Microbiology & Cell Biology
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Item Roadmap for naming uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria(2020-08) Murray, Alison E.; Freudenstein, John; Gribaldo, Simonetta; Hatzenpichler, Roland; Hugenholtz, Philip; Kampfer, Peter; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T.; Lane, Christopher E.; Papke, R. Thane; Parks, Donovan H.; Rossello-Mora, Ramon; Stott, Matthew B.; Sutcliffe, Iain C.; Thrash, J. Cameron; Venter, Stephanus N.; Whitman, William B.; Acinas, Silvia G.; Amann, Rudolf I.; Anantharaman, Karthik; Armengaud, Jean; Baker, Brett J.; Barco, Roman A.; Bode, Helge B.; Boyd, Eric S.; Brady, Carrie L.; Carini, Paul; Chain, Patrick S. G.; Colman, Daniel R.; DeAngelis, Kristen M.; Asuncion de los Rios, Maria; Estrada-de los Santos, Paulina; Dunlap, Christopher A.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Emerson, David; Ettema, Thisjs J. G.; Eveillard, Damien R.; Girguis, Peter R.; Hentschel, Ute; Hollibaugh, James T.; Hug, Laura A.; Inskeep, William P.; Ivanova, Elena P.; Klenk, Hans-Peter; Li, Wen-Jun; Lloyd, Karen G.; Loffler, Frank E.; Makhalanyane, Thulani P.; Moser, Duane P.; Nunoura, Takuro; Palmer, Marike; Parro, Victor; Pedros-Alio, Carlos; Probst, Alexander J.; Smits, Theo H. M.; Steen, Andrew D.; Steenkamp, Emma T.; Spang, Anja; Stewart, Frank J.; Tiedje, James M.; Vandamme, Peter; Wagner, Michael; Wang, Feng-Ping; Yarza, Pablo; Hedlund, Brian P.; Reysenbach, Anna-LouiseThe assembly of single-amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) has led to a surge in genome-based discoveries of members affiliated with Archaea and Bacteria, bringing with it a need to develop guidelines for nomenclature of uncultivated microorganisms. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) only recognizes cultures as ‘type material’, thereby preventing the naming of uncultivated organisms. In this Consensus Statement, we propose two potential paths to solve this nomenclatural conundrum. One option is the adoption of previously proposed modifications to the ICNP to recognize DNA sequences as acceptable type material; the other option creates a nomenclatural code for uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria that could eventually be merged with the ICNP in the future. Regardless of the path taken, we believe that action is needed now within the scientific community to develop consistent rules for nomenclature of uncultivated taxa in order to provide clarity and stability, and to effectively communicate microbial diversity.Item Metagenomes from high-temperature chemotrophic systems reveal geochemical controls on microbial community structure and function(2010-03) Inskeep, William P.; Rusch, Douglas B.; Jay, Zackary J.; Herrgard, Markus J.; Kozubal, Mark A.; Richardson, Toby H.; Macur, Richard E.; Hamamura, Natsuko; Jennings, Ryan deM.; Fouke, Bruce W.; Reysenbach, Anna-Louise; Roberto, Frank; Young, Mark J.; Schwartz, Ariel; Boyd, Eric S.; Badger, Jonathan H.; Mathur, Eric J.; Ortmann, Alice C.; Bateson, Mary M.; Geesey, Gill G.; Frazier, MarvinThe Yellowstone caldera contains the most numerous and diverse geothermal systems on Earth, yielding an extensive array of unique high-temperature environments that host a variety of deeply-rooted and understudied Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. The combination of extreme temperature and chemical conditions encountered in geothermal environments often results in considerably less microbial diversity than other terrestrial habitats and offers a tremendous opportunity for studying the structure and function of indigenous microbial communities and for establishing linkages between putative metabolisms and element cycling. Metagenome sequence (14–15,000 Sanger reads per site) was obtained for five high-temperature (>65°C) chemotrophic microbial communities sampled from geothermal springs (or pools) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) that exhibit a wide range in geochemistry including pH, dissolved sulfide, dissolved oxygen and ferrous iron. Metagenome data revealed significant differences in the predominant phyla associated with each of these geochemical environments. Novel members of the Sulfolobales are dominant in low pH environments, while other Crenarchaeota including distantly-related Thermoproteales and Desulfurococcales populations dominate in suboxic sulfidic sediments. Several novel archaeal groups are well represented in an acidic (pH 3) Fe-oxyhydroxide mat, where a higher O2 influx is accompanied with an increase in archaeal diversity. The presence or absence of genes and pathways important in S oxidation-reduction, H2-oxidation, and aerobic respiration (terminal oxidation) provide insight regarding the metabolic strategies of indigenous organisms present in geothermal systems. Multiple-pathway and protein-specific functional analysis of metagenome sequence data corroborated results from phylogenetic analyses and clearly demonstrate major differences in metabolic potential across sites. The distribution of functional genes involved in electron transport is consistent with the hypothesis that geochemical parameters (e.g., pH, sulfide, Fe, O2) control microbial community structure and function in YNP geothermal springs.