Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
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Item Maternal injectable mineral during early gestation impacts placental function and calf performance(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2022) Ogg, Makayla Anne; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Sarah R. McCoskiLimited research has evaluated the effects of maternal mineral supplementation during early gestation on placental function and progeny growth. For this study, Angus and SimAngus cows (n = 52) were bred via artificial insemination. At day (d) 60 of gestation, cows were assigned to one of two treatment groups; an injectable group (INJ, n = 26) receiving a single subcutaneous mineral injection and a control group (CON; n = 26). A subset of cows (CON n = 10; INJ n = 6) were selected for liver biopsy at d60 and 209 + or - 1 of gestation. At d139.5 + or - 0.5 and 209 + or - 1 of gestation, uterine artery measurements were collected using Color Doppler ultrasonography. Placentas, liver tissue, and blood samples were collected from the first 11 cows from the subset group that calved (n = 11; CON, n = 5; INJ, n = 6). Analysis revealed a TRT*d interaction at d139.5 + or - 0.5 for circulating Co concentrations which were greater in INJ (P = 0.05) compared to CON cows. Circulating Zn concentrations tended to be decreased at d209 + or - 1 (P = 0.06) in INJ cows compared to the CON cows. Circulating Cu tended to be increased (P-value = 0.09) and Mn was decreased (P = 0.04) in INJ cows throughout the study. A TRT*d interaction was observed at d139.5 + or - 0.5 for non-gravid uterine artery area, diameter, and circumference to be increased in the INJ cows (P = 0.004, 0.006, and 0.006, respectively). Additionally, pulsatility index of the gravid uterine artery tended to be increased (P = 0.09) in the INJ cows. Hepatic Fe concentrations were decreased in the INJ cows (P = 0.01) at d209 + or - 1. Blood and liver samples were collected from calves (CON n = 24; INJ n = 26). INJ calves had greater liver Se concentrations (P = 0.001), lower Fe concentrations (P=0.04), and tended to have increased liver concentrations of Zn (P = 0.09) and Mn (P = 0.08) compared to CON calves. Finally, INJ calves tended to have elevated levels of serum Se (P = 0.09) compared to CON calves. These results suggest that injectable mineral administration during early gestation altered placental function and calf performance.Item The impacts of supplementing rumen degradable or undegradable protein to heifers and cows on supplement intake behavior, performance, reproduction, and nutrient digestion(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2021) Manoukian, Marley Kathryn; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Megan Van Emon; J.A. Kluth, S.A. Wyffels, T. DelCurto, C. Sanford, T.W. Geary, A. Scheaffer and M.L. Van Emon were co-authors of the article, 'Impacts of rumen degradable or rumen undegradable protein supplement on supplement intake behavior, performance, and reproductive parameters with yearling heifers and cows grazing dryland pastures' submitted to the journal 'Journal of animal science' which is contained within this thesis.; J.A. Kluth, S.A. Wyffels, T. DelCurto, A. Scheaffer and M.L. Van Emon were co-authors of the article, 'Impacts of rumen degradable or rumen undegradable protein supplement with or without salt on nutrient digestion and VFA concentrations' submitted to the journal 'Journal of animal science' which is contained within this thesis.Low-quality forages, often low in protein, are a common feed resource for beef cattle in Montana and the western United States. A supplement intake study, as well as a digestion study were performed to observe the effects of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on supplement intake behavior, performance, reproductive parameters, nutrient digestion, and rumen kinetics. Yearling heifers were used in a completely randomized design and two- and three-year old cows were used in a randomized complete block design for an 84-d supplement intake study. Treatments were: 1) pressed supplement block containing RUP (RUP), and 2) pressed supplement block containing RDP (RDP). Heifer and cow supplement intake displayed (P < 0.01) a treatment x period interaction. Cow intake rate and coefficient of variation displayed (P < 0.01) a treatment x period interaction. The RUP heifers consumed supplement faster (P < 0.01) than RDP heifers. The RDP cows had greater (P < 0.01) average daily gains than RUP cows. The RUP cows had greater final pregnancy rates than RDP cows (P = 0.04). In conclusion, protein type impacted intake behavior in cows and heifers, and RDP cows had ADG, but protein type did not negatively impact final performance or pregnancy success. Eight two-year old and eight three-year old rumen fistulated cows were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design for a 22-d digestion study. Animals were fed an ad libitum low-quality diet. Supplements included either RDP or RUP and were self-fed (SF) salt-limited pressed blocks or hand-fed (HF) the same loose ingredients without salt resulting in 4 dietary treatments: 1) RUP-SF, 2) RUP-HF, 3) RDP-SF, and 4) RDP-HF. There was a delivery x protein type interaction (P ? 0.04) for both NDF digestibility and water intake. There was an effect (P = 0.02) of protein type on fluid flow rate. Ruminal ammonia displayed (P < 0.01) a delivery x protein type x hour interaction. Valerate ruminal concentrations were greater in RDP supplemented animals compared to RUP supplemented animals (P = 0.04). In conclusion, self-fed supplements containing RDP may enhance the use of low-quality forages.Item Does calcium propionate elicit similar growth and reproductive responses as monensin in developing heifers?