# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Bioenergy and Breast Cancer: A report on tumor growth and metastasis

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
As many as 80% of the 296,000 women and 2,240 men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States will seek out complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. One such therapy is Healing Touch (HT), recognized by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) as a treatment modality. Using a multiple experimental groups design, fifty-six six- to eight-week-old Balb/c mice were injected with 4T1 breast cancer tumor cells and randomly divided into intervention and positive control groups. Five days after tumor cell injection, mice in the intervention groups received HT either daily or every other day for 10 minutes by one HT practitioner. At 15 days after tumor cell injection, tumor size was measured, and metastasis was evaluated by a medical pathologist after necropsy. Tumor size did not differ significantly among the groups (F(3,52) = 0.75, p value = 0.53). The presence of metastasis did not differ across groups (chi-square(3) = 3.902, p = 0.272) or when compared within an organ (liver: chi-square(3) = 2.507, p = 0.474; lungs: chi-square(3) = 3.804, ; spleen: chi-square(3) = 0.595, p = 0.898). However, these results did indicate a moderate, though insignificant, positive impact of HT and highlight the need for continued research into dose, length of treatment, and measurable outcomes (tumor size, metastasis) to provide evidence to suggest application for nursing care.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Bioenergy and Breast Cancer: A report on tumor growth and metastasis

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
A preliminary investigation into the current status of Indian education in Montana

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
A preliminary investigation into the current status of Indian education in Montana

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Electron Microburst Size Distribution Derived With AeroCube‐6

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Microbursts are an impulsive increase of electrons from the radiation belts into the atmosphere and have been directly observed in low Earth orbit and the upper atmosphere. Prior work has estimated that microbursts are capable of rapidly depleting the radiation belt electrons on the order of a day; hence, their role to radiation belt electron losses must be considered. Losses due to microbursts are not well constrained, and more work is necessary to accurately quantify their contribution as a loss process. To address this question, we present a statistical study of urn:x-wiley:jgra:media:jgra55578:jgra55578-math-000135 keV microburst sizes using the pair of AeroCube-6 CubeSats. The microburst size distribution in low Earth orbit and the magnetic equator was derived using both spacecraft. In low Earth orbit, the majority of microbursts were observed, while the AeroCube-6 separation was less than a few tens of kilometers, mostly in latitude. To account for the statistical effects of random microburst locations and sizes, Monte Carlo and analytic models were developed to test hypothesized microburst size distributions. A family of microburst size distributions were tested, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler was used to estimate the optimal distribution of model parameters. Finally, a majority of observed microbursts map to sizes less than 200 km at the magnetic equator. Since microbursts are widely believed to be generated by scattering of radiation belt electrons by whistler mode waves, the observed microburst size distribution was compared to whistler mode chorus size distributions derived in prior literature.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Shumko, M., A. T. Johnson, J. G. Sample, B. A. Griffith, D. L. Turner, T. P. O’Brien, O. Agapitov, J. B. Blake, and S. G. Claudepierre. “Electron Microburst Size Distribution Derived With AeroCube‐6.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125, no. 3 (March 2020). doi:10.1029/2019ja027651.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.rights[].value
© This final published version is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Electron Microburst Size Distribution Derived With AeroCube‐6

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.mus.citation.journaltitle[].value
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
What interventions are successful in the treatment of sleep disturbances in veterans with PTSD? : an integrative literature review

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.advisor[].value
Chairperson, Graduate Committee:  Jennifer Sofie

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common mental disorder associated with military combat and is a significant health risk for military veterans (Nayback, 2009). The sleep disturbances associated with PTSD are some of the most disabling and difficult to treat aspects of the disorder (Nayback, 2009). The nightmares experienced by veterans are often resistant to typical psychological and pharmacological interventions and require a specifically tailored treatment to improve sleep (Nappi, Drummond, Thorp, & McQuaid, 2009). Interventions for sleep disturbances have not been widely studied in populations with PTSD (Swanson, Favorite, Horin, & Arnedt, 2009).The purpose of this integrative literature review was to gain knowledge of successful interventions for sleep disturbances in veterans with PTSD. Current literature was reviewed and analyzed to increase knowledge of the interventions available for improving sleep in this population. A total of seven articles met inclusion criteria and were utilized in the literature review. Articles were located by searching electronic databases and by hand searching abstracts and reference lists. A constant comparison method was utilized in which data were extracted from the research articles and then compiled into systematic categories (Whittemore & Knafl, 2005). The data were assembled into a large matrix allowing for the comparison of each research study (Whittemore & Knafl, 2005). When performing this literature review, it became evident that there are few interventions available to treat sleep in veterans with PTSD. There did not appear to be a single intervention that was most effective in treating sleep in veterans with PTSD. This review did find literature suggesting that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT), and prazosin have all shown varying degrees of effectiveness in the treatment of sleep disturbances in veterans with PTSD. This review of literature suggests it may be beneficial for future research to focus on a combined approach of CBT, IBT, IRT, and prazosin.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
What interventions are successful in the treatment of sleep disturbances in veterans with PTSD? : an integrative literature review

