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Item Long-term response of willow to beaver reintroduction and moose browsing in the southern Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2022) Dines, Rachael Helen; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Bok SowellWillow is an important component in the southern Absaroka Beartooth Wilderness (ABW) riparian areas because it provides critical beaver habitat and is an essential food source for moose populations. Forest Service managers have monitored long-term trends in willow condition and herbivore populations in the southern ABW. Beavers were extirpated in the mid-1900's and then reintroduced beginning in 1986. Moose numbers increased in the early 1900's and willow over-browsing followed until the population declined after habitat loss from the 1988 Yellowstone fires. The objective of this study was to examine willow condition in response to changes in beaver and moose populations in the southern ABW. I used annual stream-side surveys to record the number and location of beaver colonies from 1986 to 2021 and aerial imagery to describe changes in willow canopy cover. I used a binomial regression to evaluate the relationship between willow canopy cover and beaver colony density and longevity to estimate if long-term beaver presence increased willow canopy cover. I used linear regression to analyze indices of moose relative abundance, willow plots recording height and browsing, and a long-term browsing exclosure to evaluate the effect of moose population trends on willow height. Beaver have remained at carrying capacity over the last 20 years, and average willow canopy cover increased from 16% in 1981 to 37% in 2019. The probability of willow occurrence increased the longer beaver occupied an area and with colony density (colonies/km). Moose relative abundance declined from 1987 to 2021, while average willow height increased from 113cm in 1988 to 190cm in 2021 and browsing decreased from 53% in 1989 to 3% in 2021. Browsing was an important factor limiting willow height. Moose abundance had a positive linear relationship with average browsing pressure and negative linear relationship with average willow height. This study shows that the southern ABW was able to recover from historic over-browsing and beaver extirpation. The long-term effects of beaver reintroduction and reduced moose numbers in a historically degraded environment enhanced willow, indicating that under the right circumstances, willow communities have the potential to recover from a previously degraded state.