Psychology

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The Department of Psychology will provide a collaborative environment for innovation and scientific discovery in psychological science and for attainment of psychological literacy.

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Now showing 1 - 6 of 6

Gender stereotypes of leadership behaviors: Social metacognitive evidence
(SCIKNOW, 2013) Block, Richard A.; Crawford, Kevin Charles
Gender stereotyping of leadership behaviors is pervasive. Although women and men show few differences in leadership behaviors, experienced male managers rate male and female managers’ leadership qualities differently. Participants in this study comprised 107 women and 103 men with little or no management experience. They were asked to estimate how experienced male managers had previously rated women and men on 14 leadership behaviors. We compared these data to those previous data. The participants made social-metacognitive estimates accurately: Their estimates correlated with the previous ratings made by experienced male managers, even though the male managers had access to actual workplace observations. Thus, stereotyping in organizations involves gender stereotypes rather than actual workplace observations. People stereotype other people in organizations because they import stereotypes from non-organizational settings.
Perception of scenes in different sensory modalities: A result of modal completion
(2017-04) Gruber, Ronald P.; Block, Richard A.
Dynamic perception includes amodal and modal completion, along with apparent movement. It fills temporal gaps for single objects. In 2 experiments, using 6 stimulus presentation conditions involving 3 sensory modalities, participants experienced 8â€“10 sequential stimuli (200 ms each) with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 0.25â€“7.0 s. Experiments focused on spatiotemporal completion (walking), featural completion (object changing), auditory completion (falling bomb), and haptic changes (insect crawling). After each trial, participants judged whether they experienced the process of â€œhappeningâ€ or whether they simply knew that the process must have occurred. The phenomenon was frequency independent, being reported at short ISIs but not at long ISIs. The phenomenon involves dynamic modal completion and possibly also conceptual processes.
Physical load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review
(2016-03) Block, Richard A.; Hancock, P.A.; Zakay, Dan
This article reports a meta-analytic review of seven extant experiments, with 235 participants, concerning effects of physical workload on duration judgments. It also provides a qualitative assessment of related studies that, for specific reasons, were not includable in the quantitative meta-analysis. All analyzed experiments used the prospective duration-judgment paradigm and the production method, in which participants knew in advance that duration estimation was required. A large overall effect size reveals that increasing physical workload results in longer prospective duration productions. Physical workload effects are comparable to those of cognitive load. Implications for applied research, theory, and applications are discussed.
Physical Time Within Human Time
(Frontiers Media SA, 2022-03) Gruber, Ronald P.; Block, Richard A.; Montemayor, Carlos
A possible solution is offered to help resolve the “two times problem” regarding the veridical and illusory nature of time. First it is recognized that the flow (passage) of time is part of a wider array of temporal experiences referred to as manifest time, all of which need to be reconciled. Then, an information gathering and utilizing system (IGUS) model is used as a basis for a view of manifest time. The model IGUS robot of Hartle that solves the “unique present” debate is enhanced with veridical and (corresponding) illusory components of not only the flow of time but also the larger entity of manifest time, providing a dualistic IGUS robot that represents all of the important temporal experiences. Based upon a variety of prior experiments, that view suggests that the veridical system is a reflection of accepted spacetime cosmologies and through natural selection begets the illusory system for functional purposes. Thus, there are not two opposing times, one outside and one inside the cranium. There is just one fundamental physical time which the brain developed, now possesses and is itself sufficient for adaption but then enhances. The illusory system is intended to provide a more satisfying experience of physical time, and better adaptive behavior. Future experiments to verify that view are provided. With a complete veridical system of temporal experiences there may be less need to reify certain temporal experiences so that the two times problem is less of a problem and more of a phenomenon.
Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: An executive-control process
(Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology and Polish Neuroscience Society, 2004) Block, Richard A.; Zakay, Dan
Most theorists propose that when a person is aware that a duration judgment must be made (prospective paradigm), experienced duration depends on attention to temporal information, which competes with attention to nontemporal information. When a person is not aware that a duration judgment must be made until later (retrospective paradigm), remembered duration depends on incidental memory for temporal information. In the present article we describe two experiments in which durations involved with high-level, executive-control functions were judged either prospectively or retrospectively. In one experiment, the executive function involved resolving syntactic ambiguity in reading. In another experiment, it involved controlling the switching between tasks. In both experiments, there was a unique cost to the operation of control high-level, executive functions which was manifested by prospective reproductions shortening a finding that supports an attentional model of prospective timing. In addition, activation of executive functions produced contextual changes that were encoded in memory and resulted in longer retrospective reproductions, a finding that supports a contextual-change model of retrospective timing. Thus, different cognitive processes underlie prospective and retrospective timing. Recent findings obtained by some brain researchers also support these conclusions.
Timing and time perception: A selective review and commentary on recent reviews
(Frontiers Research Foundation, 2014) Block, Richard A.; Grondin, Simon
A clear example of the progress in the field of timing and time perception could be obtained by contrasting two articles published 30 years apart in the influential Annual Review of Psychology (ARP): one by Fraisse (1984), and one by Allman et al. (2014). The fact that there was one author 30 years ago, and a group of authors now, is a tangible sign of the contemporary way of approaching scientific research. In his review, Fraisse emphasized the distinction between time perception and time estimation; in their review, Allman et al. focused on the internal clock and the cerebral bases of timing and time perception.