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.committeemembers[].value
Members, Graduate Committee:  Julie Pullen; Kathleen Schachman

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Molecular Mechanisms for Regulation of Neutrophil Apoptosis under Normal and Pathological Conditions

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Neutrophils are one of the main cells of innate immunity that perform a key effector and regulatory function in the development of the human inflammatory response. Apoptotic forms of neutrophils are important for regulating the intensity of inflammation and restoring tissue homeostasis. This review summarizes current data on the molecular mechanisms of modulation of neutrophil apoptosis by the main regulatory factors of the inflammatory response—cytokines, integrins, and structural components of bacteria. Disturbances in neutrophil apoptosis under stress are also considered, molecular markers of changes in neutrophil lifespan associated with various diseases and pathological conditions are presented, and data on pharmacological agents for modulating apoptosis as potential therapeutics are also discussed.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Noseykina, E. M., Schepetkin, I. A., & Atochin, D. N. (2021). Molecular mechanisms for regulation of neutrophil apoptosis under normal and pathological conditions. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 57(3), 429-450.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Molecular Mechanisms for Regulation of Neutrophil Apoptosis under Normal and Pathological Conditions

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.mus.citation.journaltitle[].value
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Fundamental physics implications on higher-curvature theories from the binary black hole signals in the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Gravitational-wave astronomy oﬀers not only new vistas into the realm of astrophysics, but it also opens an avenue for probing, for the ﬁrst time, general relativity in its strong-ﬁeld, nonlinear, and dynamical regime, where the theory’s predictions manifest themselves in their full glory. We present a study of whether the gravitational-wave events detected so far by the LIGO-Virgo scientiﬁc collaborations can be used to probe higher-curvature corrections to general relativity. In particular, we focus on two examples: Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet and dynamical Chern-Simons gravity. We ﬁnd that the two events with a low-mass m ≈ 7M⊙ BH (GW151226 and GW170608) place stringent constraints on Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, α1/2 . 5.6 km, whereas EdGB dynamical Chern-Simons gravity remains unconstrained by the gravitational-wave observations analyzed.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Nair, R., Perkins, S., Silva, H. O., & Yunes, N. Fundamental physics implications on higher-curvature theories from the binary black hole signals in the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1. arXiv 2019. arXiv preprint gr-qc/1905.00870.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Fundamental physics implications on higher-curvature theories from the binary black hole signals in the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Alkaline industrial by-product effects on plant growth in acidic-contaminated soil systems

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.rights.holder[].value
Copyright 2002 by Joel Thomas Mehlenbacher

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Alkaline industrial by-product effects on plant growth in acidic-contaminated soil systems

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.mus.relation.department[].value
Land Resources & Environmental Sciences.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.department[].value
Land Resources & Environmental Sciences.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Bacterial biofilms: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Bacteria have traditionally been regarded as individual organisms growing in homogeneous planktonic populations. However, bacteria in natural environments usually form communities of surface-adherent organisms embedded in an extracellular matrix, called biofilms. Current antimicrobial strategies often fail to control bacteria in the biofilm mode of growth. Treatment failure is particularly frequent in association with intracorporeal or transcutaneous medical devices and compromised host immunity. The rising prevalence of these risk factors over the last decades has paralleled the increase in biofilm infections. This review discusses the shortcomings of current therapies against biofilms both in theory and with clinical examples. Biofilm characteristics are described with a focus on new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Fux, C.A., P. Stoodley, L. Hall-Stoodley and J.W. Costerton, "Bacterial biofilms: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge," Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 1(4):89-105 (2003).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Bacterial biofilms: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Adaptation of Australian ley farming to Montana dryland cereal production

