt p:// d x. d oi. or g/ 1 0. 1 0 0 7/ s 1 2 2 3 1- 0 0 8- 9 0 1 3- z . L o n g, C h u nli n, S el e n a A h m e d, Xi a or o n g W a n g, Yit a o Li u, B o L o n g, C h u n y a n Y a n g, Y a n a S hi, Xi n g y u Li, a n d R o n g G u o. “ W h y M u s ell a L a si o c ar p a ( M u s a c e a e) I s U s e d i n S o ut h w e st C hi n a t o F e e d Pi g s.” E c o n o mi c B ot a n y 6 2, n o. 2 ( J u n e 2 0 0 8): 1 8 2 – 1 8 6. d oi: 1 0. 1 0 0 7/ s 1 2 2 3 1- 0 0 8- 9 0 1 3- z. M a d e a v ail a bl e t hr o u g h M o nt a n a St at e U ni v er sit y’ s S c h ol ar W or k s s c h ol ar w or k s. m o nt a n a. e d u I ntr o d u cti o n T his st u d y s e e ks t o u n d erst a n d t h e us a g e of M usell a l asi oc ar p a as pi g f o d d er i n s o ut h w est C hi n a b y i n v esti g ati n g its c ulti v ati o n, c o ns u m p- ti o n q u a ntiti es, a n d n utri e nt c o m p ositi o n. A pr e vi o us r e p ort o n t h e et h n o b ot a n y a n d c o ns er- v ati o n st at us of M usell a l asi oc ar p a hi g hli g ht e d t h e i m p ort a n c e of t his pl a nt f or its m ulti pl e us es a n d s er vi c es ( Li u et al. 2 0 0 3 ). T h e r es e ar c h pr es e nt e d h er e, w hi c h is a f oll o w u p eff ort t o t h e pr e vi o us st u d y, is a st e p t o w ar d a m or e c o m pr e h e nsi v e e x pl or ati o n of t h e c ulti v ati o n p ot e nti al of M usell a l asi oc ar p a f or f o o d a n d f o d d er i n a n e x p a n d e d g e o gr a p hi c ar e a. M usell a l asi oc ar p a ( Fr a n c h.) C. Y. W u e x H. W. Li ( Fi g. 1 ), wit h s y n o n y ms of M us a l asi oc ar p a Fr a n c h. a n d E nsete l asi oc ar p u m ( Fr a n c h.) E. E. C h e es m a n, is a s p e ci es of a m o n ot y pi c g e n us i n t h e M us a c e a e f a mil y. It is e n d e mi c t o t h e w at er- s h e ds of t h e U p p er Y a n gt z e Ri v er a n d its br a n c h es b et w e e n Y u n n a n a n d Si c h u a n pr o vi n c es i n s o ut h w est C hi n a ( W u a n d Kr ess 2 0 0 0 ). Wil d p o p ul ati o ns of M usell a ar e f o u n d ar o u n d cliffs i n n ort h er n Y u n n a n a n d s o ut h er n Si c h u a n. T his pl a nt is a d a pt e d t o br o a d e c ol o gi c al c o n diti o ns; it is a bl e t o wit hst a n d dr y, c ol d, a n d m o u nt ai n o us e n vir o n m e nts. T h e lit er at ur e o n us es of M usell a l asi oc ar p a f o c us es o n pr a cti c es b y H a n C hi n es e c o m m u ni- ti es a n d r e p orts t h at it is pri m aril y us e d as f o d d er a n d, t o a l ess er e xt e nt, i n t h e h u m a n di et. Asi d e fr o m f o d d er a n d f o o d, o ur pr e vi o us r es e ar c h i n t h e c o m m u niti es of Y u n n a n’s mi n orit y c ult ur al gr o u ps s h o ws t h at M usell a is v al u a bl e f or s oil a n d w at er er osi o n c o ntr ol, w e a vi n g m at eri al, m e di- ci n e, wi n e – br e wi n g, a n d as a s o ur