Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
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Item The Y-balance test in runners: relationships between performance and running mechanics, and the influence of fatigue(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2020) Wilson, Charles Scott; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: James P. Becker; Allison Theobold, Sara Skammer, Sam Nelson and James Becker were co-authors of the article, 'A multivariate analysis between the Y-balance test and injury-linked running mechanics' submitted to the journal 'The American journal of sports medicine' which is contained within this thesis.; Sam Nelson, Sara Skammer and James Becker were co-authors of the article, 'The relationship between Y-balance test performance and running mechanics at the hip following fatigue' submitted to the journal 'The journal of orthopedic and sports physical therapy' which is contained within this thesis.The YBT is a widely known clinical movement screen used to measure strength, dynamic stability and neuromuscular control in a variety of athletic and clinical populations. The YBT is also used to predict injury risk across a range of sports. Strength and neuromuscular control of the muscles surrounding the hip are strong predictors of YBT performance. These same variables are also essential for running performance and the prevention of injury. Changes in injury-related running mechanics have been shown to occur along the course of a fatiguing run. Thus, the purpose of this thesis was twofold: 1) to evaluate the relationship between YBT performance and running mechanics and 2) to evaluate whether YBT performance can predict changes in injury-linked running mechanics after a run to fatigue. For the remainder of this paper the previous manuscripts will be referred to as Study 1 (A Multivariate Analysis of the Relationships Between Y-Balance Test Performance and Running Mechanics) and Study 2 (The Relationship Between Y-Balance Test Performance and Running Mechanics at the Hip Following Fatigue).Item Support moment distribution and induced acceleration analysis of the barbell back squat(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2020) Goodman, William Wesley; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: David Graham and James P. Becker (co-chair); Victoria Flores, Joshua Cotter, David Graham and James Becker were co-authors of the article, 'Support moment distribution during the barbell back squat at different depths and loads in recreationally trained females' submitted to the journal 'Journal of strength and conditioning research' which is contained within this thesis.; James Becker and David Graham were co-authors of the article, 'An induced acceleration analysis of the barbell back squat at different depths in trained females' submitted to the journal 'Journal of strength and conditioning research' which is contained within this thesis.The barbell squat exercise is performed in settings ranging from rehabilitation through to developing muscle size, strength and power. Unfortunately, the lower extremity coordination producing the squat is not clearly understood. This thesis involves two studies evaluating how lower limb joints and muscles coordinate varied squat performance. Study one included 19 females who performed squats at three randomized depths (above parallel, parallel, below parallel) and three loads (unloaded, 50%, 85% 1 repetition maximum). Inverse dynamics analysis revealed that peak hip and ankle extensor moments varied with load but not depth and were greatest when using 85% 1 repetition maximum. Within each depth, as load increased so did peak knee extensor moments. Peak knee extensor moments were greatest when squatting below parallel with load. Within each depth as load increased contribution of the hip increased whereas the knee decreased. Ankle contribution was only influenced by load. When squatting to deep depths with load, the contribution of the hip decreased while the knee increased. In study two, 13 females squatted to the same 3 depths using 85% of their 1 repetition maximum at each respective depth. Performance was evaluated by estimating the individual muscle force production and the individual muscle contribution to whole body acceleration using a musculoskeletal model. The gluteus maximus and adductors increased peak force to parallel while the hamstrings and rectus femoris increased to below parallel. At deep depths, the vasti decreased peak force while the hamstrings and rectus femoris increased peak force. The induced acceleration of the vasti at transition decreased with depth while the hamstrings and rectus femoris increased. Because muscles can instantaneously accelerate all joints in the body, it's possible that at transition the hamstrings accelerated the hip and knee into extension while the rectus femoris also accelerated the knee and hip into extension while the soleus accelerated the ankle and knee into extension. In conclusion, a complex coordination of the lower extremity is used performing the squat. Varied coordination indicates that depth and load specificity is important and should be taken into consideration when programming based on the status and goals of the individual.Item Monitoring physical activity in persons living with fibromyalgia: a healthcare delivery innovations