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Adaptation of Australian ley farming to Montana dryland cereal production

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.mus.relation.department[].value
Land Resources & Environmental Sciences.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.department[].value
Land Resources & Environmental Sciences.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.advisor[].value
Chairperson, Graduate Committee:  Dennis Aig

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description[].value
Donkumentary is a film that is part of the student's thesis project.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
This paper discusses the essay film and its practice. Criteria are established for the form:  It should be less than feature length. It must have text. The text must represent a single voice, and the speakers attempt to work out some reasoned line of discourse on a problem. The text must have a strong personal point of view. The text's language should be as eloquent and interesting as possible. Three films are analyzed that illustrate the essay film form:  Chris Marker's 'Letter from Siberia', Cindy Stillwell's 'Mating For Life', and Werner Herzog's 'Grizzly Man'. I conclude that the essay film form is a viable alternative to traditional documentary filmmaking styles. It is particularly useful in specific historical, social, and political contexts as a means of influencing public opinion and advocating for change.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Arts & Architecture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.committeemembers[].value
Members, Graduate Committee:  Cindy Stillwell; Lucia Ricciardelli

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
A Comparison of greenhouse methods as diagnostic tools for reclamation planning

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
A Comparison of greenhouse methods as diagnostic tools for reclamation planning

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.mus.relation.department[].value
Land Resources & Environmental Sciences.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.department[].value
Land Resources & Environmental Sciences.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Using Quantile Regression to Measure the Differential Impact of Economic and Demographic Variables on Obesity

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
The fight against obesity in the U.S. has become a pressing priority for policy makers due to many undesirable outcomes including escalating health care costs, reduced quality of life and increased mortality. This analysis uses data from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to evaluate the relationship between behavioral, economic, and demographic factors with BMI while explicitly accounting for systematic heterogeneity using a quantile regression. Results suggest that the effect of exercise, smoking, occupation, and race vary by sizeable amounts from high to low BMI-quantiles. This strongly indicates that future research efforts and policy responses to obesity need to account for these differences in order to develop more effective policies.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Belasco, E.J., B. Chidmi, C.P. Lyford, M. Funtanilla. "Using Quantile Regression to Measure the Differential Impact of Economic and Demographic Variables on Obesity" Journal of Health Behavior and Public Health. Vol. 2, No. 2 (2012): 35-45.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Using Quantile Regression to Measure the Differential Impact of Economic and Demographic Variables on Obesity

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.mus.citation.journaltitle[].value
Journal of Health Behavior and Public Health

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Biofilm formation by porphyromonas gingivalis and streptococcus gordonii

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to visualize and quantify biofilm formation by the oral bacteria Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis, A saliva-coated glass coverslip under continuous bacterial challenge and conditions of low shear force was used to investigate attachment to the salivary pellicle and also the effect of cell-cell interactions on the extent of colonization and biofilm development. S. gordonii bound to the salivary pellicle and outcompeted P. gingivalis for attachment sites. Both P. gingivalis and S. gordonii failed to establish substantial biofilm formation independently. However, biofilm formation did occur subsequent to initial adherence of P. gingivalis to S. gordonii cells deposited on the salivary pellicle. The commensal species S. gordonii may. therefore, provide an attachment substrate for colonization and biofilm accretion by the potential pathogen, P. gingivalis.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Cook, G.S., J.W. Costerton, and R.J. Lamont, "Biofilm formation by porphyromonas gingivalis and streptococcus gordonii," Journal of Periodontal Research, 33(6):323-327 (1998).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Biofilm formation by porphyromonas gingivalis and streptococcus gordonii

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Convolutional neural networks for multi- and hyper-spectral image classification

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.advisor[].value
Chairperson, Graduate Committee: John Sheppard