c e pl a nt f or h o n e y d uri n g t h e wi nt er s e as o n ( L o n g 1 9 9 7 ; Li u et al. 2 0 0 3 ). R e c e ntl y, s o m e h orti c ult ur alists fr o m t h e U nit e d St at es, U nit e d Ki n g d o m, E ur o p e a n U ni o n, a n d J a p a n h a v e t a k e n a n i nt er est i n t h e c o m m er ci al d e v el o p m e nt of t his r es o ur c e as a n or n a m e nt al. W hil e t h e c h e mi c al c o m p ositi o n of M usell a pr e vi o usl y h as b e e n d o c u m e nt e d ( Qi n et al. 2 0 0 0 ; Y a n g et al. 2 0 0 1 ), n o st u di es h a v e r e p ort e d o n its n utri e nt c o nt e nt or e xt e nt of us e. Gi v e n t his l a c k of r es e ar c h, c o u pl e d wit h M usell a ’s e xt e nsi v e us e i n s o ut h w est C hi n a a n d br o a d e c ol o gi c al a d a pt ati o n, w e i n v esti g at e d its c ulti v a- ti o n, q u a ntiti es c o ns u m e d as pi g f o d d er, a n d n utri e nt c o m p ositi o n i n or d er t o u n d erst a n d t h e r ati o n al e f or its us a g e a n d d e v el o p m e nt p ot e nti al. M et h o ds S U R V E Y A N D S T U D Y S I T E S Fi el d w or k w as c o n d u ct e d i n s o ut h w est C hi n a b et w e e n 2 0 0 3 a n d 2 0 0 6 usi n g p arti ci p at or y r ur al W h y M us ell a l asi oc a r p a ( M us a c e a e) is Us e d i n S o ut h w est C hi n a t o F e e d Pi gs C H U N LI N L O N G 1, 2 , S E L E N A A H M E D * , 1, 3, 4, X I A O R O N G W A N G 5 , Y I T A O L I U1 , B O L O N G 1, 6 , C H U N Y A N Y A N G 1, 6 , Y A N A S HI 1, 7 , X I N G Y U L I1, 7 , A N D R O N G G U O 1, 7 1 K u n mi n g I nstit ut e of B ot a n y, C hi n es e A c a d e m y of S ci e n c es, K u n mi n g, C hi n a2 C oll e g e of Lif e a n d E n vir o n m e nt S ci e n c es, C e ntr al U ni v ersit y f or N ati o n aliti es, B eiji n g, C hi n a 3 T h e Gr a d u at e C e nt er of t h e Cit y U ni v ersit y of N e w Y or k, N e w Y or k, U S A4 T h e N e w Y or k B ot a ni c al G ar d e n, N e w Y or k, U S A5 L a b or at or y of Bi ol o g y, Y o n gz h o u V o c ati o n C oll e g e, H u n a n, C hi n a6 Gr a d u at e S c h o ol, C hi n es e A c a d e m y of S ci e n c es, B eiji n g, C hi n a7 Y u n n a n A gri c ult ur al U ni v ersit y, K u n mi n g, C hi n a * C orr es p o n di n g a ut h or; e- m ail: s el e n a a h m e d @ a ol. c o m a p pr ais al ( P R A) m et h o ds i n c o m m u niti es w h er e M usell a l asi oc ar p a h as a l o n g hist or y of b ei n g c ulti v ate d. T his i ncl u des t h e c e ntr al Y u n na n pre- f ect ures C h u xi o n g, D ali, Liji a n g, K u n mi n g, Y u xi, a n d H o n g h e. W e f urt h er s el ecte d f o ur t o w ns hi ps i n C h u xi o n g a n d K u n mi n g as o ur c as e st u d y sit es: Qi a nji n, T a n h u a, Xi a o h e, a n d H o n gt u di. T h e c ult ur al gr o u ps i n t h e c o m m u niti es st u di e d i ncl u d e H a n, 1 4 bra nc hes of