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Effects of sleep restriction on social contagion of emotional memory
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2024) Giannakopoulos, Konstadena Linda; Co-chairs, Graduate Committee: Cara A. Palmer and Michelle L. Meade
The amount of sleep that one gets affects their emotional perception, emotional learning and memory, and interactions with others. The current research study examines the effects of sleep restriction on the social contagion of emotional memory. Participants first came to the lab to complete a series of questionnaires to determine eligibility, collect demographics, and to be trained on how to use the sleep watches and sleep diaries for a week of sleep monitoring. Participants completed one week of sleep monitoring using sleep diaries and actigraphy, and then were randomly assigned to either one night of either adequate sleep (8h) or restricted sleep (4h) before returning to the lab. Then, participants learned and recalled a series of emotional images alongside a confederate who recalled both correct and incorrect images. On later individual recall tests, participants were equally likely to incorporate the negative, positive, and neutral images suggested by the confederate, but on recognition tests, social contagion effects were larger for the negative and positive images. Additionally, our findings support a negativity bias in memory on both recall and recognition tests. There was no significant effect of sleep restriction. The results of this study are consistent with source monitoring theories of memory and have important implications for understanding how sleep influences social emotional memory.
Sleep and savoring: the influence of sleep restriction on positive emotion regulation
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2022) Powell, Suzanna Lee; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Cara A. Palmer
Although previous research broadly demonstrates that sleep loss leads to reductions in positive affect, relatively few studies examine the impact of sleep loss on low and high arousal positive affective processes, the regulation of positive emotions, or the influence of different sleep stages. The current study sought to build on previous findings that suggest slow wave and rapid eye movement stages of sleep may have distinct influences on affect by examining the effects of sleep restriction on positive affect, reactivity, and regulation (i.e., savoring and dampening). Thirty-four participants (50% female, ages 18-25 years) were included in final analyses. Participants completed a healthy night of sleep (9h time in bed) and a night of sleep restriction (4h time in bed). Sleep was restricted between participants in two ways, early in the night to primarily restrict slow wave sleep and later in the night to primarily restrict rapid eye movement sleep. Following both a night of normal sleep and the night of sleep restriction, participants completed questionnaires to measure positive affect, and a video task which instructed them react normally or to savor while watching positive affect-inducing videos. After each video, participants reported on their feelings of valence, arousal, and high and low arousal positive affect. Savoring and dampening strategies utilized during the task were also reported. Following sleep restriction participants reported diminished high and low arousal positive affect compared to when they were well-rested. Participants also reported less positive reactivity to the videos when they were sleep restricted compared to when they were well-rested after both reacting normally and after savoring. However, participants experienced greater increases in positive affect when savoring compared to when they were instructed to react after sleep restriction. Slow wave sleep loss was related to marginally reduced positive affect compared to loss of rapid eye movement sleep, but no other effects of type of sleep restriction emerged. This study indicates that sleep loss results in diminished high and low arousal positive affect and blunted reactivity to positive stimuli, but that engaging in intentional up-regulation strategies may help buffer the negative effects of sleep loss.
Sleep attitudes in adolescents: demographic differences and associations with sleep health
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2023) Alvarado, Giovanni; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Cara A. Palmer
About 70-90% of adolescents in the United States receive less than the recommended 8 hours of sleep on a nightly basis despite its importance in everyday functioning (Keyes et al., 2015). Health-related attitudes are modifiable and predict actual health behaviors and previous research suggests that there are differences in how people value sleep (Ruggiero et al., 2019). Although previous work has examined sleep attitudes in teenagers, this has yet to be examined quantitatively in relation to actual sleep behavior. The purpose of this study is to examine how adolescents prioritize sleep and how this relates to other sleep outcomes. Participants included 649 adolescents from the United States (ages 13-18, M = 16.2, SD = 1.08; female = 79.7%; white = 45.2%) and were recruited through advertisements distributed throughout Instagram. Participants completed a brief 15-minute online survey to assess sleep outcomes and sleep attitudes. Adolescents completed the Charlotte Attitudes Towards Sleep Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Sleep Timing Questionnaire, the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale, the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status - Youth Version, and sociodemographics. A series of regression models were conducted examining sleep outcomes predicted by adolescent sleep attitudes while adjusting for sociodemographics. An additional regression model was conducted examining adolescent sleep attitudes predicted by perceived socioeconomic status while adjusting for sociodemographics. Results suggested that teens who reported more positive attitudes towards sleep also reported longer sleep duration, better sleep quality, shorter sleep latency, earlier weekday and weekend bedtimes, and better sleep hygiene. There were also no significant differences in sleep atttitudes across sociodemographics. Follow-up exploratory analyses examined the two sleep attitudes subscales as independent predictors and outcomes and the pattern of findings remained unchanged. This study helps address the lack of research surrounding sleep attitudes in an adolescent sample. Results showed that sleep attitudes significantly predict sleep outcomes, but no significant differences were found across sociodemographic groups once accounting for covariates. Overall, findings from this study advance research on sleep attitudes by examining attitudes in a youth sample and suggest that sleep attitudes are a possible modifiable target to minimize sleep health difficulties.
