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Impacts of low-tech restoration methods on soil, vegetation, and livestock grazing in Montana's sagebrush steppe
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2024) Lowing, Nicholas Allen; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Bok Sowell
In the semi-arid rangelands of western North America, water is a limiting factor for plant growth. In Montana's high elevation rangelands, snowmelt is the primary source of water for ephemeral streams and mesic meadows. Wildlife and livestock rely on these areas especially when surrounding uplands have dried. Less snowpack and early melt times associated with climate change pose a threat to forage resources in this region. In 2018 and 2019, small rock restoration structures were constructed in seven drainages in southwest Montana with the intention of increasing resiliency in these systems. In this study we compare stream reaches with restoration structures to reaches without structures to assess the impacts of this technique on soil moisture, plant cover, diversity, evenness, and production. We observed cattle grazing within and adjacent to treated drainages to determine how they use the landscape. We used soil moisture probes to measure soil water content once per month in June-September of 2021 and 2022. We used 0.5m2 frames to estimate plant cover, diversity, and evenness June-September in both years. At the end of each growing season, vegetation frames were clipped and weighed to estimate production. Soil and vegetation sampling occurred in 54 reaches across 7 drainages. We observed cattle near four treated drainages in mornings and evenings to assess whether cattle prefer mesic or upland areas. Cattle observations occurred in July and August of 2021 and 2022. Using linear fixed effects models, we detected no differences (p > or = 0.05) in soil moisture between treated and untreated reaches during any sampling period. We detected no differences in vegetation cover, richness, diversity, or evenness in 92% of sampling periods. No differences in plant production were detected in 2021 or 2022. Cattle used mesic areas in greater proportion to their abundance on the landscape in both years (p < or = 0.0001). Our results indicate that these structures have not yet had major impacts on soil moisture or vegetation metrics. However, our results indicate that mesic meadows are an important resource for grazing cattle in southwest Montana's high- elevation rangelands, supporting the idea that these areas warrant restoration efforts.
Multi-scale assessment of semi-arid vegetation communities: climate, disturbance, and environment as spatiotemporal drivers of phenology and composition
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2021) Wood, David Jonathan Adrian; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Scott Powell and Paul C. Stoy (co-chair); This is a manuscript style paper that includes co-authored chapters.
Ecosystems processes and functions include hierarchical and complex drivers. Assessing drivers of variation at multiple scales therefore helps predict biotic responses and improves our overall understanding of ecosystems. For example, the seasonal cycle and duration of events, phenology, represents a foundational process sensitive to changes in climate, and has cascading impacts across the ecosystem. The long-term record and expansion of remote sensing techniques provides an opportunity to both assess phenological changes through time at broad spatial extents while also assessing variability at finer spatial scales. At regional extents, satellite-based measurement can provide key insights into community level shifts, while finer scaled techniques such as unpiloted aerial vehicles (UAVs), spectral sensors, and automated digital cameras (phenocams) can investigate pattern differences at centimeter scales (i.e., plant and functional groups). I analyzed the year to year and spatial variability of phenology and composition of rangeland systems over multiple spatial scales to explore interrelated aspects of ecosystem functions. I used the AVHRR satellite record of phenology to examine spatial and temporal variability in phenological drivers and to identify key drivers and differences between the phenology of communities, including the role of ecological memory, the legacy impact of prior climate over months to years. In addition, by employing UAVs, spectral sensors, and phenocams I investigated the pattern and influence of heterogeneity on the phenology of grasses and shrubs. Finally, I investigated the interaction of multiple disturbances on the relative proportions of vegetation functional groups within a community. Key findings include productivity tradeoffs, where higher annual temperature increased peak but decreased growing season long productivity; climate conditions from the prior season and up to four prior years influenced date and productivity phenological measures; near earth sensors can characterize phenological variation at the microsite level; and there is an interactive effect of fire and development disturbance on non-native annual grass expansion. The vegetation of U.S. rangelands is projected to have consequential impacts from climate change, especially summer drying, and these impacts can be better quantified by including antecedent conditions and incorporating microsite differences into predictive models.