Yi, a n d o ne bra nc h of Mi a o (referr e d t o as H m o n g i n c o u ntries o utsi d e of C hi na). T he Yi bra n c h es t hat c ulti vate M usell a i ncl u de t h e A xi, Az h e p o, G a n yi, Li p u, L u ol u o p u, L u ol u p o, N al u o, N as u, Nais u p o, Nies u p o, N u os u, S a ni, Tali u, a n d Tal us u; t h e Mia o bra nc h i ncl u des t h e A me n g, als o k n o w n as t h e D a h ua mia o. W e i nt er vi e w e d 2 1 3 i nf or ma nts ( 1 0 % of t he t ot al p o p ul ati o n) fr o m 1 4 4 h o use h ol ds (re pr es e nti n g 3 8 % of t ot al h o use h ol ds) at t h e c as e st u d y sites t o g at her d ata o n t h e M usell a ’s c ulti v ati o n s yste ms a n d t he a m o u nt f e d t o pi gs a n n uall y p er h o use h ol d c o m p ar e d wit h ot h er f o d d er. O ur i nf or m a nts i ncl u de 6 6 % H a n, 2 8 % Yi, a n d 6 % Mia o. T h e el e v ati o n of t h e st u d y sit es r a n g es fr o m 1, 5 7 0 t o 2, 6 3 7 m et ers ( m) a b o v e s e a l e v el a n d t h e a n n u al r ai nf all fl u ct u at es b et w e e n 1, 2 0 0 milli- m et ers ( m m) a n d 1, 8 0 0 m m. L o c als pri m aril y f oll o w tr a diti o n al dr y– l a n d a gri c ult ur e pr a cti c es w h er e t h e y gr o w w h e at, b arl e y, b u c k w h e at, c or n, a n d ot h er u pl a n d cr o ps, i n cl u di n g M usell a . S o m e f ar m ers m a n a g e a f e w ar e as of ri c e p a d d y fi el ds. Pi gs ar e v al u e d as t h e m ost i m p ort a nt d o m esti c a ni m al. Ot h er li v est o c k k e pt b y l o c al c o m m u ni- ti es i n cl u d e g o ats, c attl e, a n d b uff al o. N U T RI E N T C O M P O SI TI O N W e c oll e ct e d M usell a l asi oc ar p a i n di vi d u als fr o m H o n g qi a n g c o m m u nit y of C h u xi o n g Pr e- f e ct ur e i n N o v e m b er 2 0 0 4 t o e x a mi n e t h e c o nt e nt of pr ot ei n, st ar c h, f at, ot h er c ar b o h y- dr at es, a n d vit a mi n C. Pl a nts w er e s e p ar at e d i nt o si x p arts i n cl u di n g r o ot, r hiz o m e, ps e u d ost e m, l e af ( bl a d e a n d p eti ol e), i nfl or es c e n c e, a n d fr uit. S a m pl es w er e r a n d o ml y s el e ct e d fr o m fi v e M usell a i n di vi d u als a n d were sli ce d i nt o s mall pie ces a n d dri e d i n d o ors f or n utriti o n al c o m p ositi o n a n al ysis. T h e Ass o ci ati o n of Of fi ci al A n al yti c al C h e mists ( A O A C) m et h o ds w er e us e d t o a n al yz e pr ot ei n ( m et h o d 9 8 4. 1 3; A O A C 1 9 9 0), f at ( m et h o d 9 2 0. 3 9; A O A C 1 9 9 0), st ar c h, a n d ot h er c ar b o- h y dr at e ( m et h o d 3 2. 2. 