Jacobs, J.Weaver, T.2021-07-222021-07-221990J Jacobs and T Weaver 1990. Effects of temperature and temperature preconditioning on seedling performance of whitebark pine. p134-139. Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy J., compilers. 1990. Proceedings - Symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems: Ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31; Bozeman, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 386 p.https://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/16395Four experiments explored the effects of temperature on the germination and seedling performance of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). While 1 month of stratification increased germination from 5 percent to about 40 percent, longer stratification periods (to 8 months) did not improve germination. Germination occurred throughout the 10 to 40 °C range with a broad optimum near 30 °C. Root growth occurred throughout the 10 to 45 °C range with an optimum near 30 °C. Long exposure (5 months) to low temperature (1.5 °C) lowered the temperature threshold for both germination and root growth. The apparent temperature range (perhaps 0 to 35 °C) and optimum (20 °C) for net photosynthesis at light saturation were lower than for germination and growth. While no preconditioning effect of light level (200 to 800 uE I M2*S) on the photosynthetic capacities of mature leaves was seen, photosynthesis increased progressively from needles preconditioned with winter, spring (5 °C day to 5 °C night), summer (15 °C day to 5 °C night), and abnormally warm (25 °C day to 15 °C night) temperatures.en-USA government work is generally not subject to copyright in the United States and there is generally no copyright restriction on reproduction, derivative works, distribution, performance, or display of a government work.https://www.usa.gov/government-works/Article