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
While a great deal of research has been directed towards developing neural network architectures for classifying RGB images, there is a relative dearth of research directed towards developing neural network architectures specifically for multi-spectral and hyper-spectral imagery. The additional spectral information contained in a multi-spectral or hyper-spectral image can be valuable for land management, agriculture and forestry, disaster control, humanitarian relief operations, and environmental monitoring. However, the massive amounts of data generated by a multi-spectral or hyper- spectral instrument make processing this data a challenge. Machine learning and computer vision techniques could automate the analysis process of these rich data sources. With these benefits in mind, we have adapted recent developments in small efficient convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to create a small CNN architecture capable of being trained from scratch to classify 10 band multi-spectral images, using much fewer parameters than popular deep architectures, such as the ResNet or DenseNet architectures. We show that this network provides higher classification accuracy and greater sample efficiency than the same network using RGB images. We also show that it is possible to employ a transfer learning approach and use a network pre-trained on multi-spectral satellite imagery to increase accuracy on a second much smaller multi-spectral dataset, even though the satellite imagery was captured from a much different perspective (high altitude, overhead vs. ground based at close stand-off distance). These results demonstrates that it is possible to train our small network architectures on small multi-spectral datasets and still achieve high classification accuracy. This is significant as labeled hyper-spectral and multi-spectral datasets are generally much smaller than their RGB counterparts. Finally, we approximate a Bayesian version of our CNN architecture using a recent technique known as Monte Carlo dropout. By keeping dropout in place during test time we can perform a Monte Carlo procedure using multiple forward passes of our network to generate a distribution of network outputs which can be used as a measure of uncertainty in the predictions a network is making. Large variance in the network output corresponds to high uncertainty and vice versa. We show that a network that is capable of working with multi-spectral imagery significantly reduces the uncertainty associated with class predictions compared to using RGB images. This analysis reveals that the benefits of an architecture that works effectively with multi-spectral or hyper-spectral imagery extends beyond higher classification accuracy. Multi-spectral and hyper-spectral imagery allows us to be more confident in the predictions that a deep neural network is making.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Convolutional neural networks for multi- and hyper-spectral image classification

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.committeemembers[].value
Members, Graduate Committee: Joseph A. Shaw; David Millman

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Women don't ask: an investigation of start-up financing and gender

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Are women less likely to ask for help financing their businesses? This study investigates whether gender is a factor that impacts the propensity to ask for financing among nascent entrepreneurs. We also investigate if start-up helpers, who do not have an ownership share, have an impact on the likelihood of asking for financing, specifically between men and women. Our findings suggest that being female significantly decreases the probability of asking for financing and the presence of start-up helpers significantly increases the incidence of asking for financing in the nascent stage. In addition, among those who created new firms or were still in the start-up process, the number of start-up helpers exponentially increased the incidence of asking for financing among female founders. We use the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II data, the largest, nationally representative, and longitudinal database on nascent entrepreneurs for the United States.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.identifier.citation[].value
Kwapisz, Agnieszka, and Diana M. Hechavarrí­a. "Women don't ask: an investigation of start-up financing and gender." Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 159-190. DOI:10.1080/13691066.2017.1345119.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.rights[].value
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Women don't ask: an investigation of start-up financing and gender

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Gas phase ion-ion recombination and electron capture reactions at atmospheric pressure

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Gas phase ion-ion recombination and electron capture reactions at atmospheric pressure

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Tracing matter and energy in the high school chemistry classroom

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.advisor[].value
Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Greg Francis

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
The purpose of my project was to improve students' understanding of matter at an atomic and molecular level and better address how energy flows during chemical changes. This action research project was administered to 3 honors chemistry classes consisting of 74 students. Within a chemical bonding unit, I incorporated an additional learning target on bonding energetics. In order to provide a more comprehensive, complete understanding of energy during chemical bonding, I studied the impact of additional energy instruction involving energy diagrams and energy conservation during different reaction types. Also incorporated were lab activities where students first model bond energy and then apply these concepts during a series of chemical reactions. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention, a pre- and post-unit assessment probed student understanding of carbon-transforming processes, a pre- and post-unit survey collected data on student attitudes, student interviews collected in-depth verbal feedback, and instructor field observations made qualitative observations throughout the unit. The results of this study show how students are clearly able to distinguish between matter and energy in explaining the effects of chemical reactions, explain how matter and energy are conserved, and explain the results of bonding energetics on the energy change that occurs within a chemical system.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.subject.lcsh[].value
Next Generation Science Standards (Education)

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Tracing matter and energy in the high school chemistry classroom

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.committeemembers[].value
Members, Graduate Committee: Eric Brunsell; Chris Bahn.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
Non-destructive assessment of household reverse osmosis water treatment membrane biofouiling