0 5; A O A C 1 9 9 7) c o nt e nt of t h e s a m pl es. T h e vit a mi n C c o nt e nt of t h e s a m pl es w as d et er mi n e d b y di c hl o p h e n ol i n d o- p h e n ols ’ titr ati o n ( A O A C 1 9 8 4 ). Mi n er al c o nt e nt w as a n al y z e d b y dr y – as hi n g 3 gr a ms ( g) of l y o p hiliz e d a n d mill e d M usell a s a m pl es i n a m uf fl e f ur n a c e at 5 0 0° C, a n d diss ol vi n g t h e r e m ai ns i n nitri c a ci d ( H N O3 ) a n d h y dr o g e nc hl ori d e ( H Cl) ( A O A C 1 9 9 0 ). C al ci u m ( C a), m a g n esi u m ( M g), ir o n ( F e), a n d zi n c ( Z n) w er e d et er mi n e d b y at o mi c a bs or pti o n, p ot assi u m ( K) w as d et er mi n e d b y e missi o n s p e ctr o m etr y, a n d p h os p h or us ( P) w as d et er mi n e d b y a s p e ctr o p h o- t o m etri c a m m o ni u m m ol y b d at e m et h o d. R es ults M usell a l asi oc ar p a is a n i m p ort a nt c o m p o n e nt of t h e c ulti v ati o n s yst e ms at t h e st u d y sit es. It is c ulti v at e d pri m aril y o n t h e e d g es of t err a c e d u pl a n ds a n d m ar gi n al l a n d ( 7 0 % of M usell a ’s c ulti v ati o n ar e a) a n d, t o a l ess er e xt e nt, i n h o m e g ar d e ns ( 1 5 %) a n d pl a nt ati o ns ( 1 5 %). A p pr o xi- m at el y 4 5 % of c ulti v at e d M usell a gr o ws i n a gr o – f or estr y s yst e ms, 4 0 % gr o ws i n i nt er cr o p p e d s yst e ms, a n d 1 5 % gr o ws i n m o n o c ult ur e s yst e ms. Wit hi n a gr o – f or estr y s yst e ms, M usell a gr o ws wit h fr uit tr e es a n d cr o ps t h at c o m m o nl y ar e c ulti v at e d i n Y u n n a n i n cl u di n g p e a c h, p e ar, p ersi m m o n, w al n ut, a p pl e, c h est n ut, m ai z e, w h e at, p ot at o, r a p e s e e ds, c a b b a g e, p e a, r a dis h, c arr ot, a n d alli u m. T h e c o m p ositi o n i n t er ms of ar e a wit hi n t h es e s yst e ms is a p pr o xi m at el y 1 0 % M usell a , 2 5 % fr uit tr e es, a n d 6 5 % ot h er cr o ps. T h e p al m Tr ac hyc ar p us f ort u nei als o is f o u n d i n s o m e s yst e ms. A n i m p ort a nt m a n a g e m e nt c h ar- a ct eristi c of t h es e a gr o – f or estr y s yst e ms is t h eir ass o ci at e d b e e – k e e pi n g pr a cti c e. C hi n es e b e es (A pis cer a n a cer a n a ; F a bri ci us) ar e k e pt i n b o x es b et we e n terr ac es t o p olli nate t he s yste m ’s ve geta- ti o n. T he m a n a g e m e nt of M usell a is v al ua ble f or its la c k of irri g ati o n a n d c he mi cal i n p ut n ee ds b ec a use it r e q uires n o f ertilizer, p esti ci des, or h er bi ci des. I n t h e st u d y sit es, al m ost e v er y h o us e h ol d c ulti vates M usell a i n a n are a var yi n g fr o m 1 0s q u ar e m eters ( m 2 ) t o 2, 0 0 0 m2 , d e p e n di n g o n t h e l a n d h el d b y t he h o use h ol d a n d t he n u m ber of pi gs r aise d. B ot h males a n d f e m ales are a cti ve i n t h e c ulti v ati o n a n d h ar v est of M usell a. H o w e v er, f e males a p p ear t o b e m or e k n o wle d g ea ble a b o ut h ar vest ti m es a n d c ulti vati o n a m o u nts a n d are as. W hile l o cals pri maril y gr o w M usell a f or