Scholarly Work - Psychology
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://scholarworks.montana.edu/handle/1/3455
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Item Sleeping on the Edge: Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitude Report Greater Sleep Need(Elsevier BV, 2024-10) Montenegro, Alexandria; Alvarado, Giovanni; Hilton, Ashleigh; Palmer, Cara A.Purpose. Research in adults suggests that altitude impacts the restorative properties of sleep and increases risk for mental health concerns. The aim of this study was to extend this research to an adolescent sample to examine how living at altitude may be associated with greater sleep need and mental health symptoms during a period of the life-span when risk for insufficient sleep and mental health difficulties is high. Methods. Data were collected from 105 adolescents aged 10–17 years residing at moderate-high altitudes. Parents reported on sociodemographics and adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms, and adolescents reported on their subjective sleep need and sleep duration. Altitude was calculated using U.S. Geological Survey data. Results. Adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, rurality, and sleep duration, living at higher altitude was associated with reports of greater sleep need. Altitude was unrelated to mental health symptoms. Discussion. The majority of adolescents do not obtain the recommended amount of sleep. These findings suggest that adolescents living at moderate-high altitudes may be at further risk due increased sleep need at higher elevations.Item Metacognition About Collaborative Learning: Students’ Beliefs Are Inconsistent with Their Learning Preferences(MDPI AG, 2024-11) Wei, Yunfeng; Soderstrom, Nicholas C.; Meade, Michelle L.; Scott, Brandon G.Collaboration plays an important role in educational contexts. However, little is known about students’ metacognitive beliefs about collaboration. The present study used an online survey to investigate students’ beliefs toward group study/recall, their studying preferences, strategies they use when studying individually and in groups, and important characteristics of their group members. Results indicate that, although students generally perceive collaboration as beneficial, they prefer individual study, indicating that their beliefs are inconsistent with their learning preferences. Students report social learning as the primary reason for collaborative benefits but prefer to study alone to minimize distraction and increase personal accountability. Further, they use different strategies when studying individually or in a group. When studying individually, students most frequently report re-reading their notes. However, when studying in groups, students most frequently use strategies emphasizing collaboration and interaction, such as quizzing each other. Also, students prefer to work with group members who are focused, motivated, and hard working. Students’ beliefs, preferences, and favored characteristics of group members are related to their frequency of using study groups. Students’ metacognitive beliefs about collaboration have implications for theories of self-regulated learning and better use of collaboration in educational contexts.Item Training community members to deliver an intervention for substance use disorder: Overcoming implementation barriers in American Indian communities(Elsevier BV, 2024-10) Skewes, Monica C.; Gonzalez, Vivian M.; Stix, AmyIntroduction. Although American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people have high rates of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs, there also is evidence of greater rates of substance use disorders (SUDs) in Native communities. Health disparities associated with substance use are compounded by inadequate access to evidence-based treatments (EBTs). Lack of mental health providers is one notable barrier to EBT implementation in rural AI reservation communities. Our Indigenous Recovery Planning (IRP) intervention merges cultural lessons and culturally adapted relapse prevention strategies to facilitate SUD recovery in the reservation environment. One key implementation strategy is training non-specialist community-based facilitators to deliver IRP, thereby increasing its acceptability and sustainability. This manuscript reports the facilitator training, supervision, and fidelity monitoring procedures used in our ongoing clinical trial of IRP. Method. The study recruited four AI non-specialist providers from the community to serve as IRP facilitators. Initial training involved an introductory motivational interviewing workshop followed by a 2-day workshop in the IRP curriculum. Then we conducted an open trial of the 6-week intervention with weekly supervision meetings as part of the facilitator training process. During the open trial we also assessed participant and facilitator receptivity to the IRP intervention and pilot tested our fidelity monitoring protocol. Results. The initial training workshops provided facilitators with information they needed to understand the rationale behind IRP and determine whether the facilitator role was a good fit; however, additional training and supervision during the open trial was needed to ensure proper treatment delivery. Although participant and facilitator feedback ratings were positive, the open trial helped us identify revisions needed to improve our approach to facilitator training, supervision, and fidelity monitoring. We revised these procedures, and also developed a protocol to train new facilitators who join the study midstream. Conclusion. The open trial was an important aspect of the facilitator training process and helped our team identify several areas of improvement. Our approach to training, supervising, and monitoring community member facilitators may serve as an example of how to overcome one barrier to implementing evidence-based