Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
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The mission of the Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department is to serve the State of Montana, the region, and the nation by providing outstanding leadership and contributions in knowledge discovery, student learning, innovation and entrepreneurship, and service to community and profession.
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Item Assessment of models for anaerobic biodegradation of a model bioplastic: Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)(2017-03) Ryan, Cecily A.; Billington, Sarah L.; Criddle, Craig S.Kinetic models of anaerobic digestion (AD) are widely applied to soluble and particulate substrates, but have not been systematically evaluated for bioplastics. Here, five models are evaluated to determine their suitability for modeling of anaerobic biodegradation of the bioplastic poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV): (1) first-order kinetics with and without a lag phase, (2) two-step first-order, (3) Monod (4) Contois, and (5) Gompertz. Three models that couple biomass growth with substrate hydrolysis (Monod, Contois, and Gompertz) gave the best overall fits for the data , with reasonable estimates of ultimate CH4 production. The particle size limits of these models were then evaluated. Below a particle size of 0.8 mm, rates of hydrolysis and acetogenesis exceeded rates of methanogenesis with accumulation of intermediates leading to a temporary inhibition of CH4 production. Based on model fit and simplicity, the Gompertz model is recommended for applications in which particle size is greater than 0.8 mm.Item Methodology to assess end-of-life anaerobic biodegradation kinetics and methane production potential for composite materials(2017-04) Ryan, Cecily A.; Billington, Sarah L.; Criddle, Craig S.Composites made with bio-based resins are promising candidates for replacement of conventional plastic composites made with petroleum-based resins in many applications (e.g., decking, paneling, furniture, molded automotive parts). For any such applications, end-of-life management needs consideration. Here, we describe a methodology to assess end-of-life anaerobic degradation to methane (CH4) within landfills or anaerobic digestion (AD) facilities in batch anaerobic microcosms. The core methodology combines stoichiometric considerations, chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, a CH4 production assay, and modeling. Additional analyses, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), can complement this core set of analyses. We apply the methodology to injection molded poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) composites with wood fiber (WF) (0%, 20%, 40%) and two fiber-matrix compatibilization treatments that enhance in-service performance: (1) hydrophobic silane treatment of the WF and (2) grafting of hydrophilic maleic anhydride groups to the PHBV matrix. The methodology successfully quantifies process kinetics, ultimate CH4 production capacity, and biodegradability, and allows comparison to reference materials (positive controls).Item Biocomposite Fiber-Matrix Treatments that Enhance In-Service Performance Can Also Accelerate End-of-Life Fragmentation and Anaerobic Biodegradation to Methane(2017-07) Ryan, Cecily A.; Billington, Sarah L.; Criddle, Craig S.Biodegradable resins can enhance the environmental sustainability of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) by enabling methane (CH4) recovery via anaerobic digestion (AD). An under appreciated step in biocomposite AD is the role of cracking and fragmentation due to moisture uptake by the wood fiber (WF) fraction. Here, we use batch microcosms to simulate AD at end-of-life and to assess the effects of fiber-matrix treatments used to retard in-service moisture uptake. The composites evaluated were injection molded poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with WF (0, 20%) using two fiber-matrix compatibilization treatments: (1) hydrophobic silane treatment of the wood fiber and (2) grafting of hydrophilic maleic anhydride groups to the PHBV matrix. Both treatments accelerated rates of mass loss and CH4 production by a factor of 1.2-2.3 compared to neat PHBV. The fragmentation rate, as measured by mass loss, increased significantly for treated samples compared to untreated samples. A ranking of test samples from lowest to highest rates of mass loss gave the following sequence: neat PHBV ~ maleated PHBV < PHBV plus untreated WF < maleated PHBV plus untreated WF < PHBV plus silane-treated WF. Compared to the untreated samples, maleic anhydride treatment increased the mass loss rate by 30%, and silane treatment increased the mass loss rate by 92%. Onset of cracking in silane-treated composites was observed at 2 weeks (using X-ray micro-computed tomography). At the same time, solid mass loss and CH4 production peaked, implicating cracking and physical disintegration as the rate-limiting step for accelerated anaerobic degradation. When modified to account for bioplastic matrix degradation, a previously derived moisture-induced damage model could predict the onset of composite fragmentation at end-of-life. These results are significant for design of bio-WPCs and demonstrate that treatments designed to improve in-service performance can also improve end-of-life options.