Soil legacy effects alter plant volatile emissions in response to diversified cropping systems
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2020) Malone, Shealyn Chelsea; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: David K. Weaver and Amy Trowbridge (co-chair); David K. Weaver, Fabian Menalled, Tim Seipel, Justin B. Runyon, Lila Hamburg, Megan L. Hofland and Amy M. Trowbridge were co-authors of the article, 'Cropping systems alter crop volatile cues important for insect pests through soil legacy effects' which is contained within this thesis.; David K. Weaver, Tim F. Seipel, Fabian D. Menalled, Megan L. Hofland, Justin B. Runyon and Amy M. Trowbridge were co-authors of the article, 'Soil microbes alter herbivore-induced volatile emissions in response to cereal cropping systems' submitted to the journal 'Plant and soil' which is contained within this thesis.
Soil microbes can influence the emissions of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as host-location cues for insects and their natural enemies. The influence of the soil microbial community on the plasticity of plant VOC synthesis and emissions is particularly important in agricultural settings where crop rotations and management practices cause significant shifts in the soil microbiome. Studies have shown agricultural soils to influence plant-insect interactions through changes in foliar chemistry, but their potential to alter VOC emissions is unknown. To determine the effect of diversified agricultural practices on crop VOC emissions through microbe-mediated soil legacy effects, I measured VOCs from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a series of field and greenhouse experiments. In Chapter II, I determined the effect of the soil microbiome on VOCs in the greenhouse by first measuring VOCs from wheat plants grown in sterilized soil or soil with added inoculum from an agricultural field. Next, to determine the effect of diversified agricultural practices on VOC phenotypes, I measured VOCs from wheat plants in the field in rotation with either fallow or a mixture of cover crops that was terminated by grazing cows. Finally, in Chapter III, I explored the interactive effect of herbivory and the soil microbiome on VOC emissions in a full factorial experiment in which wheat grown in soil inoculum from wheat-fallow or wheat-cover crop rotation that was subjected to larval feeding by the wheat stem sawfly (WSS; Cephus cinctus Norton), a major pest of wheat. Across all studies I found that soils associated with a higher microbial diversity--cover crop soils and inoculated soils--tended to emit more total VOCs and blends that would likely increase pest resistance to the WSS through 1) shifts in key bioactive compounds and 2) enhanced herbivore-induced VOC emissions. Results also suggest that soil microbes may be more likely to alter plant VOCs when plants experience abiotic or biotic stressors. Together, these results suggest that agricultural practices may indirectly influence plant resistance through microbe-altered VOCs, and these effects are more likely to occur when plants experience additional stressors, such as herbivory or drought.
The effects of climate-warming on solitary bees and their interactions with plants
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2019) Slominski, Anthony Hayden; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Laura Burkle and Jia Hu (co-chair)
The ecological consequences of anthropogenic climate-warming remain poorly understood for pollinators. In order to better understand these consequences, and thus the consequences of climate-warming for pollination services, we must determine how pollinator life histories mediate responses to climate-warming. To help address these research needs, we conducted three studies. First, we used field-collected solitary bee species (i.e., Osmia spp. and Megachile spp.) to investigate how overwintering life stage (i.e., adult versus prepupae), body size, and sex influenced solitary bee survival, weight loss prior to emerging, and timing of emergence in response to manipulated seasonal temperature and the durations of seasons. Second, we manipulated the amount of asynchrony (days) between female solitary bee emergence and flowering periods. We used a mesocosm-based experimental design to investigate the effects of phenological asynchrony on the female lifespan, female interaction rates with flowers, and reproductive success. In a third study, we manipulated the amount of phenological difference between conspecific male and female solitary bees (i.e., the degree of protandry; males emerging prior to females), and investigated the influence of sex-specific phenological responses to temperature on male-female interactions and reproductive success. Our main findings and subsequent conclusions were that i) compared to bees that overwinter as prepupae, patterns in weight loss prior to emergence, adult longevity, and timing of emergence suggested that post-emergence fitness in adult-wintering bees may decrease under climate-warming as a result of increased energy depletion at the time of emergence, increasing asynchrony with flowering periods, and sex-specific phenological responses, ii) asynchrony between a spring-active female solitary bee species (i.e., Osmia cornifrons) and flowering periods caused reductions in offspring body size and reduced interaction rates between females and flowers, which could have consequences for both bee and plant reproductive success, and iii) when the degree of protandry was either reduced or increased from an intermediate level, the probability of female offspring production tended to decrease. This suggests that changes in the degree of protandry may influence the fitness tradeoffs associated with protandry, resulting in consequences for current and future solitary bee reproductive success.