(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2017) Hubbard, Ashton Rose; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Rachel L. Endecott; C. C. Reichhardt, A. R. Williams, I. R. McGregor, C. M. Page, D. M. Staudenmeyer and R. L. Endecott were co-authors of the article, 'Does calcium propionate elicit similar feed efficiency and reproductive responses as monensin in developing heifers?' submitted to the journal 'Journal of animal science' which is contained within this thesis.Replacement beef heifer development is critical for the continued production of beef and for ranch success. Objectives of this research were to investigate the growth and reproductive responses of developing heifers fed similar basal diets supplemented with pellets containing different feed additives. Pellet treatments consisted of 2.27 kg x heifer -1 x d -1 of: 1) control with no feed-additive (CON), 2) 200 mg x heifer -1 x d -1 monensin (MON), or 3) 40 g x heifer -1 x d -1 calcium propionate (PRO). Experiment 1 utilized one hundred and ninety-eight heifers (254 + or = 3.8 kg) stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of six pens (n = 2 pens per treatment). Experiment 2 utilized fifty-eight heifers (304 + or = 3.4 kg) stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of 12 pens (4 pens per treatment). Heifers were fed a grass hay basal diet in both experiments (Exp. 1: 65% TDN and 11% CP; Exp. 2: 62% TDN and 15% CP, DM basis). Experiment 1 was 129 d and Experiment 2 was 122 d. Body weights were collected at the beginning and end of each experiment, with interim BW collected every 30 d. Serum samples were collected via coccygeal venipuncture and analyzed for progesterone to determine pubertal status. Overall pregnancy rates and pregnancy rate from AI were determined. Experiment 1 observed no differences for initial BW, final BW, overall ADG, pregnancy rate from AI, or overall pregnancy rate (P > or = 0.16). Fewer CON and PRO heifers were pubertal at experiment start than MON heifers (P < or = 0.01) in Experiment 1, which was unexpected. Differences in puberty achievement were diminished at the end of the experiment. Experiment 2 observed no differences for initial BW, final BW, overall ADG, pregnancy rate from AI, or overall pregnancy rate (P > or = 0.19). Treatment had no effect on puberty achievement at beginning or end of experiment (P > or = 0.09). A period effect was observed for ADG in both experiments (P < or = 0.01) which may be related to cold stress. Neither calcium propionate nor monensin resulted in improved performance compared to no feed additive. Further research is warranted to elucidate the impact of calcium propionate on heifer development.Item Urinary excretion of estrogenic substances by the bovine in the estrous cycle(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1957) Bergman, Robert KayeItem The effect of a progesterone implant and GnRH infusion on blood LH and progesterone levels in postpartum cows(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1975) Li, Pi-Hsueh ShirleyItem Estrus synchronization in cattle and sheep using orally active progestogen(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1963) Dhindsa, Dharam SinghItem Effect of exposure to bulls on the postpartum interval to resumption of ovarian cycling activity and estrus, patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion and breeding performance in first-calf suckled beef cows(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1993) Fernandez, David LouisItem Effect of flunixin meglumine on early embryonic mortality in stressed beef female(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2004) Merrill, Melissa Lee; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Raymond P. Ansotegui.The objectives of this study were to determine if an injection of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg BW) would affect early embryonic mortality in stressed beef females. Ninety-seven cows were assigned to one of three treatment groups (Experiment 1; El). Treatments were: 1.) control (CON) 2.) transportation stressed (S) and 3.) transportation stressed with flunixin meglumine (SFM). The following year 259 heifers (Experiment 2; E2) and 127 cows (Experiment 3; E3) were assigned to one of four treatments: the three treatments used in El plus control with flunixin meglumine (CONFM). Approximately 14 d following synchronization of estrus and artificial insemination (Al) treatments were applied in all three experiments. Rectal temperatures were recorded and blood samples were taken for serum concentration of progesterone, PGF metabolite, and cortisol. The CON and CONFM (NTS) remained at the ranch while S and SFM (TS) females were transported for 5-6 h. The SFM and CONFM (FM) treatments received an injection of flunixin meglumine (1.1 kg/mg BW, i.m.) while S and CON did not receive an injection of flunixin meglumine (NFM). Females were not exposed to clean-up bulls until after treatment. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to determine Al pregnancy status 33-35 d for heifers and 55-57 d for cows post-AI. Statistics were determined using a 2x2 factorial design. No differences were detected in progesterone or PGFM serum concentration (P>0.10) in El. Serum cortisol concentrations decreased for stressed animals (S and SFM) compared to control animals (CON) between pre- and post-treatment blood samplings (P<0.05) in El. In E2 and E3, serum cortisol concentrations were similar (P>0.10) at the initial blood sampling, increased for TS compared to NTS (P<0.01) at intermediate blood sampling and decreased greater for TS compared to NTS (PO.01) at the final blood sampling. Temperatures were similar for initial temperature collection among treatments of E2 and E3. At the E3 intermediate and E2 final temperature collection, FM was lower (P<0.05) than NFM. The Al pregnancy rates were higher (P=0.03) for FM (63%) than NFM (53%) when combining E2 and E3. The SFM cows had higher (P=0.06; 71%) Al pregnancy rates than S (60%) with CON (63%) being intermediate when combining El, E2, and E3. Final pregnancy rates did not differ. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine decreases the embryonic mortality in beef females that are transportation stressed d 12-14 post-AI but . the stress of handling needs to be explored.Item Urinary excretion of estrogenic substances by the bovine during estrus and at different stages of gestation(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1959) Nelson, Dennis W.Item The dissociation of Pasteurella mastitidis(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1947) Matisheck, Peter H.