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Item Evaluating communication methods and their impact on vaccination rates in early childhood(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Nursing, 2020) Antos, Kelly Suzanne; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Angela JukkalaYearly vaccination against seasonal influenza is the most effective prevention against an illness with especially dangerous implications for young children. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends two doses of influenza vaccine in the first eligible flu season for young children under the age of two. Communication of reminders for the second dose can be an integral aspect of improving rates at which young children receive the recommended two doses of influenza vaccine. Not all methods of communication are as effective, and the understanding and evaluation of each respective method provides the healthcare professional with information about how to best reach their families/caregivers with important information. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate these methods as they pertain to not only influenza vaccination rates, but also other routinely recommended early childhood vaccines. While technological advances have brought about many new and innovative ways to communicate with families, the literature suggests that reminder telephone calls remain the most effective method to communicate regarding vaccines which are due. New research is also emerging on this topic and will likely further guide the way in which healthcare providers communicate with their patients and families/caregivers. Sustainable improvement in uptake of vaccine rates are specific to the type of vaccine. Trends specific to the seasonal influenza vaccine will also be evaluated through the course of this paper to identify and evaluate additional interventions which may be necessary to achieve sustained improvement to protect the youngest members of our population.Item Diethyl zinc mediated intramolecular metalloamination of N,N-dimethylhydrazines: expanding a novel approach to functionalized pyrrolidines and piperidines. Utilizing synthesis as a tool for medicinal chemistry, environmental remediation, and nonlinear optical chromophore construction(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2017) Mickelsen, Ky James; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Thomas S. Livinghouse; Dissertation contains an article of which Ky James Mickelsen is not the main author.; Sean Zabawa and Tom Livinghouse were co-authors of the article, 'Diethylzinc mediated metalloamination-alkylation of N,N-dimethylhydrazinoalkenes. Catalysis of carbon-zinc alkylation using simple copper(I) salts' in the journal 'Synlett' which is contained within this thesis.When attempting to develop a novel material for increased second-order nonlinear activity, a strategy was devised to rationally design an architecture that would allow for optimized acentric supramolecular organization. By coupling a liquid crystal tolane to a well-understood NLO chromophore via strategic synthesis, a set of novel chromophores was created. The ferroelectric liquid crystal-like molecules intrinsically favor unidirectional chromophore order while simultaneously containing a high beta chromophore along the polar axis. This system has shown potential for high terminal stability as well as increased nonlinear optical susceptibilities. Carbon tetrachloride poses a large threat to the environment and is the focus of ongoing remediation efforts. It is a well-known carcinogenic pollutant that has contaminated groundwater beneath former grain storage and industrial sites, such as the Department of Energy's Hanford site. Remediation through the use of a small molecule, PDTC, when complexed with copper has been shown to lead to complete dechlorination, resulting in conversion to non-toxic end-products (mostly CO 2) and complete removal of the problematic carbon-chlorine bonds. Synthetic chemistry was employed to develop a modified procedure for large-scale production of PDTC that eliminates harmful byproducts and excess toxic reagents used. Additionally, structural derivatives for increased water solubility have been envisaged from citrazinic acid, which could allow for aqueous destruction of carbon tetrachloride. In medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, routes to nitrogenous heterocycles are of great importance due to their prevalence in bioactive molecules. Diethylzinc mediated metalloamination/cyclization of unsaturated N,N-dimethylhydrazines with subsequent electrophilic functionalization could prove to be a powerful tool for constructing pyrrolidines and piperidines. This method was extended to the use of 1,2-disubstituted alkenes as N-Zn migratory insertion acceptors, including various vinylcyclopropyl hydrazines. The potential behind the irreversible cyclopropane scission and development of a new alkene make this class of substrates extremely desirable. The metalloamination-alkylation of N,N-dimethylhydrazinoalkenes was shown to be effectively catalyzed by CuBr x SMe 2, CuCN and CuI. This novel method obviates the prior methodology involving use of stoichiometric CuCN(LiCl) 2 as a promoter for the electrophilic functionalization.Item Magnetic resonance studies of fluid transport in porous systems and medical devices(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering, 2017) Nybo, Elmira; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Sarah L. Codd; Joseph D. Seymour (co-chair)This research describes the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for non-invasive investigation of fluid transport and hydrodynamics in porous systems and medical devices. NMR microscopy is used to obtain information about internal structures and transport properties in porous materials and opaque systems. Controlling dispersion within restricted pore spaces is of importance in a variety of applications including soil consolidation and dewatering and electromigration of solutes. NMR pulsed gradient stimulated echo (PGSTE) techniques combined with electroosmotic flow (EOF) are used to study diffusion and dispersion coefficients in model glass bead packs. The results show that significant EOF-induced backflow can cause structural changes and alter the flow. Understanding the transport of liquids in porous materials during the application of electrical field holds promise for solving problems involving the delivery of binding agents to infill the pore space in rigid