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Item Soil restoration and invasive plants at the Block P Mill and tailings site, Montana(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2019) Massey, John Gant; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Scott PowellMy case study considers the Block P Mill and Tailings Site (also, Block P or the Site), a derelict lead and zinc production facility in the Little Belt Mountains of Montana. Fifteen years after environmental restoration activities concluded at this heavily contaminated site, I analyzed whether the canopy cover of plant species correlates with soil pH conditions. Specifically, I investigated whether addressing acidic conditions during mine-site restoration encouraged the presence of oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), a non-native invasive plant species. Fieldwork in June 2019 included collection of soil pH and vegetation canopy cover data from 36 quadrats (6 m x 6 m) arrayed across this 6.6-ha restoration site. A Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) of these data shows no statistically significant relationship between soil pH and overall plant species' canopy cover values. Further, linear regression analysis shows no statistically significant relationship between soil pH and the canopy cover of oxeye daisy. Therefore, it is unlikely that differences in the soil pH across the Site unevenly affect the canopy cover of plant species or unduly encourages the presence of oxeye daisy. These results are a reminder, however, that if restoration returns fertility to a previously barren and inhospitable site, the presence of novel assemblages of non-native and native plant species also may be generally encouraged, including invasive species such as oxeye daisy. I therefore conclude that the treatment of invasive plants at restoration sites like the Block P are a required managerial choice, not a philosophical imperative.Item Zinc efficiency and diversity of Montana wheat and barley(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2017) Kaya, Eylul; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Hikmet Budak; Levent Ozturk and Hikmet Budak were co-authors of the article, 'Micronutrient diversity of Montana wheat and barley' which is contained within this thesis.Zn is essential for all living organisms because of its functional, structural and regulatory roles in more than 300 enzymes found in eukaryotes (McCall, 2000). In plants and humans, trace metal deficiencies cause an altered expression or function of proteins at the metabolic level and may lead to physiological drawbacks in plants and even psychological problems in humans. Plants with improved Zn status may help to alleviate these issues globally. Therefore, it is crucial to understand genes involved in Zn homeostasis. Lack of information on the micronutrient status of Montana wheat and barley was the main reason of this study and most commonly cultivated Montana wheat and barley varieties were included in the study. The aim of this study was; (I) to identify ZIP1 and IRT2 genes in Montana wheat and barley cultivars, (II) to study the physiological response, effectiveness in Zn uptake capacity and Zn translocation to plant edible parts by subjecting these cultivars to Zn deficient and Zn adequate environments and (III) to comprehend the micronutrient diversity and Zn grain localization of local wheat and barley cultivars.Item Diethyl zinc mediated intramolecular metalloamination of N,N-dimethylhydrazines: expanding a novel approach to functionalized pyrrolidines and piperidines. Utilizing synthesis as a tool for medicinal chemistry, environmental remediation, and nonlinear optical chromophore construction(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2017) Mickelsen, Ky James; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Thomas S. Livinghouse; Dissertation contains an article of which Ky James Mickelsen is not the main author.; Sean Zabawa and Tom Livinghouse were co-authors of the article, 'Diethylzinc mediated metalloamination-alkylation of N,N-dimethylhydrazinoalkenes. Catalysis of carbon-zinc alkylation using simple copper(I) salts' in the journal 'Synlett' which is contained within this thesis.When attempting to develop a novel material for increased second-order nonlinear activity, a strategy was devised to rationally design an architecture that would allow for optimized acentric supramolecular organization. By coupling a liquid crystal tolane to a well-understood NLO chromophore via strategic synthesis, a set of novel chromophores was created. The ferroelectric liquid crystal-like molecules intrinsically favor unidirectional chromophore order while simultaneously containing a high beta chromophore along the polar axis. This system has shown potential for high terminal stability as well as increased nonlinear optical susceptibilities. Carbon tetrachloride poses a large threat to the environment and is the focus of ongoing remediation efforts. It is a well-known carcinogenic pollutant that has contaminated groundwater beneath former grain storage and industrial sites, such as the Department of Energy's Hanford site. Remediation through the use of a small molecule, PDTC, when complexed with copper has been shown to lead to complete dechlorination, resulting in conversion to non-toxic end-products (mostly CO 2) and complete removal of the problematic carbon-chlorine bonds. Synthetic chemistry was employed to develop a modified procedure for large-scale production of PDTC that eliminates harmful byproducts and excess toxic reagents