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Item Nature unbound: what gray wolves, monarch butterflies, and giant sequoias tell us about large landscape conservation(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2021) Wright, Will Michael; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mark FiegeThis dissertation examines how and why people of different nationalities across North America cooperate, or not, in conserving transborder ecologies. This project is important because many species of wildlife have been moving across administrative and national borders to cope with a warming world. Out of four thousand species recently tracked, scientists documented that almost three-quarters of them had shifted their ranges, mostly to cooler lands and waters. Terrestrial species, on average, were moving 12 miles (20 kilometers) toward the poles every decade. As the world heats up, threatened biota need more freedom of movement, greater flexibility with borders, to adapt and adjust. My research objective became to recover a useable past about three focal species--gray wolves, monarch butterflies, and giant sequoias--reflecting how these lifeforms were pivotal to the making, unmaking, and remaking of borders for a layering process, a thick cartography, in written word. Conserving large landscapes for each species takes us outside the international lines of modern maps, from the U.S.-Canada border, to the U.S.- Mexico border, to the treaty borders of Indigenous nations subsumed within the United States. My argument is that state-centered conservation followed the possessive logic of nation-building, creating borders and bounding space to protect habitats. New scientific practices such as radio-collaring wolves, tagging monarchs, and tree-ring dating sequoias rendered visible non-human geographies that did not fit the shape or size of traditional protected areas. Civil society in Canada, Mexico, and United States then rallied behind alternative ways of organizing space, building transnational connections for biological well-being. In short, I investigate how non-state actors on the community level reconciled legal, administrative, and national borders with biocentric borders over the long twentieth century (1850s to present). Civic groups like the binational Yellowstone-to-Yukon Initiative, trinational Insect Migration Association, and multinational Indigenous Fire Collective arrived at a political imaginary in-the-making that I call 'ecological internationalism.' Once recognized, its strategy becomes obvious: forge solidarity across borders or face extinction of shared species. Ecological internationalism offers us both a version of the past and a vision of the future.Item After the buffalo days : documents on the Crow Indians from the 1880's to the 1920's(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1970) Bradley, Charles CraneThe period in the history of the Crow Indians of Montana between the 1880’s and the 1920's for a long time concerned historians less than the period ending with the Custer Battle. In this thesis I have attempted' to present the important events as based on documentary evidence. Most of the documents referred to in this thesis were the letters received by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs filed in the National Archives at Washington, D.C. Reference was also made to Congressional Hearings in the Interior Department library and to Chief Plenty Coups Letter File and Note Book in the Plenty Coups Memorial. After reading between 1500 and 2000 letters concerning the Crow Reservation I concluded the basic mistake the Indian Office made was training the Crows to become farmers, herders, irrigators, carpenters, and blacksmiths. The Office of Indian Affairs never foresaw the day when a few educated Crows would attempt to manage the Reservation. Thus, when the political authority on the Reservation disintegrated, members of the Crow Business Committee were ill prepared for administrative work. The important Issues concerning the Crow Reservation from the point of view of the Government included leasing Tribal lands, granting right of ways to railroads, authorizing irrigation construction, and establishing schools. Leasing Crow land to stockmen drew much excitement and considerable brain work from the Indian Office. Leases, however, concerned the Crow Tribe less than the ceding of the western and northern portions of the Reservation. The railroads cutting through the Reservation brought economic advancement to the surrounding white people, but the Crows became dubious toward them. The Crow Irrigation Survey was significant in that it Was the first large scale employment of Crow Indians. Schools on the Crow Reservation were regarded by the Indian Office as indications of material progress and progress toward white man’s culture. World War I involved the Crow Indians in the world situation. In short, the period from the 1880’s to the 1920’s was the period of a major transition in Crow culture and also a forgotten portion in the life of Chief Plenty Coos.Item The history of the catechesis of the Catholic Church on the Crow Reservation(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1983) Watembach, KarenThe thesis presented in this paper states that the Catholic Church through the missionary activity of the Jesuits on the Crow Reservation from 1887-1921 established a permanent mission school, St. Xavier Mission Boarding School, as the center of a European feudal model of church. This model was built upon two constructs: the stationary center and the philosophical-historical concept of world view. The Crow people were in contrast nomadic and held a cosmological concept of world view. The teachings of Jesus were woven through a series of cultural conflicts, misunderstanding of methodologies and language differences, clashes of values as well as loving concern, Crow language preservation, education of the young, and spiritual gifts which spoke to the Crow people. Using a historical approach, the writer researched archival materials - letters, diaries, school and government records, sermons, prayers and catechisms translated into the Crow language; gathered information through oral history; and interpreted theological and philosophical constructs in Catholic Church history and in Crow tradition. Through this research it was concluded that the Catholic Church did in fact build a model of feudal church on the Crow Reservation with the boarding school as its stationary center. However, in 1907 the model began to disintegrate when the government and the Crow people desired day schools. The center of the feudal model was lost when St. Xavier Boarding School closed in 1921.Item Other spaces, other voices : heterotopic spaces in island narrative(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2007) Storment, Ryan Lee; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Robert BennettIslands periodically reappear and manifest themselves within our cultural texts as locations for fantasy and the exotic. On the surface they are often remote locations that simply serve as interchangeable backgrounds, but their reoccurrence is usually due to their unique ability to be molded. They are served up as blank slates, much like early visions of the western United States, where we meet the Other or encounter exotic voices. Because of this, islands are perceived as spaces with no Western historical narrative or structure so it becomes simply to move Western structures and complex issues to them to allow for more focused discussions. Michael Foucault, Philip Fisher, Gilles Deleuze, and Felix Guatarri's discussions about space help us to see the structures that have been placed on these islands and allow a greater understanding of issues placed there.