Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
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Item Developing culturally acceptable peanut nutrition bars with smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2020) Allan, Edwin Yenbono; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Wan-Yuan Kuo; Florence Dunkel, Paul Lachapelle, Sun-Hwa Kim, Aliou Ndiaye, Cullen Kinnare and Wan-Yuan Kuo were co-authors of the article, 'Developing culturally acceptable peanut nutrition bars with smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal using participatory action research' submitted to the journal 'Agriculture and human values' which is contained within this thesis.; Aliou Ndiaye, Emily Raber and Wan-Yuan Kuo were co-authors of the article, 'Developing culturally acceptable peanut nutrition bars with smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal using response surface methodology' submitted to the journal 'Journal of food science' which is contained within this thesis.Smallholder farming families in Senegal suffer from poverty with children deficient in micronutrients despite contributing 80% of food exported and consumed in Senegal. The aim of this study is to employ participatory action research to seek out hindrances with value-added processing and recommendations to develop a culturally acceptable and nutritious product for school-age children in partnership with smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal. A survey was conducted with 60 smallholder farmers in the Diamal, Ndangane, Keur serigne djibel and Ngouye Siwakh communities to identify constraints to peanut farming and value-added processing. Interested male and female survey participants were invited to focus group discussions to provide depth to survey findings and develop ideas for a healthy peanut product. The survey and focus groups revealed quality seeds, farm input and income as the challenges to peanut farming and food security and access to mills and other post-harvest equipment, as community needs. The focus groups identified Quakers Peanut Butter Baked Squares as a reference for peanut product due to its similarity to local peanut cakes and selected corn flour, cowpea flour and baobab powder as healthy ingredients. From the surveys, all four communities were generally interested in value-added processing, and the women farmers identified as responsible for processing the harvest. The women were therefore selected to evaluate developed prototypes, which they found to have an acceptable taste but crumbly texture. Smallholder women farmers in Senegal, engaging in value-added agriculture, have the potential to improve farm income and food insecurity. A peanut nutrition bar was therefore developed with supports of smallholder farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal, informed with the use of healthy Indigenous ingredients and community-feasible methods gathered in the previous focus group interviews. This study used response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design to optimize the formulation for making the peanut nutrition bars. The RSM design included two formulation factors, the weight ratio of cowpea flour to corn flour, and the weight percentage of baobab powder in the cowpea-corn-baobab blend. The influence of the two formulation factors on the texture properties, nutrition profiles, water activity, and consumer acceptance was investigated. Cohesiveness and gumminess of the peanut nutrition bars were dependent on both the ratio of cowpea flour to corn flour and percent baobab powder in the mixture. Protein and folate contents were found to be dependent on the ratio of cowpea flour to corn flour and a decrease in water activity was observed with increasing percent baobab powder in the mixture. Statistical differences were not observed between the acceptance scores of peanut nutrition bars with baobab powder levels between 10-20% (w/w, d.b.), a Senegal local peanut product and an industry optimized peanut product. Formulations with cowpea flour to corn flour ratios between 50-75 and baobab levels below 20% were identified as having suitable texture, nutrition content and water activity to be easily adapted by the smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine.Item Patellofemoral joint loading in females during back squats of varying depth, weight load, and stance width(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2019) Zavala, Linnea Joy; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: James P. Becker; Victoria Flores, Joshua Cotter and James Becker were co-authors of the article, 'Patellofemoral joint loading in females when using different depths and loads in the back squat' submitted to the journal 'Journal of applied biomechanics' which is contained within this thesis.; James Becker was a co-author of the article, 'Patellofemoral joint loading in females during back squats with varying stance widths' submitted to the journal 'Journal of orthopedic sports physical therapy' which is contained within this thesis.As a repetitive and loaded exercise, the back squat can lead to tissue injury. One concern is patellofemoral pain syndrome, a common knee diagnoses over twice as prevalent in females as in males. Patellofemoral joint stress is cited as a cause of the syndrome. To manage the syndrome, quadriceps strength is important. Although the back squat is a good exercise for quadricep strength, modifications to squat technique may be necessary to decrease patellofemoral joint stress. Two studies on female recreational athletes are addressed here: 1) how patellofemoral joint loading changes with squat depth and load and 2) how it changes with squat load and stance width. Depth-specific 1-repetition maximums were measured, and weight loads were based on percentages of the maximum. Peak knee extensor moments, patellofemoral joint reaction forces, and patellofemoral joint stresses were calculated using inverse dynamics and previously reported equations. First, participants squatted to 90°, ~°110, and ~135° of knee flexion with loads of 0%, 50%, and 85% of 1RM. A depth-by-load interaction was found such that within each depth, moments increased as load increased, while decreasing with increased depth. Patellofemoral joint reaction force had main effects of load and depth such that as load increased or depth decreased, reaction force increased. Another depth-by-load interaction was found such that within each depth, as load increased the stress increased, while increasing with increased depth. From these results, squats to full depth or loaded squats to less than 90° of knee flexion are recommended to minimize patellofemoral joint stress. Second, when squatting to ~110° with loads of 35% and 85% and stance widths of 90%, 100%, 110%, and 120% of natural stance, there was a main effect of load for knee extensor moment, patellofemoral joint reaction force, and patellofemoral joint stress. Although altering stance width does not appear to change joint loading, some research suggests that there may be a relationship between foot turnout and joint loading. Continuing relatively simple studies, like these, reveal trends which more individualized approaches can later use, accounting for individuals' anatomy to fully understand patellofemoral joint loading during the back squat.Item Genu valgum : can observable or symptomatic changes occur with an exercise protocol in collegiate women?