s u bsiste nc e use, it is i ncre asi n gl y b ei n g c o m mercialize d o n a s m all s c al e as a n or n a m e nt al f or g ar d e ns i n s o ut h west C hi na. W e esti mate t h at a p pr o xi matel y 1 3 2, 0 0 0s q u ar e kil o m et ers ( k m 2 ) of t errit or y Fi g. 1. M usell a l asi oc ar p a ( Fr a n c h.) C. Y. W u e x H. W. Li 1 = Pl a nt; 2 = I nfl or es c e n c e; 3 = M al e Fl o w er; 4 =O v ar y. t hr o u g h o ut c e ntr al Y u n na n is distri b ute d wit h M usell a pl a nt ati o ns, wit h o v er 1 0 milli o n c ulti v at ors. A m o n g t he a p pr o xi m atel y 1 0 milli o n c ulti v at ors, 8 milli o n are H a n, 1. 7 milli o n are Yi, a n d 3 0 0, 0 0 0 are Mi a o. L o cals li vi n g n ear wil d p o p ul ati o ns of M usell a h ar vest it f or f o d der a n d c ulti v ati o n m at eri al. O ur r es e ar c h f o u n d littl e e vi d e n c e t o s u p p ort w hi c h c ult ur al gr o u p d o m esti cate d t his s pe ci es. All i nf or m a nts i nt er vi e w e d i n di c at e d t h at t h e us e of M usell a as pi g f o d d er i m pr o v es t h e gr o wt h of t h eir a ni m als. T h e w h ol e pl a nt c a n b e us e d as f o d d er, eit h er r a w or aft er b ei n g c o o k e d. T h e ps e u d ost e m, l e af, a n d i n fl or es c e n c e ar e t h e pri m ar y f e e di n g m at eri als; o c c asi o n all y t h e r hi- z o m e, fr uits, a n d r o ots ar e us e d als o. Pi gs ar e t h e o nl y a ni m als i n t h e st u d y sit es t h at ar e f e d M usell a . R es ults fr o m o ur s ur v e y o n t h e a m o u nt of f e e dst uff c o ns u m e d b y pi gs r e v e al t h at M usell a is a si g nifi c a nt pi g f o d d er i n all c o m m u niti es i nt er vi e w e d, wit h a m e a n w ei g ht of a n n u al us a g e p er h o us e h ol d r a n gi n g fr o m 1, 4 4 3. 7 kil o gr a ms ( k g) t o 2, 2 6 1. 6 k g. T his r e pr es e nts 9 % t o 1 6 % of t ot al pi g f o d d er. O ur i nf or m a nts i n di c at e d t h at t h e y us e t h e l ar g est a m o u nt of M usell a i n t h e wi nt er, t h e s e as o n w h e n t h e i n fl or es c e n c es of m ost M usell a i n di vi d u als e mer g e, b ec a use of t h e pla nt ’s i ncre as e d n utriti o n al v al u e a n d t h e s h orta ge of ot h er f o d d ers d uri n g t his ti me. Ot her pla nt m at eri al us e d as pi g f o d d er i n t h e c as e sites i n cl u d es b u c k w he at a n d l e a ves of s u g ar b e et, m ust ar d, r a dis h, a n d s w e et p ot at o. T h e d at a i n dic ate t hat t he pr o p orti o n of differe nt pi g f o d der use d b y h o use h ol ds s h o ws sli g ht vari ati o n b et we e n c ult ur al gr o u ps a n d l o caliti es, wit h Yi c o m m u nities usi n g t h e gre at est a m o u nt of M usell a . D at a o n t h e n utri e nt c o m p ositi o n of M usell a ( T a bl e 1 ) s h o w it t o b e a si g nifi c a nt s o ur c e of pr ot ei n, f