Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
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Item Alternative fruit crops for the northern Rocky Mountain climate: production and quality factors of cultivars(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2020) Setzer, Durc Parker; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mac BurgessThe demand for healthy foods is large and increasing. There are many high-antioxidant berry and fruit crops that fit this market but not all are suitable for cold climates. This study evaluates six novel fruit crops for Montana: Aronia, Black and Red Currant, Dwarf Sour Cherry, Haskap and Saskatoon. Trials were planted in 2015 in a randomized complete block design with three blocks per site, at three different sites in Montana. Qualities investigated include yield, fruit mass, soluble solids (SS), and total phenolic content (TPC). The trialed species were generally well suited to Montana. Yields varied among cultivars and yields in Bozeman were smaller than other sites. The following results incorporate data across sites from 2016 to 2018. Yield results are the most mature year. TPC is reported as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per 100 grams of fresh fruit. Aronia yields averaged 4061 grams, mean fruit mass was 0.89 grams. SS averaged 22° brix. TPC averaged 2800 mg. The cultivar McKenzie produced higher TPC than Viking. Black Currant yields averaged 3784 grams; fruit mass averaged 1.15 grams. Mean SS were 17.5° brix. The cultivar Stikine produced the largest yield, Blackcomb the heaviest fruit, Titania the highest SS. Red Currant yield in Corvallis averaged 5059 grams and mean fruit mass was 0.79 grams. The cultivar Jonkeer van Tets provided the largest yield and fruit mass. Dwarf Sour Cherry yield averaged 6435 grams. Mean fruit mass and SS were 4.1 grams and 16.2° brix, respectively. The cultivar Carmine Jewel produced the largest yield, Lutowka Rose the largest fruit, and Romeo the highest SS. Crimson Passion did not flower at any site. Haskap yield averaged 1364 grams, mean fruit mass was 1.2 grams and mean SS were 15.3° brix. Phenolic content averaged 919 milligrams. The cultivar 85-19 produced the largest yield, Aurora the largest fruit, Indigo Gem the highest SS, and Auroroa and Borealis the highest phenolic contents. Saskatoon mean yield was 1567 grams. Mean fruit mass and SS were 1.02 grams and 20.1° brix, respectively. Northline produced the largest Saskatoon yield, Martin the heaviest fruit and Smoky the highest SS.Item Functional analysis of Puroindoline genes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2008) Feiz, Leila; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Michael J. Giroux.Grain hardness variation has large effects upon many different end-use properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The Hardness (Ha) locus consisting of the Puroindoline a and b genes (Pina and Pinb) controls the majority of grain hardness variation. Starch production is a growing end-use of wheat. The first objective of this study was to estimate the differences in starch yield due to natural and transgenically conditioned grain hardness differences. To accomplish this goal, a small scale wet milling protocol was used to characterize the wet milling properties of two independent groups of isogenic materials varying in grain hardness and in Pin expression level. The results of the first study demonstrate that the Ha locus and puroindoline expression are both linked to wet-milling starch yield and that selection for increased Ha function increases starch yield via enhanced separation of starch granules and the protein matrix during wet milling. The lack of Pin allelic diversity is a major factor limiting Ha functional analyses and wheat quality improvement. So the second objective of this study was to create new Ha alleles in the soft white spring cultivar Alpowa using ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The M 2 population was screened to identify new alleles of Pina and Pinb. One hundred and forty eight new Pin alleles, including 68 missense alleles, were identified. F 2 populations for 49 of the new Pin alleles including 43 unique missense ones were developed after crossing each back to non-mutant Alpowa. Grain hardness was then measured on F 2:3 seeds and the impact of each allele on grain hardness was quantified. The tested mutations comprised a range of functionality from neutral to function abolishing mutations. Seed weight and vigor of all mutation lines was restored among all of the F 2 populations. The new alleles have the potential to improve end use properties of soft and hard wheats.Item Increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain hardness conferred by novel puroindoline haplotypes and its effects on end use quality(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2009) Reynolds, Nick, 1973-; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Michael J. Giroux; Jack Martin (co-chair)The Puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) together comprise the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hardness locus (Ha) located on chromosome 5D and control grain texture. While hard wheats contain a mutation in either Pina or Pinb, there is no puroindoline allelic diversity among soft hexaploid wheats as all tested soft wheats carry the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a alleles. However, abundant Pina and Pinb allelic variation exists within synthetic hexaploid wheats created using novel D genome donors. A previous study indicated that the Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h haplotype conferred a 10 unit decrease in hardness compared to the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a Ha haplotype. Here we tested the effects of four novel Ha locus haplotypes (Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, Pina-D1e/Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i, and Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i) from synthetic wheats by crossing Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h into the soft white spring wheat, 'Alpowa' and all four haplotypes into the soft white spring wheat, 'Vanna'. PINAa/PINBh, PINAc/PINBh, and PINAj/PINBh did not affect protein levels and Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h did not affect transcript levels found in the seed. Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h was found to increase grain hardness relative to the wild type Ha locus by an average of 6.5 units for all populations, Pina-D1e/Pinb-D1i by 5.6 units, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i by 12.6 units, and Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i by 3.8 units. In examining the effects of one of these novel loci, Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, on end use quality, it is evident that the synthetic Ha haplotype can decrease sugar snap cookie diameter and increase flour particle size. Other baking quality traits appear to be unaffected by the Pina-D1ac/Pinb-D1h Ha haplotype. These findings may be beneficial to breeders looking to improve the baking qualities of high yielding soft wheat varieties.Item Puroindolines : their control over wheat grain hardness and influence on milling and bread baking traits(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2004) Hogg, Andrew Charles; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Michael J. Giroux.Wheat grain is sold based upon several physiochemical characteristics, one of the most important being grain texture. Grain texture in wheat directly affects many end use qualities such as milling yield, break flour yield, and starch damage. The Hardness (Ha) locus located on the short arm of chromosome 5D is known to control grain hardness in wheat. This locus contains the puroindoline a (pina) and puroindoline b (pinb) genes. All wheats to date that have mutations in pina or pinb are hard textured, while wheats possessing both the 'soft type' pina-D1a and pinb-D1a sequences are soft. Furthermore, it has been shown that complementation of the pinb-D1b mutation in hard spring wheat can restore a soft phenotype. Here, the first objective was to identify and characterize the effect the puroindolines have on grain texture independently and together. The second objective was to determine which milling bread baking characteristics are affected by the seed specific over-expression of puroindolines. To accomplish both of these objectives a hard red spring wheat, possessing the pinb-D1b mutation, was transformed with 'soft type' pina and pinb, creating transgenic isolines that have added pina, pinb, or pina and pinb.