Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/733
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Item Assessing a novel approach to pharmaceutical removal from wastewater: aerobic granular sludge(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering, 2024) Bodle, Kylie Brigitta; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Catherine Kirkland; This is a manuscript style paper that includes co-authored chapters.Pharmaceutical concentrations in various environmental matrices are increasing across the globe. Effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants is a major vector by which pharmaceuticals enter the environment, as many of these compounds are not biodegradable under conventional wastewater treatment conditions. Although concentrations are currently low (ng/L to ?g/L levels), pharmaceutical contamination poses risks to both human and animal health, as many pharmaceuticals can have toxic effects on fish, birds, and small mammals, as well as contribute to the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS), an emerging biofilm-based wastewater treatment biotechnology and the subject of this dissertation, may be capable of enhancing pharmaceutical removal from wastewater. Scientific literature indicates that AGS uses a mixture of both biodegradation and adsorption to remove pharmaceuticals, but thus far, studies on this topic are limited. The research detailed herein investigated how AGS was affected by a mixture of three common, but relatively unstudied, pharmaceuticals: diclofenac (anti-inflammatory), erythromycin (antibiotic), and gemfibrozil (lipid regulator). Studies described herein examined how AGS grown in two different environments--the lab versus a full-scale wastewater treatment plant--responded to pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical effects on wastewater treatment efficacy, active microbial populations, and biofilm structures were investigated. Pharmaceutical fates in both the aqueous and solid phases were also tracked. In general, lab-grown AGS was more negatively impacted by pharmaceutical exposure, evidenced by reduced wastewater treatment efficacy, declines in key wastewater-treating microbial populations, and reductions in biofilm lipid content. Pharmaceuticals were also poorly removed by lab-grown granules. In contrast, key microbial populations and biofilm structures remained stable throughout dosing in environmentally-grown AGS, and gemfibrozil was completely biodegraded. An important caveat to comparison of the two studies, however, is that the pharmaceutical dose to lab-grown AGS was approximately double that to environmental granules. Altogether, the research described herein demonstrates the promise of AGS as a dual wastewater and pharmaceutical treatment technology, but illustrates the importance of conducting experiments under conditions as environmentally relevant as possible.Item The expansion and optimization of ZN(II)-mediated intramolecular metalloamination and subsequent CU(I)-catalyzed functionalization for the construction of pyrrolidines and piperidines(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2023) Frabitore, Christian Ames; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Thomas S. Livinghouse; This is a manuscript style paper that includes co-authored chapters.Nitrogen-containing heterocycles (azacycles) are ubiquitous in pharmaceutical agents. Their ability to moderate and modulate the activity of drugs in the body make them especially powerful, and thus sought after, synthetic targets. While the synthesis of many popular azacycles has been greatly improved in recent years, the production of pyrrolidines and piperidines has not received as much attention despite their standing as the 1st and 5th most common azacycles in FDA-approved drugs. The intramolecular Zn(II)-mediated metalloamination/cyclization of N,Ndimethylhydrazinoalkenes provides structurally diverse pyrrolidines and piperidines with the added advantage of a subsequent functionalization step, efficiently building molecular complexity in one reaction sequence. Herein, this method is optimized and improved by the addition of a new hydrazone reduction method, the inclusion of 1-bromoalkynes in the functionalization step, and multiple key discoveries in the reagents used to effect these transformations. Furthermore, preliminary results adding N,N-dimethylhydrazinoallenes as substrates for this powerful method are presented.Item Increasing oncology patient engagement in treatment decisions: a CNL driven educational approach(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 2022) Northrop, Kayla Marie; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Denise RiveraCancer is the second leading cause of death in Montana affecting 40% of men and 38% of women (MCTR, 2019). In the state of Montana Cancer is attributed to 452 new cancer cases per every 100,000 people, or one in every four persons (MCTR, 2019). Current best practice treatment options for cancer include chemotherapy and biosimilar medications of chemotherapy also known as Biologicals. Biosimilar medication is a product that contains a similar but not identical, version of an active compound of that of the originator medication authorized by the FDA for treatment of cancer (Edwards and Bellinvia, 2020). A literature review was conducted containing fifteen journal articles that included: four systemic reviews, a randomized double-blind study, two observational studies, and one retrospective study. When evaluating the information gathered, it was clear that due to the recent development and lack of public knowledge of biosimilars there is missing and unknown information. The missing information could alter the education needed and topics patients may want to know in an educational program. The plan for this quality improvement project is to create an educational program for biosimilars in oncology offices for providers to use with patients that may need to switch to a biosimilar in their treatment plan and allow for increase patient outcome and safety.Item Interactive policy effects of the 2010 Oxycontin reformulation(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2021) Baan, Joseph Bradford; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Isaac SwensenIn this paper I estimate the additional effects counties with active Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Medical Marijuana Laws felt after the 2010 OxyContin reformulation compared to counties without these laws. I also estimate the effect of each additional Substance Abuse Treatment facility as well after the reformulation. I find that counties with PDMPs and MMLs see the morphine equivalent of a 6.557 and 4.681 grams decrease in the Oxycodone shipped to pharmacies for every 1000 people. Each additional SAT is associated with a 0.11 Morphine Grams Equivalent decrease. For reference 6.557 represents about 3% of the county average of MGE in Oxycodone.