at, c ar b o h y dr at es, vit a mi n C, a n d st ar c h. M usell a l e a v es c o nt ai n t h e gr e at est c o nt e nt of pr ot ei n f oll o w e d b y t h e fr uits a n d i n fl or es c e n c es of t h e pl a nt. T h e l e a v es als o c o nt ai n t h e gr e at est c o nt e nt of vit a mi n C a n d its ps e u d ost e m a n d r hiz o m e c o nt ai n t h e gr e at est a m o u nt of st ar c h. A n al ysis of t h e mi n er al c o m p ositi o n of M usell a s h o ws t h at it is a si g nifi c a nt pr o vi d er of K, c o m prisi n g 3. 1 6 % of t h e c o m bi n e d dr y w ei g ht of t h e ps e u d ost e m, l e af, a n d i n fl or es c e n c e. C o n cl usi o n M usell a l asi oc ar p a c a n b e r e c o g niz e d as a n i m p ort a nt f or a g e cr o p i n c e ntr al Y u n n a n b e c a us e of t h e si g ni fi c a nt pr o p orti o n it r e pr es e nts of t ot al f o d d er c o ns u m e d b y pi gs a n d its a v ail a bilit y d uri n g t h e wi nt er w h e n t h er e is a s h ort a g e of ot h er f o d d ers. O ur r es ults s u p p ort t h at M usell a ’s ri c h n utri e nt c o m p ositi o n is r es p o nsi bl e f or its wi d e c ulti v ati o n b y f ar m ers i n c e ntr al Y u n n a n. I n or d er t o o pti miz e t h e n utriti o n al v al u e of M usell a , w e r e c o m m e n d t h e w h ol e pl a nt b e us e d t o c o m p e ns at e f or t h e n utri e nt c o nt e nt v ari ati o n i n diff er e nt pl a nt p arts. F or e x a m pl e, t h e l a c k of st ar c h i n t h e pr ot ei n– c o nt ai ni n g l e a v es is c o m- p e ns at e d f or b y t h e st ar c h c o nt e nt of t h e ps e u d ost e m. F urt h er r es e ar c h is n e e d e d t o a d dr ess t h e n utriti o n al v ari ati o n o ur i nf or m a nts r e p ort e d d u e t o s e as o ns a n d pr e p ar ati o n m et h o ds. I n a d diti o n, o ur r es e ar c h s u p p orts t h at M usell a – b as e d a gr o – f or estr y s yste ms are m ulti– pr o d u cti ve a n d t heir m ulti – st ori e d ve get ati ve str uct ure pr o- te cts t h e s oil. Gi v e n M usell a ’s n utri e nt c o m p ositi o n a n d br o a d a da ptati o n t o diff er e nt e c ol o gi cal c o n- diti o ns, it is a n a p pe ali n g cr o p t o b e i nc or p or at e d i nt o a gr o– f orestr y s yste ms gl o b all y, p arti c ularl y i n Hi mala ya n a n d S o ut he ast Asia n c o u ntri es. T his c a n b e a c hie ve d t hr o u g h e xt e nsi o n or g a niz ati o ns a n d f ar mer– t o– f ar mer e xc ha n g e s yste ms. A c k n o wl e d g e m e nts T he a ut h ors w o ul d li ke t o t ha n k t he E x peri me ntal Ce nter of Y u n na n Aca de m y of A gric ult ural Scie nces T A B L E 1. N U T RI E N T C O M P O SI TI O N O F M U S E L L A L A SI O C A R P A (F R O M D R Y M A T E RI A L S ). C at e g or y Pr ot ei n ( %) St ar c h ( %) F at ( %) Ot h er C ar b o h y dr at es( %) Vit a mi n C ( m g/ 1 0 0 g) R o ot 3. 