On the exchange of sensible and latent heat between the atmosphere and melting snow

dc.contributor.authorStoy, Paul C.
dc.contributor.authorPeitzsch, Erich H.
dc.contributor.authorWood, David J. A.
dc.contributor.authorRottinghaus, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorWohlfahrt, Georg
dc.contributor.authorGoulden, Michael
dc.contributor.authorWard, Helen C.
dc.date.accessioned2018-10-03T20:30:53Z
dc.date.available2018-10-03T20:30:53Z
dc.date.issued2018-04
dc.description.abstractThe snow energy balance is difficult to measure during the snowmelt period, yet critical for predictions of water yield in regions characterized by snow cover. Robust simplifications of the snowmelt energy balance can aid our understanding of water resources in a changing climate. Research to date has demonstrated that the net turbulent flux (FT) between a melting snowpack and the atmosphere is negligible if the sum of atmospheric vapor pressure (ea) and temperature (Ta) equals a constant, but it is unclear how frequently this situation holds across different sites. Here, we quantified the contribution of FT to the snowpack energy balance during 59 snowmelt periods across 11 sites in the FLUXNET2015 database with a detailed analysis of snowmelt in subarctic tundra near Abisko, Sweden. At the Abisko site we investigated the frequency of occurrences during which sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (λE) are of (approximately) equal but opposite sign, and if the sum of these terms, FT, is therefore negligible during the snowmelt period. H approximately equaled -λE for less than 50% of the melt period and FT was infrequently a trivial term in the snowmelt energy balance at Abisko. The reason is that the relationship between observed ea and Ta is roughly orthogonal to the “line of equality” at which H equals -λE as warmer Ta during the melt period usually resulted in greater ea. This relationship holds both within melt periods at individual sites and across different sites in the FLUXNET2015 database, where FT comprised less than 20% of the energy available to melt snow, Qm, in 44% of the snowmelt periods studied here. FT/Qm was significantly related to the mean ea during the melt period, but not mean Ta, and FT tended to be near 0 W m−2 when ea averaged ca. 0.5 kPa. FT may become an increasingly important term in the snowmelt energy balance across many global regions as warmer temperatures are projected to cause snow to melt more slowly and earlier in the year under conditions of lower net radiation (Rn). Eddy covariance research networks such as Ameriflux must improve their ability to observe cold-season processes to enhance our understanding of water resources and surface-atmosphere exchange in a changing climate.en_US
dc.identifier.citationStoy, Paul C. , Erich Peitzsch, David Wood, Daniel Rottinghaus, Georg Wohlfahrt, Michael Goulden, and Helen Ward. "On the exchange of sensible and latent heat between the atmosphere and melting snow." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 252 (April 2018): 167-174. DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.028.en_US
dc.identifier.issn0168-1923
dc.identifier.urihttps://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/14890
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.rightsThis Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).en_US
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/en_US
dc.titleOn the exchange of sensible and latent heat between the atmosphere and melting snowen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
mus.citation.extentfirstpage167en_US
mus.citation.extentlastpage174en_US
mus.citation.journaltitleAgricultural and Forest Meteorologyen_US
mus.citation.volume252en_US
mus.contributor.orcidWood, David J. A.|0000-0003-4315-5160en_US
mus.data.thumbpage6en_US
mus.identifier.categoryLife Sciences & Earth Sciencesen_US
mus.identifier.doi10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.028en_US
mus.relation.collegeCollege of Agricultureen_US
mus.relation.departmentLand Resources & Environmental Sciences.en_US
mus.relation.universityMontana State University - Bozemanen_US

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