(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2002) McCafferty, Jaime ErinItem Effect of oral creatine supplementation on upper extremity anaerobic response in females(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1996) Ward, Karyn HamiltonItem The effect of exercising in the cold on markers of fluid balance in women(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2011) Cornachione, Kristen Marie; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Daniel P. Heil; John Seifert (co-chair)The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a cold temperature environment on markers of fluid balance in women during submaximal exercise. Nine women completed a 90-minute submaximal cycling protocol in both a cold (-5°C) and temperate (24°C) environment. The dependent variables were heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), percent change in plasma volume (%DeltaPV), and percent change in body mass (%DeltaBM). A two-way RMANOVA was used to detect differences over time and temperature condition. Over time, HR, SBP, and RPE increased during exercise irrespective of temperature environment, while DBP did not change significantly. Between condition, %DeltaPV and %DeltaBM were significantly lower in the cold environment. The combination of results indicates that water is shifting out of the plasma volume, but is then being restored after termination of cold exposure and exercise.Item Dietary assessment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake in pregnant women of Southwest Montana(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2009) Gelfer, Gita Dorothy; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Christina Gayer Campbell; Alison Harmon (co-chair)Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is imperative for prenatal development and is found primarily in the flesh of marine life. Previous research has indicated that pregnant women do not meet current DHA recommendations of 200 mg per day. Much of the research has been conducted in coastal communities with greater access to marine sources and may not reflect non-coastal communities. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe maternal DHA intake in pregnant women from Southwest Montana and to determine changes in dietary DHA intake over time. METHODS: Thirty-nine participants were asked to complete a non-consecutive 3-day diet record and a DHA focused food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at weeks 18, 28 and 35 (± 1 week). Maternal fasted plasma and red blood cell samples were obtained via venipuncture during the same data collection periods. Fetal cord blood samples were collected at delivery. Due to time restrictions, all blood lipid parameters were undetermined. After delivery, participants completed a post-partum survey. RESULTS: Participants' overall mean (MEAN ± SD (min. - max.)) DHA intake was 248 ± 321 mg/d (8 - 1,836 mg/d). According to those who reported using DHA supplements in their FFQ interviews at weeks 18 (n = 12), 28 (n = 13) and 35 (n = 11), the mean DHA intake was 272 ± 380 mg/d (147 - 1,490 mg/d). The mean DHA intake among non-supplement users at weeks 18 (n = 22), 28 (n = 20) and 35 (n = 21) was 147 ± 139 mg/d (8 - 555 mg/d). Dietary DHA intake from weeks 18, 28 and 35 did not differ significantly (F (2, 62) = 0.220, p = 0.803). CONCLUSION: Dietary DHA intake did not differ over time. The mean dietary DHA intake for non-supplement users was below the current prenatal recommendation. Therefore, pregnant women in Southwest Montana are not meeting current DHA recommendations through dietary means alone and should consider DHA supplementation as a method to meet fetal and maternal DHA needs during pregnancy.Item Inflammation, insulin, and glucose differences between high and low glycemic index diets following downhill running in overweight and obese women(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2012) McNulty, Katherine Angela Maureen; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mary P. Miles.; Mary P. Miles, Daniel P. Heil and Dawn Tarabochia were co-authors of the article, 'Inflammation, insulin, and glucose differences between high and low glycemic index diets following downhill running in overweight and obese women' in the journal 'European journal of applied physiology' which is contained within this thesis.Low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with excess adipose tissue, and often precedes chronic disease. Overweight and obese individuals lose the ability to control inflammation as percent body fat increases, likely linked to inefficient carbohydrate oxidation that amplifies inflammation. Little is known about how the quality of carbohydrates influences inflammation of muscle in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in inflammation and glucose metabolism between low glycemic index (LGI) and high glycemic index (HGI) diets following downhill running in overweight and obese women. This study was a pre-post design in which overweight and obese women (n = 20) were placed in matched pairs for percentage body fat, each receiving an isomacronutrient LGI or HGI diet. Participants completed a downhill run at heart rates at 65% predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max) until 15% loss of isometric force of the hip and knee extensors, or volition fatigue, was achieved. Participants ate their prescribed diet for 24 h post exercise. Glucose, insulin, creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 were measured pre-exercise, 0, 24, and 48 h post-exercise. Isometric force and muscle tenderness were measured when blood was collected. Serum CK changed significantly over time (p < 0.001), with the peak at 24 h in the HGI group, and at 48 h in the LGI group. Isometric force decreased most at 24 h for the HGI group, and at 48 h for the LGI group, with significant differences occurring over time (p = 0.01), and a significant time/diet interaction (p = 0.02). No significant changes were seen in any of the inflammatory variables for diet or time, with the exception of the expected increase in IL-6 immediately post-exercise. There was a significant (p = 0.035) difference in delta insulin between groups. Delta IR also changed significantly over time between groups (p = 0.044). We conclude that while inflammation was not different between groups, a LGI diet following downhill running results in an acute improvement in insulin and IR in overweight and obese women.