Browsing by Author "Ólafsson, Jón S."

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Environmental warming increases the importance of high‐turnover energy channels in stream food webs
(Wiley, 2024-05) Junker, James R.; Cross, Wyatt F.; Hood, James M.; Benstead, Jonathan P.; Huryn, Alexander D.; Nelson, Daniel; Ólafsson, Jón S.; Gíslason, Gísli Már
Warming temperatures are altering communities and trophic networks across Earth's ecosystems. While the overall influence of warming on food webs is often context-dependent, increasing temperatures are predicted to change communities in two fundamental ways: (1) by reducing average body size and (2) by increasing individual metabolic rates. These warming-induced changes have the potential to influence the distribution of food web fluxes, food web stability, and the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic ecological processes shaping community assembly. Here, we quantified patterns and the relative distribution of organic matter fluxes through stream food webs spanning a broad natural temperature gradient (5–27°C). We then related these patterns to species and community trait distributions of mean body size and population biomass turnover (P:B) within and across streams. We predicted that (1) communities in warmer streams would exhibit smaller body size and higher P:B and (2) organic matter fluxes within warmer communities would increasingly skew toward smaller, higher P:B populations. Across the temperature gradient, warmer communities were characterized by smaller body size (~9% per °C) and higher P:B (~7% faster turnover per °C) populations on average. Additionally, organic matter fluxes within warmer streams were increasingly skewed toward higher P:B populations, demonstrating that warming can restructure organic matter fluxes in both an absolute and relative sense. With warming, the relative distribution of organic matter fluxes was decreasingly likely to arise through the random sorting of species, suggesting stronger selection for traits driving high turnover with increasing temperature. Our study suggests that a warming world will favor energy fluxes through “smaller and faster” populations, and that these changes may be more predictable than previously thought.
Nutrient enrichment intensifies the effects of warming on metabolic balance of stream ecosystems
(Wiley, 2022-02) Cross, Wyatt F.; Hood, James M.; Benstead, Jonathan P.; Huryn, Alexander D.; Welter, Jill R.; Gíslason, Gísli M.; Ólafsson, Jón S.
Climate warming and eutrophication are leading drivers of environmental change, and both are likely to alter the role of freshwaters in the global carbon cycle. Recent studies demonstrate that warming of streams can increase freshwater contributions of CO2 to the atmosphere, yet little is known about how such contributions are modulated by the identity or supply of limiting nutrients. We quantified responses of ecosystem metabolism and metabolic balance to whole-stream enrichments of either nitrogen or phosphorus across a 5°C range of ambient temperature. We show that nutrient enrichment drove large reductions in net ecosystem production, and interactions with temperature amplified these effects in warm N-enriched streams. Partitioning of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration revealed that these responses were driven by increased respiration of microbial heterotrophs. Our study provides direct experimental evidence that warming-induced increases in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are likely intensified in stream ecosystems subject to eutrophication.