cement-based structures via electroosmosis. NMR PGSTE techniques and micro-CT scan imaging were used to study fluid transport and structural changes in a hydrating cement paste in a closed cell. It is shown that EOF in closed cement paste samples caused a significant increase in macroscopic void volume compared to closed samples with no flow. Needleless connectors (NCs) are commonly used medical devices with complicated internal design that leads to flow complexity that may cause undesirable bacterial deposition and biofilm formation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is applied to acquire spatial velocity maps of fluid flow at various positions within the devices. MRI velocimetry is demonstrated as an effective method to quantify flow patterns and fluid dynamic dependence on structural features of NCs. Alginate and alginate-based materials find an increasing interest in environmental engineering as adsorbents for heavy metal recovery from aqueous solutions. A Ca 2+ and Cu 2+ containing fluid flow through calcium-based alginate gel has been visualized using NMR velocimetry. NMR indicated velocity changes in gel capillaries caused by ion exchange processes and followed gel structural changes. NMR microscopy is shown as an effective method to describe fluid transport and internal structural features in opaque porous systems and medical devices.Item Exploring the perceived beneftis of the flipped classroom in a community college medical terminolgy course(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2017) Shoemaker, Jeretta; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Walter WoolbaughStudents today are managing many aspects of life outside of school obligations, resulting in missed class time and less exposure to lecture material. Flipped classroom techniques have been said to influence students' flexibility of personal time for learning, as well as academic achievement and overall course enjoyment. The purpose of this study was to identify benefits associated with the utilization of flipped classroom techniques, for both the students' and the instructor, in a college level Medical Terminology course. Data collection tools were developed to identify trends in these focus areas. During a five-week time period, flipped classroom techniques (treatment) were employed alternately with the standard lecture style, while covering four units of material. During the treatment students' watched short videos via the colleges' learning management system on their own time prior to class. This freed up class time for interactive learning with the use of engaging peer-to-peer activities, and completion of what would typically be considered homework materials. On alternate units, lecture was delivered with the standard didactic method previously employed, and homework assignments completed on their own time. If, after lecture was completed and time allowed, interactive activities were implemented during class. Results indicate no difference in student academic success between the two teaching methods. Student enjoyment of the course was markedly improved (28%), as well as increased flexibility of personal time (22%) with the treatment. Instructor benefits included an increased enjoyment of teaching, increased curriculum flexibility, and improved instructor-student relations. The instructor preparation time associated with the initial use of the treatment initially felt prohibitive, but the resulting benefits for all study subjects involved negated this.Item Preparing students for science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and healthcare fields - a two year college approach(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2017) Shell, Michael John; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Walter WoolbaughThe Becoming a Successful Student course offered at the Great Falls College Montana State University is designed to prepare students for future coursework by providing foundational study skills, time management, and goal setting. This study correlated the effectiveness of the Becoming a Successful Student Class with students interested in health science career and computer science tracks as well as STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) field transfer programs by assessing student perception of effectiveness and then correlating that effectiveness with first semester Grade Point Average (GPA) on a 4.0 scale, along with credits attempted vs. credits successfully completed and then second semester mid-term GPA along with credits attempted. Face to face interviews with competitive entry health science program directors and division directors also gave a look at the anticipated competencies that students should have prior to acceptance into a program or transfer to a STEM school. The foundational framework of the Becoming a Successful Student applies to students that are new to the world of higher academics in order to reinforce and enhance previously learned skills in order to achieve success in future coursework. This also supports the mission of student retention by making the skills and knowledge to be successful able to be accessed by all new students. Although, initially it appears that the course had little effect on the future preparedness of students, it is important to note that at mid-term many students still have an opportunity to drop or withdraw from courses that they will not be successful in. Also, the students with grades less than 'B-' show the greatest increase in semester GPA at mid-term, suggesting that students who would not have been successful initially, obtained skills that they built on and reinforced their future success.Item Understanding the effects of using case studies on student learning in the community college applied science classroom(Montana State University - Bozeman, Graduate School, 2016) McKinniss, Keith Alan; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Peggy Taylor.Students in the Applied Science for Healthcare Majors class have illustrated that using case studies is a valuable learning method. Prior to this action research project, students in this class were accustomed only to lecture, then exam, methods. Literature reviews indicated that case studies were effective tools in science classes. Therefore, pre- and post- assessments, formative assessment techniques, student surveys, student interviews, and instructor journaling were monitored and assessed for changes in student learning, retention, and value. The action research-based approach