Geographies of mobility and belonging: critical plant studies and hopeful worldviews
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Arts & Architecture, 2020) Rasile, Alayna May; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Josh DeWeese
This paper makes a case for the miraculous nature of vegetal life and subverts the cultural failings of western civilization that have omitted ecological literacy and replaced it with ecosystem manipulation. Through examining the resiliency, adaptability, and mobility of plants, this thesis proposes a reconsideration of the idea of vegetal life being 'rooted' or immobile by choosing a posthuman lens that challenges the linear, human-scaled time and the Cartesian split of mind and body. Through my research on textile technology and my conviction for mutualistic co-species relationships, I explore opportunities for humans to use the implicit structure of capitalism with a methodology that is regenerative for landscapes and supportive of diverse vegetal life. These market-based solutions allow for positive material relationships with all aspects of an ecosystem.
Disentangling anthropogenic and natural drivers of change in vegetation and fire history along the forest-grassland ecotones of the central United States and Patagonia
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2020) Nanavati, William Parashar; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Cathy Whitlock; Eric C. Grimm was a co-author of the article, 'Humans, fire, and ecology in the southern Missouri Ozarks' in the journal 'The holocene' which is contained within this dissertation.; Cathy Whitlock, Valeria Outes and Gustavo Villarosa were co-authors of the article, 'A holocene history of Araucaria araucana in northernmost Patagonia' submitted to the journal 'Journal of biogeography' which is contained within this dissertation.; Cathy Whitlock, Virginia Iglesias and Maria Eugenia de Porras were co-authors of the article, 'Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history along the eastern Andes, Argentina and Chile (lat. 41-55°S)' in the journal 'Quaternary science reviews' which is contained within this dissertation.
Disentangling anthropogenic and natural drivers of vegetation and fire history at different spatiotemporal scales is a fundamental challenge in Earth Systems science. To better understand the role of past human ignition in altering long-term ecosystem dynamics, we rely on the anthropogenic fire regime conceptual model proposed by Guyette et al. (2002) in the central U.S. Ozarks. The synthesis of new and existing pollen and charcoal records, and their integration with archaeological, ethnographic, and independent paleoclimate records is used to test the anthropogenic fire regime conceptual model at a longer time scale in the central U.S. Ozarks. Following its validation, this conceptual model is applied to the forest-steppe ecotone east of the Patagonian Andes (38-55°S) for the first time. Although it is well established that Patagonian vegetation and fire history for most of the postglacial period was governed by the strength and position of the Southern Westerly Wind (SWW) storm tracks, the influence of land use since the arrival of American Indians to the region ~12,000 years ago remains unclear. From the late glacial to early Holocene, region-wide increases in fire were associated with aridity while the SWW were weakened and south of their present position. Between ~7000-4000 cal yr BP, increased arboreal taxa and decreased fire throughout Patagonia suggest wet conditions as the SWW moved northward to their present position. After ~4000 cal yr BP, a combination of increased land use and greater climate variability, led to spatially heterogeneous but generally rising fire activity along the forest-steppe ecotone. When trends in the vegetation and fire history of individual sites are compared to each other and to the archaeological record, however, it becomes apparent that American Indians may have served as an important source of ignition, locally increasing landscape heterogeneity since their arrival. During the last 100 years, increased Euro-American settlement and land clearance in Patagonia led to native forest loss, more disturbance, and the spread of introduced taxa along the eastern flanks of the Andes. These ecological changes in the recent century far outweigh thousands of years of American Indian influence on fire and vegetation history.
