The Science of Housing Locals in Cooke City-Silver Gate, Montana

Abstract

Small, remote communities adjacent to natural amenities face increasing pressure from rising housing costs, seasonal ownership, and limited developable land. Cooke City-Silver Gate is a gateway community to Yellowstone National Park, two wilderness areas, and a National Scenic Byways All-American Road. As tourism increases, owner-occupied household numbers decrease. Most housing units sit vacant for much of the year while home prices continue to outpace local wages. As a result, year-round residents earning a local wage face significant barriers to securing housing, threatening workforce retention, the ability for families with children to remain, local services, and long-term community sustainability. This study sought to identify the key barriers and opportunities for providing housing that support year-round residents earning a local wage. Using a mixed-methods approach, this action research project analyzed property parcel and housing-use data from public and private sources to understand ownership patterns and occupancy trends. Additionally, 35 semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with community members and property owners representing a range of demographics. Interview findings directed the design of an anonymous community-wide survey to capture broader housing experiences and perceptions. Findings indicated that limited housing availability, rising costs relative to local wages, and the prevalence of housing tied to employment are primary barriers to securing affordable, stable, and suitable housing. Vacant seasonal properties and the growth of short-term rentals further constrain the supply of long-term housing. Results also highlight social and economic impacts, including workforce instability, reduced availability of local services, and challenges in retaining families and year-round residents. At the same time, participants identified community-supported opportunities, including interest in locally driven housing initiatives, alternative development models, and increased coordination among stakeholders. This study concludes that without targeted, community supported interventions, housing challenges will continue to undermine the stability and functionality of the community. However, the integration of data-driven insights with community perspectives provides a foundation for developing locally appropriate housing strategies that support year-round residents earning a local wage and strengthening long-term community resilience.