project(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 2017) Kitchens, Kira Marie; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Alice RunningPhysical activity is an important component of symptom management in patients with fibromyalgia. A means to aid fibromyalgia patients in developing, monitoring and achieving physical activity goals may be useful in fostering resilience. The aim of the project was to explore the feasibility and acceptability of using a smart, wearable body sensor - the Fitbit One - to monitor physical activity in persons living with fibromyalgia. This project also explores use of the Fitbit One to examine the relationship between number of steps per week and fibromyalgia symptom impact. This healthcare delivery innovations project utilized a feasibility study design, where participants were asked to wear a Fitbit One for four consecutive weeks while performing their usual routines. Each week participants filled out the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR), and at the end of the four-week period, the researcher interviewed participants about their experience wearing the Fitbit One. Participants (n=8) all identified as white females and had a previous diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Content analysis revealed three qualitative themes: 1) Device usability; a majority (n=7) felt the Fitbit One was easy to use 2) personal awareness; a majority (n=7) stated that the device increased their exercise awareness and 3) device feedback; most (n=6) participants felt that device feedback lead to physical activity goal setting. No participant felt that the device impacted pain. 7 of 8 participants' FIQR scores indicated decreased or unchanged symptom impact in daily living. Steps vs. FIQR graphs showed that for 6/8 participants the number of steps either increased or stayed the same, while self-reported fibromyalgia impact stayed the same or improved throughout the study. Findings suggest that Fitbit One use and wear are acceptable to individuals with fibromyalgia. Most participants cited increased awareness of physical activity as a benefit. Graphical analysis of steps compared to fibromyalgia impact suggests that increased steps may indicate decreased symptom impact. Given participants responses to usefulness and acceptability of the device, it seems that integration of smart, wearable body sensors into healthcare may be effective as another means to enable fibromyalgia self care.Item The influence of a directional compression garment on muscle activity and performance in recreational alpine skiers(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2018) Snyder, Cory James; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: John G. Seifert; John G. Seifert, James Becker and Ed Adams were co-authors of the article, 'The influence of a directioanl compression garment on muscle activity and performance in recreational alpine skiers' submitted to the journal 'Journal of sports sciences' which is contained within this thesis.Recent studies reported reduced muscle activity in competitive alpine skiers using directional compression (DC). It is not known whether the effects of DC are limited to competitive skiers, or if similar changes would be observed in recreational skiers during a full day of skiing. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in hip and leg muscle EMG patterns in recreational alpine skiers when skiing with and without a lower body DC garment. METHODS 11 intermediate and expert skiers volunteered for this study. Subjects completed 2 randomized trials, one in a DC garment, and one in a non-compressive (NC) base layer. EMG of the gluteus medius (GMED), gluteus maximus (GMAX), rectus femoris (RF), adductor longus (ADL), and vastus lateralis (VL) were recorded using EMG during three measurement runs with standardized turns on each visit. Standardized turns were used to compare EMG response between conditions and measurement runs. Subjects also completed self-paced skiing bouts (SP) between measurement runs. Skiing performance (heart rate, velocity, and skiing load (vertical/runs) were measured during the SP bouts. 2x3 repeated measures ANOVA's was used to compare kinematic and EMG changes during measurement runs, as well as performance during self-paced skiing between (p < or = 0.05). RESULTS Subjects skied more runs (DC 18.60 + or = 0.98, NC 13.55 + or = 1.06, p=0.001) and vertical (DC 4805.31 + or = 304.31 m, NC 2373.56 + or = 219.60 m, p=0.001) during free skiing with DC than NC. Heart rate and ski velocity were not different between SP bouts. Peak edge angle was lower in the DC treatment (DC 55.06 + or = 10.70°, NC 57.90 + or = 9.10°, p=0.008). Absolute muscle activity was lower in the DC condition for all muscles (p < or = 0.05), although no differences were observed in relative muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS No differences in relative muscle activity were detected, absolute muscle activity was lower in the DC condition. Subjects improved their self-paced skiing performance in the DC condition. There was also a trend towards lower RMS for all muscles in the DC treatment. Further research should investigate the influence of DC garments on repeated bouts of recreational alpine skiing on consecutive days.Item An electromyographical analysis of sprint starting from variable width blocks(Montana State University - Bozeman, 1970) Humphrey, Nyles