Understanding the effects of wildfire on the functional traits of plants and bees
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2018) Durney, Janice Simone; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Laura Burkle
Diversity, often assessed by species richness, fosters ecosystem success, promoting ecosystem services, stability, and adaptation. Evaluations of functional trait composition are a better indicator of ecological process dynamics. Functional trait variation of species within a community (i.e., inter-specific variation) and of individuals within a species (i.e., intra-specific variation) may reflect adaptations and phenotypic variation contributing to the functional diversity of a community in the face of change. Wildfires have shifted from mixed-severity to frequent high-severity fires, due to fire suppression and climate change, modifying ecosystem function, trait selection pressure, and species sorting. Traits involved in plant-pollinator interactions can be used to understand the mechanisms underlying shifting interactions across communities and how post-wildfire environmental conditions affect community assembly, structure, and stability. We tested how productivity, time-since-burn, and wildfire severity influenced mean functional trait values and inter- and intra-specific functional trait variation of plants and bees known to interact in southwestern Montana, USA. Fieldwork was conducted from 2013-2017 in two locations that differed in productivity with similar fire histories of recent-mixed-severity, recent-high-severity, older-high-severity burns, and unburned areas. Functional traits involved in plant-bee interactions were selected and measured among plant and bee species observed across these various productivity, time-since-burn, and fire severity levels. We found that as productivity and time-since-burn increased, the mean functional trait values and inter- and intra-specific functional trait variation of plants and bees increased. In addition, productivity, time-since-burn, and fire severity affected the functional trait values and variation of plant species more than bee species. These results suggest that as productivity and time-since-burn increases so does trait diversity - promoting ecosystem function and stability. The increased effect of productivity and time-since-burn on plant functional traits compared to bee traits suggests the dispersal abilities of bees allow them to cope with the effects of fire, while plant species are more prone to productivity and time-since-burn habitat filtering and species sorting, potentially due to limited mobility. Our results support previous findings that shifting wildfire regimes from mixed to high-severity burns increases species sorting and limits trait variation after wildfire regardless of productivity but trait variation increases as time-since-burn and productivity increases.
Remote sensing for wetland restoration analysis: Napa-Sonoma Marsh as case study
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2019) Bryne, Charles; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Scott Powell
Human-caused ecosystem change and habitat loss is a major worldwide concern. Wetland loss has been remarkable worldwide and in the US. In the San Francisco Bay system, the largest estuary on the eastern rim of the Pacific Ocean and a biodiversity hotspot, more than 90 percent of the wetlands have been lost to urban development, salt production and agriculture, a loss that primarily occurred in the century following 1850. Restoration is our primary mechanism for confronting this challenge. While wetland restoration design has advanced dramatically since the early designs of the 1980s, restoration analysis and evaluation remain challenges that until now have wholly or primarily required on-site sampling. This is a major challenge for larger restoration projects, such as the Napa- Sonoma Salt Marsh restoration in California. Previous studies have indicated that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been used in some restoration analyses with apparent success, but data is limited. To better understand its potential, this study examines issues in restoration analysis in the context of wetland restorations. By comparing pre- and post-restoration remote sensing data, I found that two sites in the Napa-Sonoma Marsh restoration demonstrated mixed NDVI results and that changes depended on subarea and whether median or maximum NDVI was analyzed. The mixed results are explained by several factors: the inherent limitations of NDVI; the large restoration size; the fact that wetlands, less vegetated, present special challenges for analysis; and the fact that it is early in the post-restoration period. The case study supports the use of remote sensing and GIS for restoration analysis and evaluation, but also emphasizes their current limitations. Many of these limitations, which hinge on the complexity of the potential data involved, are likely to be addressed in the next generation as the relevant technology continues to develop.
