Theses and Dissertations at Montana State University (MSU)
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Item Biochemical, physiological, and genetic investigations of multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L.(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2023) Wright, Lucas Arlin; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: William Dyer; Barbara K. Keith (co-chair)Intense herbicide usage has led to the evolution of herbicide resistant weeds, which threaten food production and security. The multiple herbicide resistant (MHR) Avena fatua (wild oat) lines investigated here are resistant to all members of selective herbicide families available for A. fatua control. The research in this thesis is designed to help understand some of the ecological, biochemical, and genetic aspects of MHR. First, MHR lines with elevated volatile organic compound (VOC) levels and herbicide susceptible lines were used to compare the feeding behavior of Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm), and potential role of VOCs to mitigate herbicide injury. Results for feeding behavior were mixed, possibly being influenced by environmental and genetic changes more than VOCs. Exposing VOCs to A. fatua lines found that linalool reduced flucarbazone injury of HS plants, while a combined VOC treatment generally increased herbicide injury. MHR responded differently than HS plants to some treatments, suggesting that MHR has fundamental VOC perception alterations. Other studies compared plant pigments and energy management capabilities and showed that MHR lines had higher beta-carotene and chlorophyll b concentrations, as well as enhanced photosynthetic and excess energy management capabilities in MHR lines. Finally, two populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were phenotyped for herbicide resistance and used to discover several quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance. Overall, this work contributes to our understanding of MHR and will lay the groundwork for future studies.Item Integrating crop diversity, forage crops, and targeted grazing to manage Avena fatua L.(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2021) Wong, Mei-Ling; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Fabian D. Menalled and Tim F. Seipel (co-chair)Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) is one of the most difficult weeds to manage in spring cereal crops and causes large economic losses throughout the Northern Great Plains. The continual use of herbicides for wild oat management has selected for herbicide resistant and multiple herbicide resistant biotypes and has left no selective herbicide options for farmers in small-grain fields. To sustain crop production, this thesis aimed to develop ecologically based practices to manage wild oat populations. We evaluated the impact of spring wheat height, seeding rate, crop type, forage termination method, and tillage on wild oat tiller density, biomass, and seed production. Two studies were conducted: (1) from 2017 through 2019 in Bozeman, Montana and (2) from 2018 through 2019 in Moccasin, Montana. The first study examined the combined effect of spring wheat height and seeding rate on its competitiveness against wild oat. We found that the tall near-isogenic wheat line did not have greater wild oat suppression than the short line. Spring wheat seeded at a higher than recommended rate reduced wild oat biomass and seed production only when nitrogen fertilizer was applied. The second study assessed management practices including integrating lentil, fall and spring forage mixture, sheep grazing and tilled fallow, in addition to spring wheat height and seeding rate. Forage mixtures, sheep grazing, and tillage were the most successful tactics in suppressing wild oat growth and seed production. However, wild oat suppression was not different between spring wheat and lentil, regardless of spring wheat height and seeding rate. Our results indicate that spring wheat height was not correlated with increased suppression of wild oat. A higher seeding rate of spring wheat also did not increase wild oat suppression; we suggest that fertilization may be needed to enhance crop competitiveness. Integrating forage crops with sheep grazing has the best potential to reduce the wild oat seed bank. This information can help redesign cropping systems. However, there is a continual need to develop other integrated weed management techniques to limit wild oat growth and seed production and to reduce reliance on herbicides.Item Genetic and physiological characterization and ecological management of non-target site resistance in multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L.(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2017) Burns, Erin Elizabeth; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: William Dyer; Barbara K. Keith, Luther E. Talbert and William E. Dyer were co-authors of the article, 'Non-target site herbicide resistance is controlled by a single gene in Avena fatua L.' submitted to the journal 'Weed Research' which is contained within this thesis.; Barbara K. Keith, Mohammed Y. Refai, Brian Bothner, and William E. Dyer were co-authors of the article, 'Proteomic and biochemical assays of glutathione-related proteins in suseptible and multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L.' submitted to the journal 'Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology' which is contained within this thesis.; Barbara K. Keith, Mohammed Y. Refai, Brian Bothner, and William E. Dyer were co-authors of the article, 'Constitutive redox and phosphoproteome changes in multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L. are similar to those of systemic acquired resistance and systemic acquired acclimation' submitted to the journal 'Journal of Plant Physiology' which is contained within this thesis.; Erik A. Lehnhoff, Sean C. McKenzie, Bruce D. Maxwell, William E. Dyer and Fabian D. Menalled were co-authors of the article, 'You can't fight fire with fire: model suggests alternate approaches to manage multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L.' submitted to the journal 'Journal of Applied Ecology' which is contained within this thesis.Extensive herbicide usage has led to the evolution of resistant weed populations that cause substantial crop yield losses and increase production costs. The multiple herbicide resistant (MHR) Avena fatua populations utilized in this study are resistant to members of all selective herbicide families, across five modes of action, available for A. fatua control in small grain production, and thus pose significant agronomic and economic threats. Resistance to ALS and ACCase inhibitors is not conferred by target site mutations, indicating that non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms are involved. The objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the following features of NTS MHR in comparison to herbicide susceptible (HS) A. fatua: 1) inheritance and genetic control, 2) the involvement of glutathione-related enzymes, 3) differentially expressed stress-related proteins in HS and MHR redox and phosphoproteomes, and 4) the influence of abiotic and biotic stress on A. fatua demography. First, NTSR in MHR A. fatua is controlled by three separate, closely-linked nuclear genes for flucarbazone-sodium, imazamethabenz-methyl, and pinoxaden. Second, a combination of proteomic, biochemical, and immunological approaches showed that constitutive glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and other glutathione-related enzymes are not directly involved in enhanced rates of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and imazamethabenz-methyl metabolism in MHR A. fatua. Instead, we hypothesize that constitutively elevated GST enzyme rates and amounts are representative of a global suite of abiotic stress-related changes in MHR plants. Third, post-translation modifications including protein phosphorylation and oxidation were compared in two-dimensional gels, showing that MHR plants contain constitutive changes very similar to systemic acquired resistance and systemic acquired acclimation to biotic and abiotic stressors, respectively. And fourth, we investigated the influence of nitrogen fertilizer rate and spring Triticum aestivum seeding density on the demography of MHR and HS A. fatua under two cropping systems (continuous cropping and crop-fallow rotation). In both systems, MHR seedbank densities were negatively impacted by increasing nitrogen fertilization rate and T. aestivum density, and density-dependent seed production was the most influential parameter impacting population growth rate. Overall, this work provides significant insights into the genetic and physiological mechanisms that confer NTS MHR in A. fatua, and presents realistic ecologically-based approaches for management.Item Wild oat resistance to triallate in Montana(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1995) Malchow, Wade EugeneItem The effects of foliar applied gibberellic acid3 on the dormancy of wild oat seeds(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1975) Bowman, HowardItem Field-scale spatial distribution, water use, and habitat of wild oat in the semiarid Northern Great Plains(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2002) Van Wychen, Lee RussellItem Dormancy and germination studies of the wild oat (Avena fatua)(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1958) Leighty, David H.Item Investigations into the mechanism of triallate and difenzoquat resistance in wild oats(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1995) Kern, Anthony JohnItem Evaluation of crown rust (Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae) as a biocontrol agent for wild oats on San Clemente Island(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1998) Carsten, Laura DianeItem The effects of crop planting pattern and alternative cropping systems and wild oat population ecology and interference in barley(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 1996) Canner, Stephen Ronald