Mindfulness and self-compassion: associations with sleep heath and pre-sleep arousal
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2023) Deutchman, Dagny R.; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Cara A. Palmer
More than half of college students are not getting adequate sleep. Burgeoning research suggests that mindfulness and self-compassion are both associated with better sleep health, potentially via a reduction in pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal. This study seeks to delineate: 1) how trait and pre-sleep mindfulness and self-compassion are associated with measures of sleep health (subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, sleep duration, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep timing, and sleep regularity), 2) how mindfulness and self- compassion relate to measures of pre-sleep arousal, and 3) whether the effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on sleep health outcomes is mediated by cognitive and somatic pre-sleep arousal. Participants (n = 75) completed questionnaires and one week of daily diary reports and actigraphy. Results suggest that trait mindfulness and self-compassion were not significantly associated with pre-sleep arousal or sleep health. Pre-sleep mindfulness was not associated with cognitive pre-sleep arousal; however, pre-sleep self-compassion was negatively associated with cognitive pre-sleep arousal. Associations between mindfulness and sleep, and associations between self-compassion and sleep were not mediated by pre-sleep arousal. This study adds to a growing body of research to help illuminate possible protective factors such as mindfulness and self-compassion for increasing overall sleep health in college students.
Influence of alpha intrusion during sleep: psychological and physiological implications
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2022) Greenlund, Ian Mark; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Jason Carter
Poor sleep quality is pervasive in developed societies from chronic sleep disturbances or self-imposed sleep curtailment. Sleep disorders like insomnia are associated with regular sleep difficulties including sleep initiation and maintenance. Anxiety and depression exhibit a bidirectional relationship with insomnia, potentially exacerbating poor sleep quality and altering sleep microarchitecture via high frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) intrusion. This includes wake EEG alpha and beta rhythms. An association between high frequency intrusion and psychological dysfunction is present, but little is known regarding alpha and beta frequency intrusion 1) presence with state and trait anxiety symptoms, 2) impact on nocturnal blood pressure regulation, and 3) exacerbation with binge alcohol consumption. In study 1, we examined the relationship between state and trait anxiety severity with alpha and beta intrusion during stage N2 sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 32 participants. We demonstrated that alpha and beta frequency intrusion was augmented in participants with higher state, but not trait anxiety. In study 2, we investigated whether alpha and beta frequency intrusion impacted nocturnal blood pressure regulation in 36 young, healthy adults. Overall, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) dipping and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (cvBRS) were not related alpha and beta spectral power during sleep. In study 3, we explored whether binge alcohol consumption could further exacerbate alpha and beta intrusion during sleep in higher state and trait anxiety participants in 31 participants. A secondary aim of this study was to determine if high frequency spectral power was different between sexes following alcohol consumption. Following laboratory familiarization night (study 2), participants were tested twice, ~1 month apart in a randomized, crossover design consuming either an alcohol dose (study 3) based upon biological sex and body weight, or fluid control beverage (study 1) two hours prior to lights out. Alpha and beta spectral power was not different between lower and higher state and trait anxiety, but was augmented in females compared to age-matched males. Collectively, these studies are the first investigate alpha intrusion presence with state and trait anxiety symptoms, impact on nocturnal blood pressure regulation, and sex specific exacerbation following alcohol consumption.
Deprivation of REM sleep by operant conditioning
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 1978) Campbell, Scott Searcy

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