Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Scott CreelColeman, Tyler HardyCharles C. Schwartz, Kerry A. Gunther and Scott Creel were co-authors of the article, 'Grizzly bear and human interaction in Yellowstone National Park; an evaluation of bear management areas' submitted to the journal 'Journal of wildlife management' within this thesis.Charles C. Schwartz, Kerry A. Gunther and Scott Creel were co-authors of the article, 'Influence of overnight recreation on grizzly bear movement and behavior in Yellowstone National Park' submitted to the journal 'Ursus' which is contained within this thesis.Charles C. Schwartz, Kerry A. Gunther, Scott Creel were co-authors of the article, 'Displacement behavior of grizzly bears following direct interactions with backcountry users in Yellowstone National Park' which is contained within this thesis.Charles C. Schwartz, Kerry A. Gunther, Scott Creel were co-authors of the article, 'Grizzly bear activity patterns and the influence of human presence' which is contained within this thesis.2013-06-252013-06-252012https://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/1091In 1982 Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA created a Bear Management Area (BMA) program. The objective of the BMA program was to minimize human-bear conflict by separating bears from people in areas of the Park where overlap may occur. This was accomplished primarily through area closures, trail closures, and backcountry campsite closures. Our objective was to evaluate the interaction between grizzly bears and people and use the results to test the effectiveness of the BMA program. From 2007 to 2009, we obtained fine scale human and grizzly bear GPS data in 6 of 16 BMAs. To determine how grizzly bears responded to close interactions with people, we evaluated the GPS locations of bears and people in close proximity. We found that bears consistently avoided human interaction and often showed an avoidance response to people at close distances. We also evaluated spatiotemporal patterns of bear and human movements during times when BMAs were restricted (closed to human use) and unrestricted (open to human use). Through the comparison of the two time periods we found that bears continued to avoid people on a large scale. Furthermore, a significant amount of overlap between people and bears would occur if BMA restrictions were not in place. We also evaluated the effectiveness of backcountry campsite closures by testing if grizzly bears were attracted to, or avoiding occupied backcountry camps. We found that grizzly bears were attracted to the location of backcountry campsites, however there was a strong avoidance when these sites were occupied by people. Finally, we evaluated the behavioral and activity adaptations of bears occupying areas frequently used by people. We found that bears were primarily more night active and less day active when near areas that humans use. In addition, we found that if BMA restrictions did not exist, we could expect overlap between bears and people when both were highly active. Overall, our results suggest that grizzly bears consistently avoid contact with humans and that the BMA program in Yellowstone National Park is effective at reducing human-bear overlap, potential conflict, and reducing displacement of bears by humans.enGrizzly bearHuman-bear encountersAversive stimuliDissertationCopyright 2012 by Tyler Hardy Coleman