Associations of broad scale vegetation characteristics and abundances, nest densities, and nest survival of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in northern Montana
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Agriculture, 2019) Pulliam, John Patrick; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Lance McNew
Grassland bird populations are declining faster than any other avian guild. In northern Montana, four species are experiencing severe population declines: Baird's sparrow (Centronyx bairdii), chestnut-collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus), McCown's longspur (Rynchophanes mccownii), and Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii). In 2017 and 2018, I evaluated abundance, nest density and nest survival of these species in relation to local vegetative conditions with the goal of identifying important breeding season vegetation conditions to inform management. I conducted fixed-radius point-counts at 100 sites to estimate local abundance, rope drag surveys to estimate nest density, nest monitoring to estimate nest survival, and vegetation surveys to estimate vegetation structure and composition across grassland habitats in Phillips County, MT. Point-counts and rope drag surveys were carried out with replicated visits to allow estimation of species-specific detection probabilities. Vegetation conditions were measured at the plot level (9-ha) to provide information at scales relevant for land managers. The abundance of Baird's sparrows was positively associated with residual grass cover and litter cover. Chestnut-collared longspur abundance was negatively associated with residual grass, exotic grass, and shrub cover and had a quadratic relationship with biomass. Plot-level abundance of McCown's longspurs was negatively associated with both shrub cover and biomass. Sprague's pipit abundance declined with exotic grass cover and exhibited a quadratic relationship with biomass. Limited sample size only allowed inference of nest density and nest survival for chestnut-collared longspurs. Nest density was negatively associated with plot scale exotic grass cover, biomass, and slope. I did not find support for any vegetation covariates on nest survival for chestnut-collared longspurs. These results provide some guidance for landscape managers interested in improving habitat for these species. The contrasting results among species, however, emphasize the need for heterogeneity in vegetation structure and composition. The disconnect between relevant covariates for nest density and nest survival suggest possible maladaptation for chestnut-collared longspurs. This result suggests that an index of productivity for this species that does not include both nest density and nest survival may produce erroneous results.
Evaluating the effects of climate change and pathogens on pollinator health using plant functional traits and longitudinal monitoring
(Montana State University - Bozeman, College of Letters & Science, 2017) Glenny, William Robb; Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Laura Burkle; Michelle Flenniken (co-chair)
Pollinators are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and economic productivity. In particular, bee pollinators are required for plant reproduction and pollination of agricultural crops. However, land use change, climate change, pathogens, pesticide exposure, among other factors likely act alone and in combination to negatively impact bee pollinators and the services they provide. Further resolution of the effects of these stressors, both individually and combined, on bee pollinators is important to understand the global decline of pollinator health. Abiotic conditions associated with climate change may alter plant traits important for pollinator attraction leading to in shifts in plant-pollinator communities. Floral visual and chemical traits were measured in four species of forbs subjected to elevated or ambient concentrations of carbon dioxide, and decreased or normal water availability in a fully factorial crossed design. Treated plants were observed for pollinator visitation rates and community composition to better understand the mechanisms by which climate change can influence pollinator attraction. Results indicate that changes in both visual and chemical cues of plants will alter plant-pollinator interactions. Furthermore, plant functional trait responses to climate change increase competition for pollinators in forbs with overlapping flower types, while facilitating pollinator visitation to forbs with dissimilar flower types. Pathogens contribute to annual honey bee colony losses and the declining populations of some wild bee species. Bee pathogens, including viruses, fungi, microparasites and ectoparasites, can vary across geographic location and season. To examine the impact of pathogens on honey bee colony health, using colony size as a proxy for health, we longitudinally monitored pathogen prevalence and abundance of pathogens in honey bee colonies involved in California almond pollination. Individual honey bee associated pathogens varied throughout the one year monitoring period, but Deformed wing virus in parallel with increasing levels of Varroa destructor mite infestation predominated shifts in honey bee pathogen profiles by the end of the sampling period. Our results indicate that bee populations experience multiple concurrent threats operating at multiple scales to affect pollinator health. Continued investigation into factors affecting pollinator health both independently and in concert are needed to develop strategies mitigating declines in pollination services.

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