used. Additionally, structural derivatives for increased water solubility have been envisaged from citrazinic acid, which could allow for aqueous destruction of carbon tetrachloride. In medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, routes to nitrogenous heterocycles are of great importance due to their prevalence in bioactive molecules. Diethylzinc mediated metalloamination/cyclization of unsaturated N,N-dimethylhydrazines with subsequent electrophilic functionalization could prove to be a powerful tool for constructing pyrrolidines and piperidines. This method was extended to the use of 1,2-disubstituted alkenes as N-Zn migratory insertion acceptors, including various vinylcyclopropyl hydrazines. The potential behind the irreversible cyclopropane scission and development of a new alkene make this class of substrates extremely desirable. The metalloamination-alkylation of N,N-dimethylhydrazinoalkenes was shown to be effectively catalyzed by CuBr x SMe 2, CuCN and CuI. This novel method obviates the prior methodology involving use of stoichiometric CuCN(LiCl) 2 as a promoter for the electrophilic functionalization.Item Serum mineral concentrations in weaned Montana ram lambs and effects of dietary zinc source and concentration on developing Targhee rams(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2017) Page, Chad McBride; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Tom Murphy; T. W. Murphy, M. L. Van Emon, J. G. P. Bowman, S. A. Wyffels and W. C. Stewart were co-authors of the article, 'Survey of serum trace mineral concentration in weaned Montana ram lambs: implications for trace mineral supplementation in weaned rams' submitted to the journal 'Journal of animal science' which is contained within this thesis.; M. L. Van Emon, T. W. Murphy, C. K. Larson, J. G. Berardinelli, I. R. McGregor and W. C. Stewart were co-authors of the article, 'Effects of zinc source and dietary concentration on zinc status, growth performance, wool traits, and reproductive characteristics in developing rams' submitted to the journal 'Journal of animal science' which is contained within this thesis.Trace mineral deficiencies exist in livestock operations and can contribute to decreased productivity and profitability. The objective of the first study was to quantify serum trace mineral concentrations in weaned ram lambs, with particular emphasis on Se and Zn. Serum samples (n = 221) were collected from ram lambs at 21 ranches throughout Montana and analyzed for Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn concentrations. Additionally, water samples were analyzed for pertinent characteristics. Of ranches surveyed, only 67% provided a complete mineral supplement. Sheep that were provided supplementary trace mineral had greater serum Se concentrations (P < 0.001). Based on serum trace mineral concentration reference ranges, the two most commonly deficient and marginally deficient minerals across Montana were Se (19 and 23.8% of ranches, respectively) and Zn (9.5 and 57.1%, respectively). Of ranches sampled, 40 and 35% of water samples exceeded excessive concentrations in Na and sulfates, respectively. This regional knowledge of serum trace mineral concentrations in a sample of ram lambs can provide information for ranches to evaluate current and future mineral supplementation needs, as well as aid the feed industry in designing formulations for mineral premixes. Based on these results, a second study was designed with the objective to evaluate the effects of dietary Zn source and concentration on serum Zn status, growth performance, wool traits, and reproductive characteristics of developing yearling rams. Forty-four Targhee rams were used in an 84-d completely randomized design and were fed one of three pelleted dietary treatments: 1) a control diet without fortified Zn; 2) a diet fortified with a Zn amino acid complex (ZnAA); and 3) a diet fortified with ZnSO4. Serum samples were collected from each ram at four time periods to quantify serum Zn and testosterone concentrations. ZnSO4 had greater (P < or = 0.03) serum Zn concentrations compared to other treatments. Rams consuming ZnAA had greater (P < or = 0.03) average daily gain than rams in the other treatments. Wool regrowth was greater (P < 0.001) in the ZnSO4 treatment group compared to control. These results indicate that source and concentration of a Zn supplement appears to affect ram development.Item Effect of certain amino acid, aspirin and zinc supplements on the zinc-deficiency syndrome of chicks given four protein sources(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1970) Davis, Susan Lynne SmithItem The effect of pantothenic acid on chicks fed cooked and raw egg white diets and on zinc utilization(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1978) Ibrahim, Mona SalamaItem Tibia and intestine alkaline phosphatase activity and zinc status of the chick as related to dietary protein source and supplements of zinc and histidine(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1971) Finch, Betty EngbergItem Mathematical models for inorganic processes found in a zinc plant(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering, 1973) James, Rodney AllenItem Sulfate reduction and carbon oxidation in model constructed wetlands for metal remediation(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Engineering, 2000) Sturm, Jason RichardItem Variations in kidney arginase activity in chicks given diets low in available zinc(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Education, Health & Human Development, 1971) Bray, Ellen Terry Dixon