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.advisor[].value
Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Anne Camper

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane treatment is well known for its ability to desalinate sea and brackish waters on a massive scale in large treatment plants. Conversely, RO membranes are also used to treat freshwater from questionable sources at the point of use. Both types of systems suffer from the negative effects of membrane fouling. There are four basic types of fouling: inorganic, colloidal, organic, and biofouling. Traditional methods for assessing fouling either cannot differentiate between the fouling types or destroy the membrane in the process. Currently, many new and innovative methods to non-destructively assess the degree and type of fouling inside a membrane unit are being researched. Most of these methods require the use of expensive electrodes and equipment which is not economical for point of use systems. This research was aimed at determining economical non-destructive methods to assess biofouling in point of use RO membrane treatment systems. Experimentation was performed on three parallel household RO membrane units operated under controlled feed water conditions to promote biofouling, inorganic fouling and a combination of both. Operational and biological parameters were monitored throughout the systems' lifespan. Membrane autopsies were also done to assess the degree and type of fouling. Statistical models were performed on the operational data to determine statistically relevant parameters between the fouling types that were subsequently validated by the membrane autopsies. Several non-destructive methods to assess the presence of biofouling were determined. Permeate flow rates decreased in a significantly different way when biofouling was present compared to when it was not. Large increases in permeate conductivity were also noted in membranes suffering from biofouling while they were not observed in membranes that had been inorganically fouled. The concentration of cell clumps in the retentate also increased in membranes experiencing biofouling while they did not increase in membranes that were inorganically fouled. These methods were found to not be sensitive enough to provide early warning for the presence of biofouling. However, these methods could be used to conveniently and economically assess the types of fouling problems being experienced household RO systems.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.rights.holder[].value
Copyright 2015 by Stephen Donald Markwardt

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
Non-destructive assessment of household reverse osmosis water treatment membrane biofouiling

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title.alternative[].value
Non-destructive assessment of household reverse osmosis water treatment membrane biofouling

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.committeemembers[].value
Members, Graduate Committee: Alfred B. Cunningham; Otto Stein.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
The effects of transaction costs on Northern Plains oil unitization agreements

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.contributor.advisor[].value
Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Dean Lueck.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
Under the rule of capture, petroleum production on reservoirs with numerous surface owners leads to significant economic waste from over-drilling and reduced total oil recovery. To mitigate the economic losses from rule of capture, private and regulatory solutions emerged to limit over-production on oil reservoirs. Among these solutions, contracts known as reservoir-wide unitization agreements lead to optimal reservoir development by allowing wells to be placed according to physical and economic conditions. While unit agreements allow for a first-best productive result, the costs of reaching contractual agreement can prohibit unit formation. This thesis examines the determinants of reservoir-wide unitization agreements. The general hypothesis is that increases in costs contracting decrease the likelihood of successful unit formation. A static well-choice model is used to analyze the factors affecting the firm's decision to join a unit. Variations on the model allow the well-choice decision to be derived under various regimes: sole ownership of the reservoir, rule of capture production, and contracting. The well-choice decision for each variation can then be used to determine the value of the reservoir for each regime. Using these values, the probability of unitization can then be linked to increases in the value of the reservoir when it is unitized and increases in the costs of negotiating agreements. Two primary predictions result: 1) as surface landholdings and subsurface physical reservoir properties become more heterogeneous, the probability of unit formation decreases, and 2) laws facilitating the unitization process increase the probability of unit formation. The primary empirical analysis uses probit regressions and case studies to examine data from oil reservoirs in the Northern Plains for the probability of unitization. The estimates indicate successful unitization occurs when surface ownership and reservoir properties are more homogenous, but also that legislation enacted to facilitate the unitization process has little impact on the formation of units.

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.rights.holder[].value
Copyright 2000 by Andrew Jonathan Seessel

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
The effects of transaction costs on Northern Plains oil unitization agreements

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.thesis.degree.committeemembers[].value
Members, Graduate Committee: David E. Buschena; Randal R. Rucker

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.name
The structure and performance of an adult population of Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) near Billings, Montana

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.publisher[].value
Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture

# _embedded.searchResult._embedded.objects[]._embedded.indexableObject.metadata.dc.title[].value
The structure and performance of an adult population of Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) near Billings, Montana