was replicated in two sections of the Applied Science class. Quantitative data collected during the project was conflicting. One section demonstrated a statistically significant change in learning, whereas the other did not. Both sections had insufficient evidence to suggest a statistical change in retention. However, qualitative data from students and the instructor overwhelmingly indicated that the case study method is an effective tool to support student learning techniques.Item The impact of the health science academy at Big Sky High School affect student achievement and preparedness for college(Montana State University - Bozeman, Graduate School, 2016) Ellenbecker, Robert P.; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Peggy Taylor.The Health Science Career Academy at Big Sky High School was launched in the fall of 2012 and is currently serving 240 students. At the time of implementation, 50% of Big Sky High School graduates were not pursuing post-secondary education. More than 40% of students at Big Sky High School receive free and reduced lunch benefits meaning they are in an economic situation which commonly leads to low achievement and low post-secondary expectations. A thematic course of study, focused on health science, small learning community and exposure to industry professions and professionals provides a unique educational model designed to engage students, and provide them with the interpersonal support and academic foundation necessary for achieving professional success. Federally mandated standardized test scores, ACT scores, survey responses, grade point average, and free and reduced lunch status, of academy students, were compared to a control group, of non-academy students, in an effort to determine whether the Health Science Academy is improving student achievement and preparedness for college. The Health Science Academy appeared to be serving a population of students with abnormally low risk of academic failure. The impacts on academic achievement was inconclusive but impacts on student attitude appeared to be positive as were impacts on preparedness for college.Item Absarog-Issawua (from the land of the Crow Indians)(Montana State University - Bozeman, 1970) Toineeta, Joy Yellowtail"This is an original piece of research into the Crow Indian uses of native plants and animals for food and medicinal, as well as other purposes. Incorporated into the manuscript are introductory legends or incidents surrounding or accompanying the recipes."Item Glycodendrimer mediation of galectin-3 cancer processes and indium(III) as a glycosylation promoter(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2014) Michel, Anna Kaczmarek; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mary J. CloningerGalectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein that is found inside and at the surface of most healthy cells, where it plays a role in cellular differentiation, proliferation, and death. Galectin-3 is also overexpressed in many forms of cancer, where it interacts with beta-galactosides on the surface of the transmembrane protein Mucin 1 (MUC1), which is also upregulated in many cancers. The interaction between MUC1 and galectin-3 leads to enhanced tumor formation, invasion, and metastasis. Glycodendrimers were synthesized and used as tools to probe the galectin- 3/MUC1 mediated cancer cellular aggregation. Cellular aggregation assays were designed and performed using three different cancer cell lines. Results indicate that cellular aggregation can either be inhibited or intensified depending on the size of the dendrimer and on the number of carbohydrate endgroups present. Confocal micrographs of cancer cells confirm that the pattern of galectin-3 on the outside of the cell is altered in the presence of glycodendrimers. These finding indicate that glycodendrimers mediate cellular aggregation properties, giving insight into the mechanism of action. The results also establish glycodendrimers as potential targeting agents and prodrug delivery systems when considering cancer drug design. A dendrimer bearing a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) substrate was synthesized to explore dendritic potential as drug delivery systems. Results show that the substrate can be cleaved from the dendrimer when incubated with cancer cells known to overexpress MMP, indicating a potential for glycodendrimers as a prodrug carrier. A novel method for glycosylation was also explored. Indium(III) provides many advantages over standard glycosylation promoters (such as BF 3 x OEt 2) in that it is not air-or water-sensitive, and there is no need for additional purification of In(III) before use. Carbohydrate donors with a variety of protecting groups were tested against a range of glycosyl acceptors, including a carbohydrate. Results show that using In(III) as a glycosylation promoter gives comparable yields in less time when compared to a common glycosylation promoter.Item Putting Tuberculosis (TB) To Rest: Transformation of the Sleep Aid, Ambien, and “Anagrams” Generated Potent Antituberculosis Agents(2014-12) Moraski, Garrett C.; Miller, Patricia; Bailey, Mai Ann; Ollinger, Juliane; Parish, Tanya; Boshoff, Helena I.; Cho, Sanghyun; Anderson, Jeffery; Mulugeta, Surafel; Franzblau, Scott G.; Miller, Marvin J.Zolpidem (Ambien, 1) is an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-acetamide and an approved drug for the treatment of insomnia. As medicinal chemists enamored by how structure imparts biological function, we found it to have strikingly similar structure to the antitubercular imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxyamides. Zolpidem was found to have antituberculosis activity (MIC of 10–50 μM) when screened against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Manipulation of the Zolpidem structure, notably, to structural isomers (“anagrams”), attains remarkably improved potency (5, MIC of 0.004 μM) and impressive potency against clinically relevant drug-sensitive, multi- and extensively drug-resistant Mtb strains (MIC < 0.03 μM). Zolpidem anagrams and analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their antitubercular potency, toxicity, and spectrum of activity against nontubercular mycobacteria and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These efforts toward the rational design of isomeric anagrams of a well-known sleep aid underscore the possibility that further optimization of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core may well “put TB to rest”.