SUD treatments in rural reservation communities with few mental health professionals.Item The Role of Complicated Grief in Health Inequities in American Indian Communities(SAGE Publications, 2024-09) Gameon, Julie A.; McNamee, Alex; Firemoon, Paula; Skewes, Monica C.Complicated grief is both a cause and a consequence of health inequities in Native (American Indian/Alaska Native [AI/AN]) communities. Given disproportionately high rates of physical (e.g., cancer, diabetes, and heart disease) and mental health problems (e.g., substance use disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder) in Native communities, it is common for AI/AN people to suffer many losses each year. Experiences of traumatic or repeated losses may lead to the development of maladaptive grief, often known as complicated grief. The aim of the current study was to understand the perspectives of community members on grief and its connection with health inequities among AI people who have experienced the loss of a person with whom they were close. Using a community-based participatory research framework, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 AI adults from a rural reservation community. The ages of the participants ranged from 32 to 80 years (M = 54.33, SD = 14.46) and women (n = 7, 58.3%) and men (n = 5, 41.7%) were included. The participants reported many barriers to healthy grieving and linked chronic, complicated grief with the development of multifaceted health problems, which were seen as exacerbating health disparities and leading to additional losses and grief. While coping with loss was difficult, many people were able to heal from extraordinary losses through community support and cultural practices. Future research with AI/AN communities is needed to develop, implement, and evaluate culturally responsive therapeutic grief treatments. There is also a pressing need to address current physical and mental health inequities to reduce the mortality rate and, thus, complicated grief in AI/AN communities.Item Development and Preliminary Validation of the Complicated and Adaptive Grief Inventory for Native Americans(SAGE Publications, 2024-08) Gameon, Julie A.; FireMoon, Paula; Skewes, Monica C.Grief research among American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) people has been limited to studies on historical trauma and elevated mortality rates among AI/ANs. A lack of validated measures is one barrier to grief research with AI/ANs. Therefore, we conducted three studies to develop and validate a culturally congruent measure of grief. In Study 1, interviews were conducted with 12 AI reservation-based community members to understand perspectives on grief. In Study 2, AI/AN community members (n = 10) and professionals (n = 7) provided feedback on measure items adapted or developed in Study 1. In Study 3, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using separate randomly selected samples from a web-based survey of 600 AI/ANs were conducted to identify the factor structure of the Complicated and Adaptive Grief Inventory for Native Americans (CAGI-NA). Findings suggest that the resulting 30-item CAGI-NA is valid, reliable, and suitable for use in research with AI/AN people.Item Examining the time course of post collaborative benefits across word lists and prose passages(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-07) Wei, Yunfeng; Charbonneau, Brooke Z.; Meade, Michelle L.; Hutchison, Keith A.In the current study, we investigated how long the effects of one single collaboration session continue to influence individual memory. Participants learned categorized word lists and prose passages individually, and then they were instructed to recall learned materials either collaboratively or individually. Following initial recall, participants completed an individual recall test after a delay of 5 min, 48 h, or 1 week. On the initial recall test, we found that collaboration reduced recall of correct items on both word lists and prose passages (collaborative inhibition), and that collaboration reduced false recall on both word lists and prose passages (error correction). However, on the subsequent individual memory test after a delay, the pattern of post collaborative effects differed across veridical and false recall. For both word lists and prose passages, post collaborative benefits on correct recall lasted 1 week. However, there were no lasting effects of error correction on subsequent false recall. These results suggest that the time course of post collaborative benefits can be long lasting, but they are selective to veridical recall. The results are explained by theories of reexposure and error correction.Item Perceived discrimination, political efficacy, and political participation in American Indian adults(Frontiers Media SA, 2024-03) Wood, Zachary J.; John-Henderson, Neha A.Introduction: Psychological factors linked to political participation are largely understudied in American Indians. Prior work notes relatively low levels of participation compared to other racial and ethnic groups and suggests that identification with being American Indian is linked to overall levels of civic engagement in part through perceptions of group discrimination. Methods: In the current work, in a sample of 727 American Indian adults, we created two groups: Group 1 (N = 398) reported perceived discrimination related to race, and Group 2 (N = 329) reported perceived discrimination not related to race or ethnicity. We investigated the relationships between individual experiences of everyday discrimination related to race, levels of political efficacy, and political participation (Group 1), and individual experiences of everyday discrimination not related to race or ethnicity, political efficacy, and political participation (Group 2). Results: We found that greater experiences of everyday discrimination related to race was associated with higher