8 1 2. 1 1 1. 4 0 6. 9 0 0 R hiz o m e 3. 5 8 4 2. 5 9 0. 4 4 9. 3 9 0 Ps e u d ost e m 3. 9 2 5 3. 9 1 0. 5 1 7. 3 1 1. 2 0 L e af 1 7. 2 5 0. 0 0 2. 8 4 1 3. 1 3 9. 3 3 I nfl or es c e n c e 1 1. 4 2 0. 0 0 3. 3 6 1 3. 2 9 2. 3 3 Fr uit 1 1. 9 8 2. 2 1 1. 6 6 5. 4 2 0 f or assisti n g wit h t he la b orat or y a nal ysis; t he Mi nistr y of S ci e n c e a n d T e c h n ol o g y of C hi n a ( 2 0 0 4 D K A 3 0 4 3 0 a n d 2 0 0 5 D K A 2 1 0 0 6), 1 1 1 Pr oj ect ( B 0 8 0 4 4), a n d t he U. S. Nati o nal Scie nce F o u n da- ti o n f or fi n a n ci al s u p p ort; Mr. Li – t a o Li u f or pre pari n g t he ill ustrati o n; a n d Dr. C harles Peters of t he Ne w Y or k B ota nical Gar de n f or his c o m me nts o n t he ma n uscri pt. Lit er at ur e Cit e d A O A C. 1 9 8 4. Of fi ci al M et h o ds of A n al ysis of t h e Ass o ci ati o n of Of fi ci al A n al yti c al C h e mists ( A O A C), 1 4t h e d. P a g es 8 4 4– 8 4 5 i n S. Willi a ms, e d., A O A C, Arli n gt o n, Vir gi ni a. — — — . 1 9 9 0 Offi ci al M et h o ds of A n al ysis of t h e Ass o ci ati o n of Of fi ci al A n al yti c al C h e mists ( A O A C), 1 5t h e d., v ols. 1 a n d 2. K. H elri c h, e d., A O A C, Arli n gt o n, Vir gi ni a. — — — . 1 9 9 7. Offi cial M et h o ds of A n al ysis of t h e Ass o ci ati o n of Of fi ci al A n al yti c al C h e mists ( A O A C). 1 6t h e d., 3r d r e visi o n. P. C u niff, e d., A O A C I nter n ati o n al: G ait h ers b ur g, M ar yl a n d. Li u, A. Z., W. J. Kr ess, a n d C. L. L o n g. 2 0 0 3. C ust o m ar y Us e a n d C o ns er v ati o n al Att e nti o n t o M usell a l asi oc ar p a ( M us a c e a e): A M o n ot y pi c G e n us E n d e mi c t o C hi n a. E c o n o mi c B ot a n y 5 7: 2, 2 7 9 – 2 8 1. L o n g, C. L., 1 9 9 7. T h e D e v el o p m e nt P ot e nti al of M usell a l asi oc ar p a . P a g es 1 6 8– 1 7 6 i n Y u n na n Ass o ci ati o n of Scie nce a n d T ec h n ol o g y, Pr oc ee di n gs of W or ks h o p o n E nter prises a n d Mar k eti n g of S pe ci al A ni mals a n d Pl a nts i n Y u n na n. K u n mi n g, C hi na. Qi n, B., R. H. L u, H. Q. W a n g, a n d M. W a n g. 2 0 0 0. C h e mi c al C o nstit u e nts fr o m M usell a l asi oc ar p a ( Fr a n c h et) C. Y. W u. Nat ural Pr o d- u ct R es earc h a n d D e v el o p m e nt 1 2( 2): 4 1 – 4 4. W u, D. L. a n d W. J. Kr ess. 2 0 0 0. M us a c e a e. P a g es 3 1 4 – 3 1 8 i n C. Y. W u a n d P. H. R a v e n, e ds., Fl or a of C hi n a. V ol. 2 4 ( Fl a g ell ari a c e a e t hr o u g h M ar a nt a c e a e). S ci e n c e Pr ess, B eiji n g, C hi n a a n d Miss o uri B ot a ni c al G ar d e n Pr ess, St. L o uis, Miss o uri. Y a n g, W. L., J. Ti a n, B. R. B ai, J. F. G u a n, a n d L. S. Di n g 2 0 0 1. C h e mi c al C o nstit u e nts of M usell a l asi oc ar p a . C hi n es e Tr a diti o n al a n d H er b al Dr u gs 3 2( 8): 6 8 1 – 6 8 3.