RayItem Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1986) Erickson, Mark AlanItem Parameter investigation for low frequency vibration of the forearm(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering, 1972) Matz, Roger EdwardThe need to be able to predict the response of portions of the human body to dynamic loading has been well established, and it is the purpose of this study to experimentally investigate the effects of several independent parameters as they relate to the frequency response of a biological system. Specifically, the forearm of volunteer subjects was excited by a very small amplitude, sinusoidal forcing function at a position near the styloid process, and the response of the arm was measured with an accelerometer located near the olecranon process. The input forcing function frequency was automatically swept through a frequency range of 80 to 600 Hz, and the resultant output frequency response was recorded as a power spectral density curve by means of a wave analyzer. The natural frequencies of the arm were considered to be the frequencies at which relative peak amplitudes occur in the power spectral density curve. For each subject, four independent parameters, as well as the dependent variable (natural frequency), were measured. These four independent parameters were r (1) arm length as measured from elbow to wrist, (2) bone size as indicated by wrist size, (3) muscle development as indicated by the percent increase in upper arm circumference from unflexed to flexed position, and (4-) fleshiness as indicated by the ratio of unflexed upper arm circumference to wrist width. The subjects utilized were approximately 250 college-age males. The significance of the effects of each of the foregoing parameters, and of the interactions between these parameters, on the dependent variable was examined via a 2 n fixed factor, factorial experiment. The experimental results indicated all of the four factors significantly affected the resonant frequency at the 99% level of confidence. It was further determined that each of these factors had significant interactions, with all two way interactions except arm length-bone size and muscle development-fleshiness significant. All three way interactions were significant. No general trend was determined for any factor except bone size, for which an increase in level tended to cause a decrease in natural frequency. It was concluded that although other parameters may be found which affect the resonant frequency, these four were the ones of most importance.Item Whole body vibrations on the low back using a suspension versus non-suspension seat post during off-road cycling(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering, 2002) Stanley, Laura MichelleItem Microanatomical correlates of muscle attachment and their implications for muscular reconstruction(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2002) Hieronymus, Tobin LeeItem The effects of acute muscular fatigue on the functional ability of the knee joint(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 2005) Brown, Tyler Nolan; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Michael E. Hahn.Results of preliminary data collection indicate an increase of electromyography (EMG) amplitude in fatiguing isokinetic contractions of the knee extensors. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the EMG/Torque relationship of vastus lateralis changes as a result of fatigue. The second purpose of this study was to determine if tests of functional ability are affected by fatigue. Twenty-two subjects (13 males and 9 females) were sampled from two populations with different types of training (strength versus endurance) experience. The procedures included a five-minute self-selected warmup on a cycle ergometer, pre-fatigue functional ability tests, fatigue protocol and postfatigue functional ability tests. The functional ability test protocol included four singleleg hopping drills to assess the functional performance of the knee joint. Torque was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60 degrees per second through a functional range of motion until acute fatigue was reached during the fatigue protocol. Surface EMG electrodes were placed over the vastus lateralis to develop an EMG/Torque ratio during the dynamic contractions. The results indicate training type did not significantly affect torque production (p = 0.373) or the EMG/Torque ratio (p = 0.744) during isokinetic knee extensions in response to acute muscular fatigue. The strength-trained sample tended to have a greater increase of the EMG/Torque ratio during the fatigue protocol. The results did indicate that there were two significantly different types of response to acute muscular fatigue (p < 0.001). There were significant differences between the preand post-fatigue functional ability tests for the M/L (p < 0.001) and Up/Down (p = 0.011) but not for 3-Forward (p = 0.408) or Figure-8 (p = 0.286). One group doubled their activation magnitude during the fatigue protocol, while another group did not increase their activation magnitude during the fatigue protocol. It is possible that the increase of activation magnitude seen during the fatigue protocol is a result of transition of fiber type utilization. Further study is needed to determine what is the primary cause of the muscleαs response to acute muscular fatigue.