levels of political participation through increased levels of internal and collective efficacy. In contrast, greater experiences of everyday discrimination related to race was associated with higher levels of political participation through lower external political efficacy. For Group 2, we found that greater experiences of everyday discrimination not related to race or ethnicity was not directly associated with political participation, but mediation analyses revealed a relationship with lower levels of political participation through decreased internal and collective efficacy. The indirect effect through external political efficacy was not significant. Discussion: Given low levels of American Indian political participation, political efficacy could be a target for interventions aiming to increase participation in the political system.Item Profiles of historical loss and childhood trauma as predictors of mental and cardiometabolic health in American Indian adults(Elsevier BV, 2023-12) John-Henderson, Neha A.; Ginty, Annie T.Cardiometabolic disease and mental health conditions are two major contributors to persistent inequities in health and life expectancy for American Indian adults. The atrocities associated with European colonization are linked to intergenerational psychological and emotional wounding (i.e., historical trauma) and high incidence of childhood trauma. Prior work has examined the independent relationships of childhood trauma and thoughts about historical loss with cardiometabolic and mental health in American Indians. In the current work, we used a data-driven approach to identify profiles of childhood trauma and frequency of thoughts about historical loss, and then examined how these profiles related to cardiometabolic and mental health in a sample of American Indian adults from across the United States (N = 727). We found that a profile characterized by high levels of childhood trauma and high frequency of thoughts about historical losses was associated with the greatest risk for mental health conditions. The profile characterized by the highest levels of childhood trauma and by moderate frequency of thoughts about historical losses was associated with the largest risk of cardiometabolic conditions. The findings represent an important first step towards understanding how childhood trauma and thoughts about historical loss may simultaneously inform enduring inequities in American Indian health.Item Fast, Accurate, But Sometimes Too-Compelling Support: The Impact of Imperfectly Automated Cues in an Augmented-Reality Head-Mounted Display on Visual Search Performance(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2023-01) Warden, Amelia C.; Wickens, Christopher D.; Rehberg, Daniel; Ortega, Francisco R.; Clegg, Benjamin A.While the visual search for targets in a complex scene might benefit from using augmented-reality (AR) head-mounted display (HMD) technologies by helping to efficiently direct human attention, imperfectly reliable automation support could manifest in occasional errors. The current study examined the effectiveness of different HMD cues that might support visual search performance and their respective consequences following automation errors. A total of 56 participants searched a three-dimensional environment containing 48 objects in a room, in order to locate a target object that was viewed prior to each trial. They searched either unaided or assisted by one of the three HMD types of cues: an arrow pointing to the target, a plan-view minimap highlighting the target, and a constantly visible icon depicting the appearance of the target object. The cue was incorrect in 17% of the trials for one group of participants and 100% correct for the second group. Through both analysis and modeling of both search speed and accuracy, the results indicated that the arrow and minimap cues depicting location information were more effective than the icon cue depicting visual appearance, both overall, and when the cue was correct. However, there was a tradeoff on the infrequent occasions when the cue erred. The most effective AR-based cue led to a greater automation bias in which the cue was more often blindly followed without careful examination of the raw images. The results speak to the benefits of AR and the need to examine potential costs when AR-conveyed information may be incorrect because of imperfectly reliable systems.Item How history trails and set size influence detection of hostile intentions(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022-05) Patton, Colleen E.; Wickens, Christopher D.; Clegg, Benjamin A.; Noble, Kayla M.; Smith, C. A. P.Previous research suggests people struggle to detect a series of movements that might imply hostile intentions of a vessel, yet this ability is crucial in many real world Naval scenarios. To investigate possible mechanisms for improving performance, participants engaged in a simple, simulated ship movement task. One of two hostile behaviors were present in one of the vessels: Shadowing—mirroring the participant’s vessel’s movements; and Hunting—closing in on the participant’s vessel. In the first experiment, history trails, showing the previous nine positions of each ship connected by a line, were introduced as a potential diagnostic aid. In a second experiment, the number of computer-controlled ships on the screen also varied. Smaller set size improved detection performance. History trails also consistently improved detection performance for both behaviors, although still falling well short of optimal, even with the smaller set size. These findings suggest that working memory plays a critical role in performance on this dynamic decision making task, and the constraints of working memory capacity can be decreased through a simple visual aid and an overall reduction in the number of objects being tracked. The implications for the detection of hostile intentions are discussed.